Apoptosis related

C, Jurkat cells with SB202190 at 1, 5, and 10 μM were tested, and a decreased SRP72 expression was found when using at 10 μM (lanes 8 and 9). D, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 10 μM at 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min (p<0.05).

 

Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.

 

 

Immunofluorescence of NF-κB/p65 in HCT 116 and SW 1116 cells exposed to TNFα (25 ng/ml) with or without nafamostat mesilate(FLU) (100 μM). Scale bars: 20 μm.

GSK2656157 inhibits excessive autophagy in kri1lcas002 HSPCs. Representative confocal images of mCherry-Lc3 puncta (autophagosomes) in kri1lcas002 mutant embryos in Tg (cmyb: egfp) transgenic background are shown. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Motor disturbances of the rat hindlimbs after SCI, using an inclined plane test. Key: ◇ = PBS group; ■ = Sal B group; ▲ = methylprednisolone group.

VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.

Stimulation response of p37d-expressing cells. (c) Western blot of 5 min serum stimulated HEK-293 cells stably expressing p37d, p110d or control, with the presence of inhibitors as indicated at the top.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 10 uM MG132 and incubated under normoxia or hypoxia for 4 h. Endogenous interaction between LATS2 and SIAH2 was analysed by immunoprecipitation.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Combinational treatment of kinase inhibitors induces the similar phenotype produced by PP1. All images are lateral view with dorsal to the top and anterior to the left. The combinational treatment of Dasatinib (D) or U0126 (U) with Sunitinib (SU),PTK787 (PTK), or ZM323881 (Z) resulted in the shrinkage of dorsal aorta.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

Perturbation of EGFR by its ligand EGF and gefitinib (ZD-1839 Iressat; inhibits EGFR) produces opposite responses in the predicted EGFR target genes SOCS2 and NR2E1.

 

Number of foci detected using laser confocal microscopy and fluorescent Fluor 647 anti-H2A.X-phosphorylated (Ser139) antibody. Double-stranded breaks (red) are clearly augmented in cells incubated with 500 nmol/l of ABT-888 and 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 compared with PBS and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide controls. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ and the ‘analyze particle’ function.

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

ERK phosphorylates FBW7 at T205. PANC-1 cells were pretreated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and trametinib, as indicated, overnight before harvest. Endogenous FBW7 phosphorylation status was examined by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitates (IP).

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Alisertib inhibits AURKA and AURKB in a concentration-dependent manner. (a) Alisertib induces G 2 /M delay or genome reduplication. HeLa cells were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. The positions of 2N, 4N and 8N DNA contents are indicated. (b) Alisertib delays mitotic exit or induces slippage. HeLa cells stably expressing histone H2B-GFP were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. Individual cells were then tracked for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. Each horizontal bar represents one cell (n ¼ 50). Key: light gray ¼ interphase; black ¼ mitosis (from DNA condensation to anaphase or mitotic slippage); dark gray ¼ interphase after mitotic slippage; truncated bars ¼ cell death. (c) Different concentrations of Alisertib are involved in delaying mitotic exit and inducing slippage. Live-cell imaging of cells treated with Alisertib was described in panel (b). The duration of mitosis (mean±90% confidence interval) and the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic slippage during the imaging period was quantified. (d) Alisertib promotes apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The cells were then harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. (e) Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of Alisertib. HeLa cells were cultured in the presence of the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The number of live and dead cells was analyzed with trypan blue exclusion assay. (f) Concentration-dependent suppression of long-term survival by Alisertib. HeLa cells were seeded on 60-mm culture plates and grown in the presence of 250 n M or 1 m M of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were washed gently and propagated in normal medium for another 10–12 days. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet solution (examples of the plates are shown). Average±s.d. from three independent experiments. (g) Both AURKA and AURKB are inhibited by Alisertib.Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 2 h. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232were detected with immunoblotting. The asterisk indicates the position of an AURKB-like protein (the same throughout this study). Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. In this assay, nocodazole and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) were added to prevent the cells from exiting mitosis. Accordingly, the total AURKA and AURKB levels remained constant throughout the experiment. (h) Alisertib prevents activation of AURKA and AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap cells that entered mitosis. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer.

 

Effect of lenalidomide treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 3 days) on expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and cleaved caspase-3 in myocardium from lean and ob/ob mice. (a) Representative gel blots of TNF-α, IL-6, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-3 and α-Tubulin (as loading control) using specific antibodies. (b) TNF-α.

Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

 

Melanoma cell viability and in vivo growth by cyclindependent kinase 2/4 inhibition. Western blot analysis for c-Jun, phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) (p-ERK1/2), and total ERK1/2 protein levels was done for human melanoma cell lines treated with the BRAFV600E inhibitor GDC-0879 (1 μM), or MEK inhibitors CI-1040 (1 μM), U0126 (1 μM), and PD98059 (10 μM) for 18 hours.

AN3CA (A) and JHUEM2 (B) cells were treated for the indicated times with DMSO, 0.3 μM BGJ398 (BGJ), 0.3 μM GDC-0941 (GDC), 0.6 μM BYL719 (BYL) and 0.6 μM BKM120 (BKM) alone or in combination. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies for phospho-AKT (Ser473), total AKT, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK2, phospho-S6 (Ser240/244), total S6, phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46), total 4EBP1, total PARP and cleaved PARP. Tubulin was detected as the loading control. Western blot analysis of AN3CA and JHUEM2.

SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.

Western blotting showing increased unconjugated SUMO1 levels in Notch1 ΔE cells treated with 10 uM DAPT for 3 days. Tubulin was used as a loading control.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Vandetanib reduced extracellular nitrite levels in endothelial cells. MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 mol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), 50 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or matched vehicle (PBS; 0.5 hours), and L-arginine and soluble N-ethylmaleamide sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) added (1.5 hours). Vandetanib lowered nitrite levels in MS1 Ecs (*P0.0003). VEGF was used a positive control and increased nitrite levels (**P0.02). These findings indicate that vandetanib lowered endothelial cell NO levels.

Platelets (3 x 10⁸/mL) were preincubated with Y27632 (10 uM), R406 (1 uM), or a combination of Y27632 and R406 for 20 minutes followed by stimulation with oxLDL (50 ug/mL) for 15 seconds and lysis. Samples were then separated by SDS-PAGE and were immunoblotted for phospho-MLCSer19, followed by reprobing for β-tubulin. (Fi) Representative blots. (Fii) Densitometric analysis of 3 independent experiments. *P < .05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Experiments were carried out in the presence of apyrase (2 U/mL), indomethacin (10 uM), and EGTA (1 mM).

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

ICG-001 variably influences Wnt transcriptional activity across pancreatic cancer lines. Nuclear extracts from AsPC-1 cells treated with vehicle or 30 umol/L ICG-001 for 6 hours were immunoprecipitated with anti-CBP or control IgG antibodies followed by Western blot analyses for β-catenin and CBP.

(A) H3122 xenografts harboring the EML4-ALK translocation were treated with control vehicle or the ALK inhibitor, TAE-684, for 2 days; the tumors were excised and lysates were prepared. The TIMM results for the control and treated animals are shown. (B) H3122 cells were treated in the presence or absence of TAE-684 (100 nM) for 6 hours in the presence or absence of the indicated ligands [EGF (50 ng/mL), IGF1 (50 ng/mL), and HGF (50 ng/mL)]. Extracts were probed with the indicated antibodies.

Cotreatment with JQ1 and AC220 synergistically induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD–expressing AML cells. MV4-11 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of AC220 and/or JQ1 for 24 hours. At the end of treatment, immunoblot analyses were conducted as indicated. The numbers beneath the blots represent densitometry analysis conducted on representative blots.

FGFR inhibitors block signaling in FGFR2-fusion-expressing cells. Activation of FGFR2 and MAPK by FGFR2-AHCYL1 and its suppression by FGFR inhibitors. Lysates from NIH3T3 cells expressing FGFR2-AHCYL1 or EZR-ROS1 (control) treated with vehicle (DMSO), 0.2 and 1 uM BGJ398, and 0.2 and 1 uM PD173074 were immunoblotted with the relevant antibodies. β-Actin was used as a loading control.

Effects of combination of bort/romidepsin on HDAC6 inhibition and activation of ER stress signaling. HA cells were treated with combination of 15 nM bortezomib and 5 nM romidepsin or either drug alone for 24 hr. Expression of CHOP/GADD153 (green signals) and cleaved PARP (red signals) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. DAPI (blue signals) stained the cell nuclei.

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6,

PTPH1 confers breast cancer cell sensitivity to fulvestrant. E and F, PTPH1 overexpression increases the growth inhibition by fulvestrant. PTPH1 was overexpressed by a Tet-on system or a stable transfection, and resultant cells were incubated with fulvestrant as indicated for about 2 weeks. Colony formed was stained and counted. Results shown are normalized to its own solvent control of Vector and PTPH1-overexpressed cells, respectively (means ± SD; n = 3–5) with insets showing PTPH1 overexpression. *, versus vector or no Tet cells for E and F.

Colony-forming assay results showing that the Jak2 inhibitor TG101348 reduces CFU-GM colonies generated from mutant fetal liver R2 cells. Results from 4 independent control or mutant fetal livers treated with TG101348 or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are shown (mean ?SD). ***P < .001.

Effect of crizotinib, tivantinib, and SU11274 on levels of c-MET phosphorylation and downstream signaling pathway in SW1736 and TL3 thyroid cancer cells. Cells were prestarved in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS (24 hour) ?either crizotinib or tivantinib (0.1, 1.0, and 10 umol/L) or SU11274 (10 umol/L), and stimulated with 20 ng/mL recombinant human HGF for 10 minutes before lysates were made for Western blotting. A series of c-MET downstream signaling pathway proteins and phosphor proteins were detected using Western blotting. β-Actin was used as a loading balance control.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Western blot analysis. HeLa or MCF7 cells were treated with nocodazole (noc, 50 ng/ml), paclitaxel (pacli, 50 nM), the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 (50 nM) or BI 6727 (50 nM) for 16 h and cellular extracts were prepared for western blot analysis with antibodies as indicated. con: cellular extracts from control cells without any treatment. β-actin served as loading control.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. Cells were pretreated ±1 umol/L olaparib (2 hours) then sequentially ±150 nmol/L PTX (24 hours), then ± GMX 12 nmol/L (48 hours). PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A by Western blotting.

OPM2 cells stably expressing either NT or CRBN shRNA were seeded and incubated with pomalidomide at the indicated concentration, followed by MTT assay at day 3 after adding drugs. Each experimental condition was performed in triplicate and repeated at least once.

 

Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.

HeLa cells were treated for 3h with PIK-75 or SNS-032 at the indicated concentrations. Cells were subsequently lysed and subjected to western blotting. One representative of two independent experiments is shown.

(A) and (B) SW1116 and LOVO cells were plated, treated for 48 h with decitabine (DAC) and gefitinib (GEF) either alone or in combination, and the expression levels of AKT, mTOR, S6K, and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis as described under Methods. Expression of β-actin served as a loading control. The data are representative of three independent experiments.

Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.

The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.

Normal human KC pretreated with STAT1 inhibitor (fludarabine [10 uM]) or STAT3 inhibitor (STA-21 [2 uM]) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of hBD2 and hBD3 were assessed by qRT-PCR.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 20 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of XL147 for 24 hours.

Mice bearing subcutaneous allografts of conditional patched mutant tumor cells were treated twice weekly with vehicle (saline) or 30 mg/kg PHA-739358. (B)Images of tumors. (C) Tumor weights. Each point represents a single tumor, and grey lines represent mean tumor weights, which were significantly different between vehicle and PHA-739358 treated mice (p < 0.05, based on paired two-tailed t-test).

VCaP cells were steroid starved overnight then treated with 10nM R1881 and PIM kinase inhibitor SGI-1776 as indicated for 4 hours. Total protein lysates were analyzed by Western blot with antibodies against P-AR S213, AR (total), P-4EBP1 Thr 37/46, and tubulin.

Lysates of MDM treated with five-fold dilutions of the indicated compounds (starting concentration: AT7519, 0.5 mmol/l, roscovitine 4 mmol/l) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with antiphopho-SAMHD1, anti-SAMHD1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies. MDM, monocyte-derived macrophage; SAMHD1, sterile a motif and HD domain-containing protein-1; SD, standard deviation.

for HXO-RB44 cells, IC50 values for VCR were changed in the different SG600 treatment groups. The results are representative of three independent  experiments and of f our replicates in each experiment.

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), pancreatic cancer (PaTu2), lung cancer (A549), colon cancer HCT-116, and acute myeloid leukemia (SKM1) cell lines were incubated with increasing amounts of PU-H71 and STA-9090 as indicated. Western blot analysis with PRKD2, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-9 antibodies is depicted.

MK-1775 and LY2603618 synergize to induce apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary patient samples. U937 and CTS cells were treated for 8 h. Whole cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting and probed with anti-γH2AX, -pCHK1, -p-cdc25c, -p-CDK1, -p-CDK2, -CDK1, or -β-actin antibody. Densitometry measurements, as described in the Materials and methods section, are shown below the corresponding Western blot.

(C) Z-138 and JEKO-1 cells were simultaneously  exposed  to sorafenib and R406  at  the  indicated doses, and cell viability was determined at 48 hours by annexin  V/PI  staining.  Bars represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. CI value is indicated for each combination. (D)  Primary MCL cells from 7 patients were simultaneously exposed to sorafenib and R406 at the indicated doses for 48 hours, and cell viability was determined as above. Bars represent the mean ± SEM of all the samples analyzed. CI value is indicated for each combination.

Immunoblots showing levels of phospho-MEK (p-MEK), total MEK (t-MEK), phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) in A375 cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing BRAFV600E, BRAFV600E/L505H, BRAFV600E/F516G or BRAFV600E/T529N and treated with increasing doses of RAF265. α-tubulin (TUBA) was monitored as a loading control.

Effect of tivantinib on the mitotic index was compared with the antimitotic drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine after overnight treatment of the HLE cell line with two different concentrations of each drug

Along with cell death, immunoblotting shows ON 01910.Na induces hyperphosphorylation of RanGAP1, increased expression of RanGAP1.SUMO1 but decreased expression of free unmodified RanGAP1. No viable SU-DHL-5 cells were available for immunoblotting at 0.5 uM of ON 01910.Na.

Growth suppression by UBE2M silencing is enhanced by DNA damaging agents. Growth sensitivity of HEY cells in the presence of Camptothecin(CPT) was monitored using clonogenic assay.

Isolation of cd T cells. PBMCs were cultured in the presence of 400 nM ZA and 200 IU/ml IL-2 over 10 days. cd T cells were isolated by negative MACS isolation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed co-expression of CD3 and TCRcd on over 99% of cells of the flow through fraction (A). The T cells expressed the TCRVd2 chain (B) and the CD56 protein (C).

IL-6- supported INA-6 cells were treated with the JAK inhibitors ruxolitinib (Rux; 10 nM) or CYT387 (CYT; 50 nM) for 1 hour and assessed for inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation by immunoblotting.

Representative photographs of fluorescent staining of microtubules and nuclei in MDA-MB-231 cells 24 h post-treatment with 4 nM of ispinesib or vinblastine or their combination. Arrows and arrowheads denote mitotic cells with monoploar and bipolar spindles, respectively. Scale bars, 20 um.

Hyperacetylation of P. falciparum proteins by SB939. Synchronous 3D7 trophozoite-stage P. falciparum parasites were treated with 50 or 500 nM chloroquine (CQ), SAHA, or SB939 or with vehicle only (control; 0.05% DMSO) for 3 h. Following saponin lysis, parasite protein lysates were prepared and SDS-PAGE and Western blotting carried out using anti-acetyl H4 or anti-pan-acetyl lysine (K103) antibodies. Coomassie blue staining was carried out as a loading control.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

Effects of DPN, LY500307, Raloxifene and Tamoxifen on cell viability in BSO-treated FRDA fibroblasts. BSO concentration was 1 mM and all steroid concentrations were 100 nM. Depicted are mean ± SD for n= 8 per group. * indicated p<0.05 versus BSO alone-treated cells.

TRAP-positive multinucleated cell differentiation depends on JAK and is inhibited by tofacitinib in vitro. Effect of tofacitinib on the differentiation of TRAP-positive multi-nucleated cells in vitro (n =3 wells/experiment). Original magnification x 100.

Inhibition of CDK5 by roscovitine resulted in defective neuronal migration, which was rescued by expression of GFP-Ndel1 (S251E). a, Granular neurons were treated with roscovitine. Western blotting was performed 24 h after start of culture. Aurora-A and NDEL1 displayed similar expression levels with untreated neurons, whereas the levels of phosphorylated Aurora-A and NDEL1 proteins were decreased after treatment with roscovitine. Relative intensities of the bands of Western blotting are shown at the bottom.

Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown increases select chemotherapy sensitivities. MTS assay was performed for Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown mouse aRMS tumor cells treated with DNA damaging agents and microtubule inhibitors. Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown reduced the concentration at which viability was impaired by 50% (IC50) of topotecan by 4.8 fold, respectively, yet did not affect the IC50 of mafosfamide.

DNA-PKcs suppression mediated ROS production and GSH content in HepG2 cells exposed to CDDP and 5-Fu. a DNA-PKcs inhibition promoted ROS production in HepG2 cells treated with indicated concentrations of CDDP and 5-Fu. DCFH-DA fluorescent analysis was performed to assess the ROS level. Data presented were mean ?SD of three independent experiments.

Protein expression by western blot analysis of cell lysates from MCF-7, TAM^R-4 and 164^R-7 cells treated for 3 days with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 1 uM or 1.5 uM WP1130.

Pancreatic cancer cell lines (CFPAC-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with siHIF-1 and 2-ME and then evaluate the expression HIF-1α, CRT and P-eIF2α by Western blotting experiment.

Growth curve of human colon cancer xenografts in nude mice treated with orally administered vehicle or capecitabine at 360 mg/kg (n = 10–12 per cell line).

(A) KMS11 and (B) L363 cells were plated in 5mM glucose medium with ritonavir or DMSO (D) for 17 hours. Glucose consumption rates are normalized to untreated cells (not shown). (C) KMS11 and (D) L363 cells were treated with ritonavir or DMSO for 72 hours. Relative viable cell numbers were determined by MTS assay and normalized to untreated cells (not shown).

(d) Effects of HDAC8 activity on ISO-induced augmentation of apoptosis and TIPRL expression. H1299 cells were sequentially treated with 10 μm PCI-34051 for 24 h, ISO for 30 min and 50 μM cisplatin for 48 h before the western blot analysis.

BMDMs from WT animals were treated with different concentrations of PI3K inhibitors (500 nmol/L PF4691502, PI-103, BKM120 and 25 μmol/L SF1126) followed by hypoxia for 4 hours for Western blots. These macrophages were either used for lysate preparation (nuclear extracts for HIFα or WCE for pAKT and AKT) and Western blot analysis.

Immunoblots from AR + TNBC cell lines treated with either CDX (25 uM), GDC-0941 (300 nM) or GDC0980 (100 nM) as single agents or CDX in combination with either GDC-0941 or GDC-0980 for 48 h analyzed for AR, p-AKT, AKT, p-S6, S6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein.

Effects of selective STAT3 inhibitors on adherent glioma CSCs. Cells were treated with WP1066 (50 uM for 2 h) or vehicle, and colocalization of STAT3 and p65 was determined by immunostaining.

J558 cells were treated with PHA793887 (0.02–5 umol/L) for 6 hours, after which Western blot analysis was performed to monitor XBP-1s expression. Tub, tubulin.

Enzymatic activity of RIP3 from Abcam, the concentration-effect relationship of RIP3 inhibition by the tested protein kinase inhibitors and the mode of action of RIP3 inhibition by dabrafenib. The RIP3 inhibition rates of AZ628 at different concentrations were measured by the luminescent RIP3 assay. The data (mean ?SD from 3 independent experiments) were presented as the Lineweaver-Burk plots using Graphpad Prism 5.

Cellular senescence and SIRT1 phosphorylation was monitored in PAECs (P2) incubated in DMEM containing HDL (50 mg/L), LDL (50 mg/L), or resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hours.

Viability and CI vs Fa after 24-h exposure to cytarabine alone or in combination with ABT-199 in Riva, U2932 and VavP-Bcl2/c-MYC murine tumor cells. Viability shown at 500 nM (500 ng/ml for cytarabine; quadruplicates±s.e.m.).

Immunofluorescence images of Ishikawa cells showing the increase in the nuclear colocalization of ERa (red) and p65 (green) after E2 incubation. Nuclear colocalization is yellow. Treatment with ICI 182,780, PDTC or Bay inhibited the nuclear localization of both ERa and p65. Blue, DAPI-stained nuclei. All pictures were obtained the same day using the same microscope settings. Original magnification 3200, bar =50 um. Arrows, cytoplasmic ERa and p65 staining. ICI, ICI 182,780; Bay, Bay 11-7082.

Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.

PI3K/AKT were involved in the E2 induced decrease of Caov-3 cell anoikis. Caov-3 cells were pretreated by different signaling pathway inhibitors and Bit1 expression was determined by western blotting.

DNA damage-induced inhibition of rRNA synthesis is dependent on DNA-PK and PARP-1 activity. Representative nuclei stained by EU are shown 22 h after 2 h treatment with 25 µg/ml cisplatin. Cells were treated with cisplatin under the following conditions: pretreatment with Nu7026 (Nu7026, 26) or Nu7441 (Nu7441, 41)

(a) Representative images from hTERT RPE-1 cells transiently transfected with siControl (siC), treated with vehicle (DMSO), alisertib (MLN8237) or rocilinostat (ACY1215) at the time of serum withdrawal for 48 h. Ciliation monitored by immunofluorescent staining using acetylated α-tubulin (cilia marker) and pericentrin (basal body marker). Nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Highlighted boxes show magnified cilia. Scale bar, 3 μM.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

Verteporfin treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Tsc1-null cells in vivo. Mice were administered i.p. with vehicle or verteporfin at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 10 d before sacrifice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 wk of age. Three independent experiments were performed and mice in different treatments were pooled for analysis. Percentage of Ki67 and αSMA double-positive cells in α-SMA+ mesenchymal lesions in the indicated kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining and counting were performed on three sagittal sections from different kidney regions for each mouse.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

Effect of telmisartan and other treatments on (a) nitric oxide, (b) serum cortisol level. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical significances were determined using one way ANOVA followed by dunnetts post hoc test. ###p < 0.001 as compared with normal, *p < 0.05, *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to STZ control. TMS: telmisartan, MET: metformin, FLX: fluoxetine. The figure in parenthesis indicates the dose in mg/kg po.

 

Growth inhibitory effects of Epirubicin human pancreatic cancer cells. MiaPaCa-2 cells were plated in triplicates into 48-well plates at a density of 10,000 cells/ml. After 24 hours, complete culture medium was changed into fresh low-serum-containing medium (0.5% FBS) containing DMSO (control) or indicated doses of Epirubicin (Selleckchem). Cell viability 48 hours after treatment was determined by AlamarBlue assay (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's instructions. Results are expressed as percentages of control, which was arbitrarily assigned 100% viability, and represented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the tripicate wells. 

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Western blot analysis of p-STAT3, total STAT3, ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels in cells pretreated with DMSO or Stattic (10 uM) for 1 hr before and during stimulation with rDKK1 in cells transfected with STAT3 siRNA or negative control, and rDKK1 added into the supernatant.

(a) MET inhibition by INCB28060 prevents HGF-induced MET phosphorylation in MDA-MB231 and HCC-1954 cells. After one hour preincubation with INC2B8060, BC cells were stimulated with HGF for one hour. Phosphorylation of MET and total MET were determined by western blot and quantified by densitometric analysis. Results are expressed as percentage of unstimulated and untreated cells (negative control).

Natural killer cell activation is differentially modulated by treatment with CsA,Tac, Sir, or MMF. PBMC of three or four healthy donors were incubated for 4 days with or without 500 U/ml IL-2 in the presence CNI (CsA and Tac), mTORi (Sir), or mycophenolate (MMF) at a concentration of 10 µM, DMSO control solvent or medium.The percentage of all NK cells (CD3− /CD56+ ) and of the major NK cell subsets defined as CD16+ /CD16− CD56dim and CD56bright were determined by flow cytometry. Each data point indicates one donor, and the median values with standard deviations are depicted as black bars.

Immunohistochemistry and quantification of cleaved caspase 3 expression in DU145-DR tumor xenografts from (D). Scale bar, 100 mm. Data represent the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.

Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.

A) MV411 or B) Kasumi 1 cells were incubated with YM155 (0.25 x IC50) in the presence or absence of i) 0.5 x IC50 or ii) 1 x IC50 of Daunorubicin or iii) 0.5 x IC50 or iv) 1 x IC50 of Cytarabine for 72h. Following 72h treatment, cells were subject to a resazurin reduction assay. Percentages were normalised to DMSO controls. Column, mean of 3 independent experiments; Bars, SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.005. Students t-test. Similar trends were observed with 0.5 x and 1 x IC50 of YM155 in combination with Daunorubicin or Cytarabine (data not shown).

OVISE cells were incubated for 25 hr at the indicated concentrations of the FAK inhibitors. Immunoblots were performed to assess inhibition of auto-phosphorylation by the FAK inhibitors.

Western blot analysis of XIAP and cIAP1 expression and PARP cleavage in H460, A549 and 34LU cells pre-treated with vorinostat or entinostat for 6h followed by the SMAC mimetic birinapant for 24h.

Targeting the actin cytoskeleton overcomes resistance to HDACi in primary MM. Graphs representing the proportion of cell death induced in MM patients (n=6) treated LBH589 (5 nM), TAE226 (0.5 uM) and combination.

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

(E) Quantitation of lumen from A-D. (F) RNA isolated from 6d acini and expression of NOTCH1 measured by qRT-PCR in triplicate. P values are * <.01, *** <0.001.

A, HeLa cells were treated with DMSO, Taxol (100 nM for 16 h), or Nocodazole (Noco, 100 ng/ml for 16 h). Total cell lysates were probed with the indicated antibodies against Hippo components on Phos-tag SDS-polyacrylamide gels. O and * mark the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins, respectively.

AGS cells were treated with cwith IL-1β in the presence of the IKK inhibitor TPCA-1, the p38 MAPK inhibitor BIX02188 and the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Cell lysates were obtained 24 h after IL-1β treatment and immunoblotted with PTEN antibodies.

Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates of NCI-H929 cells treated with CLO (5 μM, 3-48 h) GAPDH served as the loading control for each membrane, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments

Micrographs of hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections from untreated and atorvastatin-treated TO mouse. Results of representative experiment of liver specimens incubated in vitro at 37癈 with and without 1.0 礛 atorvastatin for 6 hr is shown. A liver specimen at 0 hr is also shown. Liver structure and cytology are preserved in treated and untreated specimens. Inflammation and cholestasis are absent. (Hematoxylin and eosin, 10?and 40?.

(B and C) assessment of antimigration capacity in each group by transwell migration assay. Abbreviations: CDDP, cisplatin; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

LGX818 downregulates CyclinD1 dependent of DYRK1B, but not GSK3β. (B) A375 cells were treated with vehicle or an inhibitor of GSK3β (SB415286, 12.5 μM), then they were treated the same as in (A) for 3 and 12 h, IB analysis for β-catenin, Cyclin D1 and GAPDH.

Nutlin-3a preserved p53 expression without influencing high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte impairment. A-D: cultured podocytes were pre-treated by nutlin-3a for 2 hrs before subjected to HG treatment. Western blotting gel documents (A) and summarized data (B) showing the expression of p53 and MDM2 in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 4. Western blotting gel documents (C) and summarized data (D) showing the expression of Desmin in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 3. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, #P < 0.05 vs. Vehl + HG. Ctrl: control; Vehl: vehicle; nutlin-3a: nutlin-3a treatment.

PK parameters for pralatrexate in the study population. Concentration over time for each dose cohort of pralatrexate (A).

Whole-cell lysates from NRAS- or BRAF-mutant melanoma cells treated with encorafenib or/and binimetinib or DMSO as a control for 24 hours were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect pERK, ERK, and b-actin. The experiment shown is a representative of three independent experiments.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Immunoblot analysis of HER2, P-AKT, and HOXB7 in BT474 cells after treatment with 10 µM 10058-F4, 100 µg/ml of trastuzumab, or a combination of 10058-F4 and trastuzumab.

Phosphorylation of STAT6 in butyrate-treated M2-BMDMs. Western blotting was performed with anti-phospho-STAT6, STAT6, and β-actin. Data are representative of three independent experiments. M2:M2 macrophage; But:butyrate.

Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipient mice were injected with a 1:1 mixture of GFP+JAK2(V671F) and wild-type bone marrow cells. Five weeks later, mice were treated with vehicle (C), hydroxyurea (H; 30 mg/kg twice daily IP), ruxolitinib (R; 30 mg/kg twice daily oral gavage), BMN673 (B; 0.33 mg/kg IV), H+R, H+B, R+B, and H+R+B for 3 weeks. Percentage of GFP+JAK2(V617F) was measured in (panel B) bone marrow cells, (panel C) splenocytes, and (panel D) peripheral blood leukocytes; (panel E) number of GFP+JAK2(V617F) Lin−Sca1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells per 106 bone marrow cells was calculated, too. *P < .05, **P < .05, and ***P < .05 when compared with control, single treatment, and double treatment, respectively, from 6 to 7 mice using the Student t test.

Renal Nrf2 activity was shown in RTA402-treated acFSGS (RTA402 + acFSGS) mice as early as day 7 (RTA402 + acFSGS) and persisted to day 28, compared to vehicle + acFSGS mice. Kidney in situ ROS production demonstrated by DHE detection.

U87 cells were cultured with DMSO or 10 µM 5azadC for 72 h. For the latter, 1 µM Trichostatin A (TSA), 10 mM sodium butyrate (NaBu), 5 mM nicotinamide (NAM), or 0.5 µM apicidin were added in the last 24 h. IFNLR1 expression was determined by RT-qPCR.

(A) HONE1 and (B) HK1-EBV cells were treated with TPA (40 ng/ml) and SB (3 mM) for EBV induction. After 3 h, uninduced and induced HONE1 and HK1-EBV cells were treated with the vehicle control (0.006% DMSO) or indicated concentrations of berberine for 48 h. Subsequently, the culture medium was harvested for quantitative-PCR analysis with EBNA1 primers. Each sample was normalized to the amount of the GAPDH gene; *p<0.05, compared with the control group.

Myogenic differentiation assay to determine the GR specificity of DEX by using RU-486 (10 uM). Immunofluorescence detection of MyHC (red) and DAPI counterstaining of nuclei (blue) was used to detect myotubes. The scale bar is 50 um.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

The effect of drugs on sperm movement. Purified human sperm were incubated under capacitating conditions for 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 min, and motility was measured in the presence of disulfirum. The standard deviation is shown as bars. Statistical differences by Student's t-test compared with control are annotated as “*” for p<0.05 or “**” for p<0.01.

Thermal latency and mechanical allodynia were normalized in the RTXw1 + 4MC group (n= 6). In these mice, thermal hypoalgesia reappeared within 2 days of GW441756 injection (D). GW441756 did not affect mechanical thresholds (E) in the RTXw1 + 4MC group. (F, G) The diagrams show behavioral responses of naïve mice to either gambogic amide (open square, n = 6) or GW441756 (open circle, n =6). Gambogic amide induced mild thermal hyperalgesia within 2 days of injection but GW441756 did not affect thermal latencies (F). Both gambogic amide and GW441756 did not affect mechanical responses. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001: paired t-test comparing preinjection vs. postinjection effects. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001: between drugs and saline treatments.

Ex vivo growth of the SCLC PDX LX92 is significantly inhibited by the EZH2 inhibitors EPZ-5687, GSK343 and UNC1999 as measured by resazurin conversion (two-way analysis of variance, adjusted for multiple comparisons by the method of Dunnet).

(C) Double immunolabeling showed CK-labeled cells (green) co-expressed with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), scale bars are 50 μm.

Real-time hemodynamic changes in the tumor upon administration of CA4P. Panel A shows the MRI anatomical reference of the tumor, followed by sO2 maps of a slice of brain showing the largest cross section of the tumor at time points 0, 1, 4 and 6 h. post CA4P administration. Panel B shows the real-time sO2 changes in the tumor and contralateral brain occurring immediately post CA4P administration over 1 hour in a representative animal. SD is represented by lighter shades on the graph. Panel C shows the real-time sO2 changes in the tumor and contralateral brain occurring immediately post CA4P administration (n = 4). Panel D shows the quantification of hypoxia in tumors using CAIX as a marker at times 0 (n = 3), 1 (n = 4) and 6 h. (n = 3) post CA4P administration. Unpaired t-test showed statistically significant difference in CAIX staining at 1 hour post CA4P administration compared to 0 and 6 hours. ** ‐ P > 0.01. Black dotted circle and Red full circle denote the ROIs drawn at the tumor and contralateral brain respectively to compute the sO2.

SK-BR-3, A549, HCT-116 and BT-474 cells were incubated with or without X66 for 1 h before exposed to GM, celastrol or MG132 for 8 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with indicated antibodies.

CD19+ B cells (A) or PBMCs (B) from a healthy donor were treated with zileuton (10 μM) prior to 17-HDHA or RvD1 treatment, followed by stimulation with the IgE-inducing cocktail. Cell culture supernatants were collected at day 7, and IgE levels were measured. The experiment was done in one representative donor (mean ± SEM). Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post test, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell.

Lysates of HCT116p53KO cells were harvested 24 hs after treatment with different GSK3 inhibitors and GSK3A/B activation/inactivation checked by western blot: a mix of pSer21-GSK3A and pSer9-GSK3B antibodies and antibody cross-reacting with both pTyr279-GSK3A and pTyr216-GSK3B were used to assess the specificity of the inhibitor for GSK3A. BIO: 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, TWS: TWS119, SB2: SB216763, SB4: SB415286.

(B) Cleaved PARP, Bax and Bcl2 protein expression was evaluated by immunoblotting of KRAS mutant cells lysates after 48 h of honokiol (10, 20, 40, and 60 μM) treatment. ∗∗P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 for comparison between control group and honokiol-treated group.

G, Western blot analyses to monitor the amount of H3K9me3 in the presence of rhein and MMS (upper panel) and under the treatment of JIB-04 (lower panel).

After inoculation with KAT4 cells, administration of compounds including MK-2206 (100 mg/kg), tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg), or a combination of MK-2206 (100 mg/kg) and tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg) was performed. The combination of MK-2206 and tyrphostin AG 1296 induced significant apoptosis of KAT4 tumor cells in vivo measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).

(D) Ubiquitination level of Htt protein was detected by immunoprecipitation with the GFP antibody and western blotting with the ubiquitin antibody from GFP-Htt(Q74)/PC12 cells treated as (C). Total Htt protein level served as the loading control. (E) GFP-Htt(Q74)/PC12 cells were treated as (C).Soluble Htt protein was detected by western blotting and quantified. Mean ± SEM, n = 5, ***p < 0.001 compared to the control group. (F) GO binding assay of GFP-Htt(Q74)/PC12 cells treated with GO, followed by Western blotting (left panel) with the ubiquitin antibody and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining (right panel). L is the lysate before precipitation, while S and P were the supernatant and the pellet, respectively, after the precipitation. (G) Ubiquitination levels of Htt protein in supernatant lysate prepared from GO treated GFP-Htt(Q74)/PC12 cells with or without GO binding for 30 min.

Apoptosis evaluation of UACC62R, SK-MEL-28 R and R3 cells treated with Gant61 (10 μM) for 48 h by flow cytometry detection of Annexin V staining.

Following the incubation of the unmethylated DNA probe with DNMTase in the presence of spotted DNMTIs, Cy5 intensity values were measured before ( I₀ ) and after ( I₃₀ ) of endonuclease cleavage. Each data set was normalized to the initial fluorescence signal within the corresponding block and the resulting ratio describes the net CpG sites remained uncleaved (盨.D., n = 64). The red line represents the inhibitory threshold determined as two standard deviations below the averaged 'unspotted' ratio. On-chip visualization of the corresponding remaining Cy5 signal is placed on the bottom of each column.

(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44).

Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.

Predicted anticancer drugs inhibit the growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib, sunitinib, regorafenib and cabozantinib effectively inhibit GOT1 cell growth with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Inhibitors of AKT (MK-2206), HDAC (vorinostat), HSP90 (alvespimycin) and CDK4/9 (P276-00) also inhibited GOT1 cell growth at micromolar concentrations, whereas inhibition of PARP1 (veliparib) had no effect. GOT1 cells were treated with anticancer drugs at various concentrations for 4 days. Cell viability was estimated using AlamarBlue®. Data points are the mean values of three individual experiments carried out in triplicate (n=9). Fitting of curves was done in GraphPad Prism software v6.04 using log (inhibitor) vs response nonlinear fit with variable slope. IC50 was interpolated at Y=50 and bars denote ±s.d.

(C) Cells were pretreated with DMSO or T0901317 (5 μM), then incubated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 6 h.

a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).

Hep3B and PC3 cells were treated with 50 μmol/L 4EGI-1 or 5 μmol/L ABT alone or their combination for 48 hours, and then the cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. p, phosphorylated; t, total; T, Thr; S, Ser; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.

Epoxomicin did not inhibit the EV71-induced PMLIII and IV degradation. Cell lysates were prepared from 293T cells infected or mock-infected with EV71 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 for 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of epoxomicin (1 µM). At 24 h post-infection (p.i.) (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels), 60 μg of protein extracted from each treatment were separated on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by performing a Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for PMLIII and IV (top panels), VP1 (middle panels), and GAPDH, which served as an internal loading control (bottom panels). PMLIII and IV were quantified by performing densitometry and are presented relative to the mock infection, which was set as 1.0. VP1 was quantified and is presented relative to that in the EV71-infected 293T cells at 24 h p.i. (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels). The density value of VP1 without epoxomicin is set as 1.0. The experiment was performed three times, and representative results are shown.

(C) Western blot analysis of mature TGF-β1, FN and Col-I protein levels in sham, sham+ PF-543, UUO and UUO +PF-543 groups at 7 days (n =3). (average ± SEM; ANOVA; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus sham group. #P < 0.05 versus UUO group). (D) Periodic acid-Schiff staning showed that tubular atrophy was evident in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment (n =6). (E) Masson's trichrome staining showed that matrix accumulation increased in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment(n = 6). (original magnification, ×400, scale bar =50 μm).

(f) HeLa cells were treated with mitotic kinesin CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295 (50 nM) for 1 h to generate misaligned kinetochores. After fixation, cells were stained for ACA, tubulin, and TIP60. Statistical significance was tested by two-sided t-test and represented by asterisks corresponding to ***, p < 0.001. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Control and MEC17 KD macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with TBSA or DMSO for 12 hours followed by LPS treatment for indicated time. p38 phosphorylation were determined by immuno-blotting.

The expression of p-EGFR and NICD was assessed by western blot after treatment for 3 d.

(C) MEF lysates treated with 10 μM PF-3758309 and DMSO as control were loaded in a PhosTag gel. Phospho- and dephospho-proteins (PAK6 and 14-3-3γ) were visualized using anti-PAK6 or anti-pSer560 antibody and anti-14-3-3γ or anti-pSer58. Protein loading was controlled by western blot using anti-PAK6 and anti-14-3-3γ antibodies.

Phosphorylation of Axl was analyzed by Western blotting of whole cell lysates using different antibodies. GAPDH was used as an internal control. H1299 cells were stimulated for 15 min with 400 nM recombinant human Gas6 (rGas6). H1299 cells were treated with or without TP-0903 (0.2 µmol/L) for 24 h.

Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05.

Immunoblot analysis of CyclinD1, PCNA, γ-H2AX, cleaved-PRAP and -caspase3 (F) in normal saline or ETO-treated groups were determined at 10 weeks after HFD treatment (n = 10 mice/group).

Intracellular pathways of b-adrenoceptor-induced proliferation. Urothelial proliferation (% of basal responses) in T24 in the absence and presence of (d) losmapimod (1-30 μM).

Established HCC cell lines, HepG2 (A-C) and Huh-7 (D), primary human HCC cells (D, "Pri_1/Pri _2"), as well as HL-7702 human hepatocytes (D) and primary human adult hepatocytes ("Hepatocytes", D), were either left untreated ("C", same for all figures), or treated with applied concentration of TIC10 (0.1-30 μM), cells were then cultured in conditional medium for applied time; Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay (A and D), clonogenicity assay (B) and [H3] Thymidine incorporation assay (C). Experiments in this figure were repeated for five times, with similar results obtained. n = 5 for each repeat. Bars stand for mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. group "C".

AKTi-1/2 inhibits human HCC cells in vitro. Human HCC HepG2 cells (A–F), Huh-7 cells (G), primary human HCC cells (“Pri HCC”, G) or the primary liver cells (“Pri liver cells”, G) were treated with/out applied concentrations of AKTi-1/2 for indicated time; Cell survival (A, B and G), proliferation (C and D) and apoptosis (E and F) were tested by the listed assays. Data were shown as the mean (n = 5) with the standard deviation (SD). Experiments in this figure were repeated three times, with similar results were obtained. *P < 0.05 vs. “C” (untreated control) group.

Berberine activates PARP1 in ovarian cancer cells. PAR synthesis is detected by immunofluorescence staining in A2780 and HO8910 treated with different concentration of berberine alone or in combination with niraparib (10 μM) for 48 h. Top: representative examples of immunofluorescence staining of PAR. Scale bar, 20 μm. Bottom: quantification of PAR level in A2780 and HO8910. Immunofluorescence intensities were quantified by ImageJ. *P<0.05, **P<0.01

Representative images of platelets preincubated with FITC-conjugated CD41 before treated with negative control, pitstop 2, dynasore, A23, or apoptozole spreading on immobilized Fg for 10, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively. Images were taken under oil immersion with magnification × 100. Scale bar, 5 μm.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

HeLa cells were untreated or treated with either colcemid (10 μg/ml for 16 h), RO-3306 (9 μM for 16 h), or both colcemid and RO-3306, as indicated. Cells were then lysed, and proteins were detected by Western analysis.

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. Cells were pretreated ±1 umol/L olaparib (2 hours) then sequentially ±150 nmol/L PTX (24 hours), then ± GMX 12 nmol/L (48 hours). PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A by Western blotting.

Western blotting detection of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression and its cleaved fragments with different treatments. DTX represents docetaxel, CPP represents calpeptin (a calpain inhibitor). The experiments were carried out 3 times, obtaining essentially similar results.

(d) Representative images of haematoxylin and eosin staining from young colons treated with or without specific Nampt inhibitor GMX1778. Bar=100 μm. (e) Colonic NAD+/NADH ratio was analysed in young mice treated with or without Nampt inhibitor GMX1778 (n=5). *P<0.05. (f) Daily faecal number of young mice treated with or without specific Nampt inhibitor GMX1778 (n=6). **P<0.01.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Quercetin for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

(a) Effect on STAT3 DNA binding activity of the STAT3 inhibitors cryptotanshinone (CTN) and S31-201 in STAT3 mutant cell lines OCI-Ly12 and OCI-Ly13.2. (b) Effect on cell viability at 48 h of the STAT3 inhibitors cryptotanshinone and S31-201 in OCI-Ly12 and OCI-Ly13.2 cells.

MTT results of three HCC cell lines at 72 h after indicated treatments. Three independent experiments were carried out.

PC-3 cells were seeded in 6-well plates. On the next day, cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of 3-AWA, LY294002, CGP57380 or Rapamycin alone and or combination for 12 h. The cells were then subjected to preparation of whole-cell lysates for detection of the indicated proteins using western blotting. The western blots are the representative of three similar experiments.

(D) Western Blot analysis of TCTP in cell lysates of MDA cells after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposition to DHA. β-actin was used as loading control.

Representative colony formation assays and quantification of cells from (A) following 72 hr treatment with docetaxel (125 nM), cabazitaxel (25 nM), mitoxantrone (500 nM), and single dose radiation (5 Gys).

After 12 h PAB treatment, cells were treated with PAB in the absence and presence of RO-3306 or purvalanol A for 12 h and 36 h. (A) Expressions of p-histone h3 were detected by western blot.

Effect of TMZ (100 μmol/l for U87 cells, 50 μmol/l for U251 cells), anisomycin (4 μmol/l), SB203580 (10 μmol/l), TMZ+SB203580 (10 μmol/l) treatment on thephosphorylation of p38 and AQP4 for 24 h in U87 cells and U251 cells, detected by Western blotting. (A) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U87 cells with differenttreatments. (B) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U87 cells. (C) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U87 cells. (D) Protein expression of p-p38, p38 and AQP4 in U251 cells withdifferent treatments. (E) The ration of p-p38/p38 in U251 cells. (F) The proportion of AQP4 in GAPDH in U251 cells. *P< 0.05 versus the control group

Activity of vinorelbine in NSCLC cell lines in cell viability assay. Activity of vinorelbine NCI-H23, NCI-H460, and NCC44 cell lines in a Cell Titer Glo cell viability assay. Cells were treated with increasing drug concentrations from 0-10000 nM. The data are plotted as the mean % of control cells against the corresponding drug concentration.

 

CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1 µM PPP and were immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n = 4).

(H) MV4-11 cells were treated for 6 hours with or without 3 ng/ml BZM, 10 μM PF, or 3 μM PIM, as indicated, and analyzed.

Sub-G1 and cell cycle phase distribution of NBLW and NBLW-R cells treated for 24 hours with DMSO, 1× or 10× the respective GI 50 concentrations of PF-06463922.