Natural Products

Silydianin is an active constituent of <i>Silybium marianum</i>, with exhibit anti-collagenase, antitumor and anti-elastase activities.

Hexahydrocurcumin is one of the major metabolites of curcumin and a selective, orally active COX-2 inhibitor.

Schisandrae Chinensis fructus Extract is extracted from Schisandra chinensis Fructus, the dry ripe fruit of <i>Schisandra chinensis</i> (Turcz.) Baill.. Schisandrae Chinensis fructus is mainly used for the treatment of dysphoria and palpitation, insomnia. Schisandrae Chinensis fructus and its active ingredients show a protective role in Neurological diseases, including cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, or depression.

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal remedies, because it is believed to improve energy, physical and emotional health, and well-being.

Pine Bark Extract is extracted from Pine bark. Pine bark extract is rich in bioflavonoids, predominantly proanthocyanidins, which are antioxidants. Pine Bark extract is used for preventing or treating various chronic conditions associated with oxidative stress. This is an update of a previously published review.

Oyster peptide is derived from oyster meat by modern bio-enzymatic hydrolysis technology, and further separation, purification, deodorization and spray drying process.

Jiao Sanxian is composed of Jiao Malt(Coke Malt), Jiao Hawthorn (Coke Hawthorn) and Jiao Shenqu.

Arrhenatherum elatius Extract is  extracted from <I>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> (L.) Pressl.. Arrhenatherum elatius has ability to remove heavy metals from soil.

Sophora japonica fruit Extract (Fructus Sophorae Extract, Rexflavone), isolated from the fruits of <i>Sophora japonica</i>, contains high contents of isoflavones, and is a health functional food ingredient that significantly improves the menopausal index.

Sophora flower Extract is extracted from dried flowers of <i>Sophora japonica</i> (Huaihua), which is used in China, Japan and Korea for treating haematemesis and bleeding haemorrhoids.

Phellodendron amurense bark Extract (Nexrutine), isolated from the barks of <i>Phellodendron amurense</i>, has shown a favorable effect on prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro.

Daylily flower Extract, isolated from the flower and bud parts of Hemerocallis citrina, has the effects of neuroprotection.

Brassica juncea seed Extract, isolated from the seeds of brown (<i>Brassica juncea</i>) mustard, contains abundant phenolic compound.

Rhizoma polygonati root Extract, isolated from the roots of <i>Rhizoma polygonati</i>, has been used for a long history with many chemical components in inducing anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-diabetes, anti-fatigue, and more prevention of diseases or acts as nutrition sources in food

Rhizoma coptidis root Extract, isolated from the dried roots of medicinal plants from <i>Rhizoma coptidis</i> (Ranunculaceae), has been used by Chinese medicinal physicians for more than 2000 years.

Astragalus rhizome Extract, isolated from the rhizome of Radix Astragali, contains main constituents of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, amino acids and trace elements, with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, anti-oxidant, and anticancer effects.

Scutellariae rhizome Extract is isolated from the rhizome of <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>, which contains baicalin as a main constituent, has long been used in China, Japan, and Korea as a traditional medicine and functional food for inflammation, fever, hepatitis, allergic disease, hypertension, etc.

Okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus fruit extract), isolated from the fruits of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>, is used as an alternative treatment because of its various medicinal properties, such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antibacterial, anticancer, analgesic, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Cistus Incanus Extract, isolated from Mediterranean shrub species Cistus incanus L., is rich in polyphenolic compounds, possesses significant antioxidant activity, and may be effective active ingredients for the cosmetic industry. 

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Extract, isolated from the herb of <i>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</i>, enhances exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.

Azadirachtin B, a limonoid isolated from seed kernels of <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, has insecticidal, nematocidal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and osteogenic properties.

Donkey-hide gelatin Extract is extracted from Donkey-hide gelatin (Asini Corii Colla, ACC), a gelatinous Chinese medicine known as Ejiao in Chinese. Donkey-hide gelatin is applied as an important food therapy product to optimize immune response, improve metabolic balance and treat gynecological diseases.

Ramulus Mori Extract is extracted from Ramulus mori (Mulberry twigs), the dry branch of <i>Morus alba</i> L.. Ramulus Mori is a traditional medicine widely used for diabetes treatment.  The major active components of Ramulus Mori are mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, resveratrol, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and morin, and the components have been demonstrated to possess anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Sea buckthorn Extract (fruits) is extracted from the fruits of sea buckthorn (<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> L.). Sea buckthorn has significant cardioprotective activity and exerts many positive healing effects on the cardiovascular system, including inhibiting blood platelet activation (especially platelet aggregation), lowering cholesterol concentration and blood pressure, and providing antioxidant activity.  Sea buckthorn also has antibacterial and antiviral properties. 

Isoscabertopin is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from <i>Elephantopus scaber L</i> and shows anti-tumor activities.

OJV-VI is isolated from <i>ophiopogonis</i>.

Hypocrellin B is a natural product isolated from the fungi <i>Hypocrella bambusae</i> and <i>Shiraia bambusicola</i> with the induction of apoptosis.

Procyanidin B1, a natural polyphenolic compound that has antioxidant properties, inhibits Kv10.1 channel and suppresses the evolution of hepatoma.

Asiaticoside B is a triterpene glycoside isolated from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, with anti-cancer activity.

Cornuside is a bisiridoid glucoside compound isolated from the fruit of Cornus officinalis SIEB. et ZUCC. Cornuside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cornuside attenuates apoptosis in rat cortical neurons.

Bruceine D, isolated from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae), shows antineoplastic properties in various human cancers including pancreas, breast, lung, blood, bone, and liver. Bruceine D induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells via mitochondrial pathway.

Isorhapontigenin (ISOR), isolated from Belamcanda chinensis, is a derivative of stilbene. Isorhapontigenin possessed potent antioxidative activity. Isorhapontigenin suppresses interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and cartilage matrix damage in rat chondrocytes.

Hinokiflavone, isolated from Selaginella P. Beauv, Juniperus phoenicea and Rhus succedanea, possesses excellent pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activity. Hinokiflavone induces apoptosis and inhibits migration of breast cancer cells via EMT signalling pathway.

Invert Sugar is a popular sweetener.

Dihydroberberine, a hydrogenated derivative of Berberine (BBR), exerts anti-inflammatory effect via dual modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Ginkgetin is a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-adipogenic, and neuroprotective activities.

Chebulinic acid, a phenolic compound isolated from Terminalia chebula fruit, is a novel Influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor. Chebulinic acid is a antiangiogenic agent through inhibiting the actions of VEGF. Chebulinic acid shows antitumour activity.

Herbacetin is a natural flavonoid compound found in flaxseed with strong antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity.

Cinobufotalin, extracted from the skin secretion of the giant toad, is a novel SREBP1 inhibitor that suppresses proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting lipogenesis.

Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Miquelianin, Q3GA) is one of the quercetin metabolites with antioxidant activity.

Glaucocalyxin A is a biologically active ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Glaucocalyxin A induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway in human bladder cancer cells.

Licochalcone B (Lico B), extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, induces the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cell HepG2. Licochalcone B specifically inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome by disrupting NEK7‐NLRP3 interaction.

Chebulagic acid, isolated form Terminalia chebula Retz, is a reversible and non-competitive inhibitor of maltase with a Ki value of 6.6 μM. Chebulagic acid shows potent anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Chebulagic acid also shows potent COX–LOX dual inhibition activity with IC50 values of 15 μM, 0.92 μM and 2.1 μM for COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX respectively.

14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND), a diterpenoid in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees with hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthma, and anti-cancer activities.

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt) has significant inhibitory effects on the IL-6 bioactivity with IC50 of 6.7 μM. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate can bind to glucocorticoid receptor, initiating the transcription of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators.

Hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride (5-Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester hydrochloride) is a tumour photosensitizer.

Fucoidan is an anionic sulfated polysaccharide extracted from marine brown algae with a large range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-oxidation, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-angiogenic and anti-Helicobacter pylori, etc.

Pristane (2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane, TMPD) is a natural saturated terpenoid alkane obtained primarily from shark liver oil that is widely used to induce tumorgenesis in mice and arthritis and lupus nephritis in rats.

Miglustat (Zavesca, N‐butyldeoxynojirimycin, OGT 918) is an orally administered ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor which prevents the lysosomal accumulation of glucocerebroside.

Alloxan Monohydrate is the most popular diabetogenic agents used for assessing the antidiabetic or hypoglycemic capacity of test compounds.

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, HNE, 4-hydroxy Nonenal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) is one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation and has been widely accepted as an inducer of oxidative stress.

Carrageenan (kappa-Carrageenan) is a natural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) obtained from edible red seaweeds. Carrageenan shows anticoagulant activity, antithrombotic activity, antiviral activity, anti-tumour activity and immunomodulatory activity.

Papain (papaya proteinase I) is a sulfhydryl protease from the latex of the papaya fruit. Papain breaks down intercellular matrix of cartilage.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is a hepatotoxin frequently used for experimental purposes which produces centrilobular necrosis after a single dose administration.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt (Sodium Taurocholate, TANa) is a sodium salt of taurocholic acid and occurs in the bile of mammals. Taurocholic acid  is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

ITE (2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester) is a potent endogenous agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that directly binds to AHR with a Ki of 3 nM.

Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (Apigenin-7-glucuronide) is the major flavonoid found in milk thistle. Apigenin 7-o-glucuronide inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and total nitrite release in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.

Iberiotoxin (IbTX) is a toxin purified from the scorpion Buthus tamulus. Iberiotoxin is a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel with a Kd of ~1 nM.

5,7-Dihydroxychromone (DHC), a natural antioxidant extracted from plants, is a potent activator of Nrf2/ARE signal. 5,7-dihydroxychromone also is a potent activator of PPARγ and LXRα. 5,7-Dihydroxychromone may contributes to regulate blood glucose levels and shows anti-diabetic property.

Chelerythrine (Toddaline, Broussonpapyrine) is a potent, selective antagonist of PKC with an IC50 of 0.66 μM. Chelerythrine also inhibits the BclXL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with an IC50 of 1.5 μM. Chelerythrine shows antitumor, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Cucurbitacin-I (Elatericin B, JSI 124, NSC 521777), a natural cell-permeable triterpenoid isolated from Cucurbitaceae, is a novel selective inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3.

Bradykinin is a potent vasodilator peptide that exerts its vasodilatory action through stimulation of specific endothelial B2 receptors, thereby causing the release of prostacyclin, NO, and EDHF.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin) is expressed in Pichia pastoris using native signal peptides, or the Saccharomyces alpha-factor preprosequence, to direct proteins into the secretory pathway. Phytohemagglutinin induces apoptosis in human HEp-2 carcinoma cells via increasing proapoptotic protein Bax and activating caspases-3.

Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium Deoxycholate, Sodium Desoxycholate, Cholanoic Acid, ATX-101, Kythera, Belkyra, DCA) is specifically responsible for activating the TGR5 receptor (GPCR19) that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.

2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dAMP), an endogenous metabolite, is only photosensitized degraded under acidic conditions.

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid (dCMP) is an endogenous metabolite that can be used as a model to describe mechanisms of DNA-strand breaks induced by secondary electrons and decomposes primarily by dissociation of the C-O phosphoester bond.

N-Acetyl-L-arginine (Ac-Arg-OH) dihydrate is an endogenous metabolite.

Levoglucosan (LG, LEV, Leucoglucosan, Glucosan, 1,6-anhydro-b-D-Glucose) is an endogenous metabolite.

Sodium 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate (3-Indoleacetic acid sodium, Indole-3-acetic acid sodium, 3-IAA sodium) is an endogenous metabolite.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt (Phytic acid potassium, IP6 (PS)), an endogenous metabolite in rice grain extract and digest, inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1) with IC50 of approximately 0.25 μM.

2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP, (2-Aminoethyl)phosphonic acid) is a type of abundant and ubiquitous naturally occurring phosphonate used as sources of phosphorus by many prokaryotic lineages.

Phospho(enol)pyruvic acid monopotassium salt (Potassium 1-carboxyvinyl hydrogenphosphate) is an endogenous metabolite.

Methyl β-D-Galactopyranoside (Methyl beta-D-galactoside, Methylgalactoside) is an endogenous metabolite.

3-Methoxytyramine (3-O-methyl Dopamine, 3MT) hydrochloride, a major extracellular metabolite of dopamine, is a neuromodulator that in certain situations may be involved in movement control.

D-(+)-Galacturonic acid monohydrate (D-Galacturonic acid hydrate, d-GalA, D-galUA) is an endogenous metabolite that can be used in engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite.

DL-Tartaric Acid (2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid) is a white, crystalline organic acid isolated from many plants, particularly tamarinds and grapes and is used as an antioxidant and an additive agent to give a sour taste.

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine is an active endogenous metabolite that decreases the hepatic glutathione level in male Bom:NMRI mice.

Glyoxylic acid monohydrate (2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid) is an atmospherically relevant ketoacid.

Pyrazole (1H-pyrazole) is a five membered heteroaromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms is of immense significance. Pyrazole is an indispensable anchor for design and development of new pharmacological agents.

N-Acetyl-L-alanine (NAAL, Ac-Ala-OH) is an active endogenous metabolite.

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (3-HBA), one of the benzaldehydes commonly found in nature, is produced by 3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, and is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rats and humans (ALDH2). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde exhibits vasculoprotective effects.

6-Hydroxyindole (1H-indol-6-ol) is an endogenous potent and long-lasting OATP1B1 inhibitor with IC50 of ~10 μM.

Glycolaldehyde dimer (2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-dioxane, 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diol, DD) is an active endogenous metabolite that appears moderate absorbent and fluorescent, when it reacts with glycine (Gly)/ammonium sulfate (AS).

Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), an odd chain saturated fatty acid, significantly inhibits cell proliferation, and migration, while promoting apoptosis in PC‑9 and PC‑9/GR cells. Heptadecanoic acid is associated with several diseases, including the incidence of coronary heart disease, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as well as multiple sclerosis.

L-Histidinol dihydrochloride, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, is a reversible inhibitor of protein biosynthesis which evokes disparate responses from non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells in culture.

D-(-)-Lyxose (D-Lyxose) is an active endogenous metabolite.

Nα-Acetyl-L-lysine (Ac-Lys-OH, N(alpha)-Acetyllysine) is an active endogenous metabolite.

3-Methylglutaric acid (MGA, 3MG acid) is a conspicuous C6 dicarboxylic organic acid that can be used as a single solid-state NMR standard compound to perform all calibration steps except for magnet shimming.

O-Acetyl-L-serine (OAS, O-Acetylserine, O-Acetyl-L-serine) hydrochloride (HCl) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants that displays a signalling function leading to changes in transcript levels of a specific gene set irrespective of the sulfur status of the plant.

4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) is a derivative of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulting from the monoacetylation of the nitrogen of GABA.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Dioctyl phthalate, DOP, Diplast O, ESBO-D 82, Ergoplast FDO, Ergoplast FDO-S, Etalon) induces DNA strand breaks and gene expression alterations in larval zebrafish Danio rerio.

Itaconic acid, a macrophage-specific (Mϕ-specific) metabolite, mediates crosstalk between macrophage metabolism and peritoneal tumors. Itaconic acid is also a precursor of polymers, chemicals, and fuels that can be synthesized by many fungi.

L-Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate (L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate, H-His-OH.HCl.H2O), a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, is a reversible inhibitor of protein biosynthesis which evokes disparate responses from non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells in culture.

N-Acetylglycine (NAGly, Aceturic acid, Acetamidoacetic acid), a minor constituent of numerous foods, is not genotoxic or acutely toxic.

5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole (5,6-DMB, Dimezol, Dimedazol, 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole) is a vitamin B12 precursor.

D-Pyroglutamic acid (D-5-Oxoproline, D-Pyr-OH, 5-oxo-D-proline, (R)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) is an active endogenous metabolite that antagonizes the disruption of passive avoidance behaviour induced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP-5.

N-acetyl-L-leucine is an active endogenous metabolite that accelerates vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy by action in the cerebellum and thalamus.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride (HQ) is an active endogenous metabolite.

(S)-(-)-1-Phenylethanol ((S)-1-Phenylethanol, (S)-(-)-Phenylethanol) is an enantiomer of 1-Phenylethanol with flavor properties.

Monoethyl malonic acid (Ethyl hydrogen malonate, Monoethyl malonate, 3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid) is the major urinary metabolites of ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate (EEP).

(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (R-3HB, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid) is a monomer of PHB (poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]) with wide industrial and medical applications. (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid can also serve as chiral precursor for synthesis of pure biodegradable PHB and its copolyesters.

Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate is an active endogenous metabolite.

2-Amino-1-phenylethanol (2-APE) is a noradrenaline analogue.

Thymidine-5'-monophosphate (5'-Thymidylic acid) disodium salt is an active endogenous metabolite.

Myosmine is not only one of the minor tobacco alkaloids but is also present in various foods. Myosmine has low affinity against a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChR) with Ki of 3300 nM.

N-Methylnicotinamide (MNA, Nicotinyl Methylamide, N-Methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide) is an active endogenous metabolite that improves endothelial dysfunction and attenuates atherogenesis via the modulation of ADMA-DDAH axis.

L-Cysteic acid monohydrate (CAM) is an active endogenous metabolite.

(L)-Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of l-Ascorbic acid (AsA) that efficiently scavenges non-thermal plasma-induced hydroxyl radicals in the presence of thiols and fails to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by itself.

Petroselinic acid (PSA) is a positional isomer of oleic acid isolated from the vegetable oil of Coriandrum sativum fruits. Petroselinic acid can be used for the fermentation of new sophorolipids.

Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) creatinine sulfate monohydrate is an active endogenous metabolite.

1-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA, 3-Carbamoyl-1-methylpyridin-1-ium, Trigonellamide) chloride is an active endogenous metabolite of nicotinamide that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities. 1-Methylnicotinamide enhances tumor vasculature formation and markedly increases prostacyclin (PGI2) generation.

Phosphocholine (Phosphorylcholine) chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate is an active endogenous metabolite.

Cholesteryl linoleate is less polar lipid in human nasal fluid that contributes to the inherent antibacterial activity.

Tricosanoic acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid that exhibits a strong hair-growing effect.

DL-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid monohydrochloride (2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid hydrochloride) is an active endogenous metabolite.

3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid (3-HAA, 3-HANA), a tryptophan metabolite, has an immunomodulatory effect that may result from inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activity, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) is an active endogenous metabolite that possesses a restricted potential to block DNA biosynthesis. Phosphonoacetic acid exhibits anti-viral activities.

Elaidic acid is a major trans fatty acid that inhibits cell viability, elevates cell apoptosis by enhancing oxidative stress. Elaidic acid can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent.

Isomaltulose (Palatinose) hydrate is a disaccharide carbohydrate widely used during exercise to maintain glycaemia and hydration.

(3-Carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (γ-Butyrobetaine, γBB hydrochloride) is an intermediary metabolite by gut microbes from dietary L-carnitine in mice.

DL-Mandelic acid (MA, 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid, Amygdalic acid, Almond acid) can be intercalated into Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) by an anion-exchange reaction to build a novel antimicrobial layered material.

cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline (H-D-cis-Hyp-OH) is an endogenous metabolite that can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase.

Uridine-5'-diphosphate (UDP) disodium salt is a potent, selective and natural agonist of P2Y₆ receptor with EC50 = 300 nM and pEC50 of 6.52, respectively. Uridine-5'-diphosphate (UDP) disodium salt is also an antagonist of P2Y₁₄ receptor with pEC50 of 7.28.

N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc, N-acetyl-beta-mannosamine), a precursor of a sialic acid, improves the age-dependent attenuation of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP). N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine treatment is a potential therapeutic application for cognitive dysfunction.

(±)-Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA, Methyl jasmonate, Methyl 2-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)acetate), a phytohormone that acts as a vital cell regulator in plants, is a new candidate for the treatment of Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), modulating the expression of the major classes of caspase-type protease families.

2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (dUMP) is a substrate for thymidylate synthase and is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). The inhibition of dUMP to dTMP at the methylation step is a key in controlling bacterial and eukaryotic cell growth.

Nicotinuric acid (NUA) is the major detoxification product of nicotinic acid and may serve as a simple quantitative index of hepatic biotransformation of nicotinic acid.

D-Mannosamine hydrochloride ((2S,3R,4S,5R)-2-Amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrochloride) is an active endogenous metabolite.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA) is a phenolic acid mostly found in olive oil wastewater and an intestinal metabolite of the dietary flavonoid quercetin. 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid exhibits antimicrobial properties.

Isocitric acid (DL-Isocitric acid) trisodium salt is an active endogenous metabolite.

12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid (G12) is an active endogenous metabolite.

Palmitoleic acid (POA, Palmitoleate) stimulates the uptake of glucose in liver through activation of AMPK and FGF-21, dependent on PPARα.

Nα-Acetyl-L-asparagine (N-Acetylasparagine, (S)-2-acetamido-4-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite that exists in human brain.

Thiamine monophosphate chloride dihydrate (Vitamin B1 Monophosphate Chloride, Sineurina, Phosphothiamine) is an endogenous metabolite.

Sodium mesoxalate monohydrate (sodium 2,2-dihydroxymalonate) is an endogenous metabolite.

D-Saccharic acid potassium salt (D-Glucaric acid potassium, Potassium bisaccharate) is an endogenous metabolite.

Acetic acid octyl ester (Octyl acetate) is one of the major components of essential oils in the vittae, or oil tubes, of the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). Acetic acid octyl ester exhibits antioxidant activity.

Methyl isoeugenol (Methylisoeugenol) is an eugenol analogue isoeugenol isolated from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma. Methyl isoeugenol is a highly attractive lure for Z. diversus and would be a valuable inclusion as an attractant in monitoring and male annihilation programs.

Menthone is one of the main volatile components of the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Menthone is used as antioxidant agent and has a good compensatory effect with significant reduction in DNA damages in sperm cells.

Methyl acetylacetate (MAA, Acetoacetate methyl ester, Methyl 3-oxobutanoate, Methyl 3-oxobutyrate, Methyl acetoacetate, Methyl acetylacetate), an endogenous metabolite, is used as a chemical reagent used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

Isophorone (IPHO), an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone, is a clear liquid with a camphor-like odor. Isophorone is used as a precursor to polymers.

Nudifloric acid (1-Methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid), isolated from Cordyceps bassiana, which is one of Cordyceps species with anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-angiogenic, and anti-nociceptive activities.

Cis-3-Hexenyl hexanoate ((Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate) is a kind of plant volatile that brings tropical and pulpy profile with citrus and green nuances to all kinds of fruit flavors.

Disodium 5'-inosinate monohydrate (Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate) is an endogenous metabolite.

(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-Butanediol ((2R,3R)-Butane-2,3-diol) is an endogenous metabolite.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid hydrate (DHF) is an endogenous metabolite. The diester derivative of dihydroxyfumaric acid hydrate (DHF) has been used exclusively as an electrophile in organic synthesis.

DL-5-Hydroxylysine hydrochloride, an endogenous metabolite, is a racemic mixture of D- and L- enantiomers of 5-hydroxylysine which may be used as potential target markers for radical-induced protein oxidation.

DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin that affects the production of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the brain. DL-Homocysteine inhibits the activity of both KYNA biosynthetic enzymes, kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) I and II.

δ-Valerolactone (Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one, 5-Valerolactone, oxan-2-one) is an endogenous metabolite.

N-Formyl-L-methionine (For-Met-OH) is an endogenous metabolite.

9-Methoxycanthin-6-one is present in intact plant parts and in callus tissues of different explants with anti-tumour activity.

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (NSC 49139) is an endogenous metabolite.

L-DAB HBR (L-Dab Hydrobromide, L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid hydrobromide) is an inhibitor of GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) transaminase with IC50 of >500 μM. L-DAB HBR exhibits antitumor activity.

Malonic acid (MOA), one of the major dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) in aerosols, has been identified experimentally and computationally to be a strong acid. Malonic acid (MOA) acts as a mediate bridge for the formation of pure SA-A-based clusters.

Maleic acid inhibits glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity, thus enhances acid sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. Maleic acid affects the extracellular GABA levels.

trans-Aconitic acid (TAA) is an abundant constituent in the leaves of Echinodorus grandiflorus, a medicinal plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in Brazil.

2-Deoxy-D-ribose (Thyminose, Deoxyribose) is an endogenous metabolite.

L-Homoserine (L-Hse) is an important biosynthetic intermediate of threonine, methionine and lysine.

3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol (Prenol, Prenyl alcohol, Dimethylallyl alcohol) is an endogenous metabolite.

Pyruvic acid (Acetylformic acid) is an important organic chemical intermediate that plays a role in cardiomyocyte pathophysiology and therapy. Pyruvic acid markedly increases the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) and reduces the level of Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase and Na⁺K⁺-ATPase.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP, Guanosine triphosphate, H4GTP) trisodium salt is an enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation in a murine cells. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt up-regulates miRNA (specifically miR133a and miR133b) and myogenic regulator factor and induces human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes stuffed with guanosine based molecules (mainly guanosine) in the extracellular milieu.

N-Formylglycine (2-formamidoacetic acid, For-Gly-OH, FGly) is an endogenous metabolite.

Sodium 2-hydroxybutanoate (Sodium 2-hydroxybutyrate, Sodium DL-2-hydroxybutyrate), converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, is an intermediate metabolite.

2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid (Uracil 5-carboxylic acid, Isoorotic acid, 5-Carboxyuracil) is an endogenous metabolite.

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (D-N-Acetylgalactosamine) is an endogenous metabolite.

L-Glucose (L-(-)-Glucose) is an enantiomer of D-glucose. L-Glucose promotes food intake while cannot be used by cells as an energy source because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase.

D-(-)-Tartaric acid is the unnatural isomer of Tartaric acid which is an important chiral chemical building block with broad industrial and scientific applications.

Potassium sorbate (Sorbic acid potassium) is a nonpoisonous food preservative isolated from Sorbus aucuparia. Potassium sorbate is an effective inhibitor of most molds and yeasts and some bacteria.

Pimelic acid (Heptanedioic acid, 1,5-Pentanedicarboxylic acid, 1,7-Heptanedioic acid) originating from fatty acid synthesis pathway is a bona fide precursor of biotin in B. subtilis.

Glutaric acid (GA) is an attractive C5 dicarboxylic acid with wide applications in the biochemical industry.

Citraconic acid (CA) is a kind of methyl-branched fatty acids that exists in wild soybean.

5-hydroxy-1-tetralone is a fluorescent labeling reagent for the determination of glycosphingolipid from small amounts of biological samples.

Maleamic acid ((Z)-4-Amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite.

3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Melilotic acid, Melilotate, 2-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite.

L-Anserine nitrate salt, a dipeptide found in most animal tissues, exhibits antioxidant properties, anti-crosslinking, and anti-glycation activities. L-Anserine protects against neurotoxicity induced by ER-stress inducers.

Amarogentin (AG), a secoiridoid glycoside mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots, exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin is an agonist for the bitter taste receptor TAS2R1 and inhibits in LAD-2 cells substance P-induced production of newly synthesized TNF-α. Amarogentin induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells (SNU-16) through G2/M cell cycle arrest and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Amarogentin (AG) interacts with the α2 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activates the trimeric kinase with EC50 of 277 pM.

Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound first isolated from petroleum with a camphor-like odor. Adamantane is used to treat influenza A virus infections.