Apoptosis related

RGD peptide (GRGDNP)

RGD peptide (GRGDNP) is an inhibitor of binding of integrins to the extracellular matrixs. RGD peptide (GRGDNP) induces apoptosis presumably through direct activation of caspase-3.

SZL P1-41

SZL P1-41 (compound #25) is a specific inhibitor of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) that indeed binds to Skp2, prevents Skp2-Skp1 interaction and inhibits Skp2 SCF E3 ligase activity, which consequently suppresses survival of cancer cells and cancer stem cells. SZL P1-41 causes higher apoptosis rates in cancer cells.

Pemetrexed

Pemetrexed (LY231514, Alimta) is a novel antifolate and antimetabolite for thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) with Ki of 1.3 nM, 7.2 nM and 65 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Pemetrexed induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Trametinib DMSO solvate

Trametinib (GSK1120212, JTP-74057, Mekinist) DMSO solvate is a highly specific and potent MEK1/2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.92 nM/1.8 nM in cell-free assay. Trametinib activates autophagy and induces apoptosis.

Puromycin aminonucleoside

Puromycin aminonucleoside (NSC 3056, PAN, Stylomycin aminonucleoside, ARDMA, SAN), the aminonucleoside portion of the antibiotic puromycin, is a reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl-peptidase II and cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase that induces apoptosis in mesangial cells (MCs) accompanied by declined cell viability and enhanced inflammatory response.

TVB-3166

TVB-3166 is an orally-available, reversible, potent and selective inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FASN) with IC50 of 0.042 μM in an in vitro biochemical assay. TVB-3166 induces apoptosis, and inhibits in-vivo xenograft tumor growth.

ASLAN003

ASLAN003 (LAS 186323) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DHODH (Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) with IC50 of 35 nM for human DHODH enzyme activity. ASLAN003 impairs protein synthesis and induces the differentiation and apoptosis transcriptional program in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells via activation of AP-1 transcription factors.

Fatostatin

Fatostatin (125B11), a diarylthiazole derivative, is a specific inhibitor of Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) activation. Fatostatin binds to SCAP (SREBP cleavage-activating protein), and inhibits the ER-Golgi translocation of SREBPs. Fatostatin suppresses growth and enhances apoptosis in cancer cells.

APTO-253

APTO-253 (LOR-253, LT-253) inhibits c-Myc expression and selectively induces CDKN1A (p21), promotes G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest, and triggers apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. APTO-253 is also an inducer of KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4).

CPTH2

CPTH2 is a potent histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor modulating Gcn5p network. CPTH2 induces apoptosis and decreases the invasiveness of a ccRCC cell line through the inhibition of KAT3B.

Licochalcone D

Licochalcone D (Lico D, LCD, LD), a flavonoid isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza inflata, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Licochalcone D inhibit phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in LPS signaling pathway. Licochalcone D inhibits JAK2, EGFR and Met (c-Met) activities and induces ROS-dependent apoptosis. Licochalcone D also induces caspases activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

Apatinib

Apatinib (Rivoceranib, YN968D1) is a potent inhibitor of the VEGF signaling pathway with IC50 values of 1 nM, 13 nM, 429 nM and 530 nM for VEGFR-2, Ret (c-Ret), c-Kit and c-Src, respectively. Apatinib induces both autophagy and apoptosis.

Nodakenetin

Nodakenetin (NANI), a plant-derived coumarin isolated from Angelica decursiva, inhibits α-glucosidase, PTP1B, rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), AChE, BChE, and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Nodakenetin alters the protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2, and prompts mitochondrial apoptosis. Nodakenetin exhibits anti-tumor activity.

Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside

Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (Nicotiflorin, Nikotoflorin, Kaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside), a flavonoid extracted from Carthamus tinctorius, alters the shape and structure of injured neurons, decreases the number of apoptotic cells, down-regulates expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, caspase-3, and Bax and decreases Bax immunoredactivity, and increases Bcl-2 protein expression and immunoreactivity.

Hispidulin

Hispidulin (Dinatin), an active natrual ingredient in a number of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, exhibits inhibitory activity against the oncogenic protein kinase Pim-1 with IC50 of 2.71 μM. Hispidulin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of P13k/Akt signalling pathway in HepG2 cancer cells. Hispidulin exerts anti-osteoporotic and bone resorption attenuating effects via activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

Desoxyrhaponticin

Desoxyrhaponticin (DC, DES), a stilbene glycoside from Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. (rhubarb) which is a traditional Chinese nutritional food, is a fatty acid synthase (FAS/FASN) inhibitor. Desoxyrhaponticin (DC, DES) is also a competitive inhibitor of glucose uptake with IC50 of 148.3 μM and 30.9 μM in rabbit intestinal membrane vesicles and in rat everted gut sleeves, respectively. Desoxyrhaponticin has apoptotic effect on human cancer cells.

Ezatiostat

Ezatiostat (TER199, TLK199, Telintra), a tripeptide analog of glutathione, is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of Glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1). Ezatiostat activates c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK1) and ERK1/ERK2 and induces apoptosis.

Tectochrysin

Tectochrysin (Techtochrysin, NSC 80687) is one of the major flavonoids of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel. Tectochrysin significantly increases the expression of DR3, DR4 and Fas and inhibits activity of NF-κB. Tectochrysin induces apoptotic cell death.

Rosamultin

Rosamultin is a 19 α-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoid isolated from Potentilla anserina L. that inhibits HIV-1 protease. Rosamultin has protective effects on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis.

BCH

BCH (2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, LAT1-IN-1) is a selective and competitive inhibitor of system L amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). BCH (LAT1-IN-1) induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Gossypol

Gossypol (BL 193) is an orally-active polyphenol isolated from cotton seeds and roots. Gossypol is a potent inhibitor of 5α-reductase 1 and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with IC50 of 3.33 μM and 0.52 μM in cell-free assay, respectively. Gossypol also inhibits the binding of BH3 peptide to Bcl protein with IC50 of 0.4 μM and 10 μM for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, respectively. Gossypol induces apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in various cancer cells.

Ailanthone

Ailanthone (AIL, Δ13-Dehydrochaparrinone), a natural anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) component in Ailanthus altissima, induces G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest by decreasing expression of cyclins and CDKs and increases expression of p21 and p27. Ailanthone triggers DNA damage characterized by activation of the ATM/ATR pathway. Ailanthone induces apoptosis which is mitochondrion-mediated and involves the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Huh7 cells. Ailanthone is also a potent inhibitor of both full-length Androgen Receptor (AR-FL) and constitutively active truncated AR splice variants (AR-Vs, AR_1-651) with IC50 of 69 nM and 309 nM, respectively.

PKR-IN-C16

PKR-IN-C16 (imoxin, C16, Imidazolo-oxindole PKR inhibitor C16) is a specific inhibitor of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, Protein Kinase R, EIF2AK2). PKR-IN-C16 prevents apoptosis and IL-1β production in an acute excitotoxic rat model with a neuroinflammatory component.

EOAI3402143

EOAI3402143 is a dose-dependent inhibitor of Usp9x, Usp24 and Usp5 that increases tumor cell apoptosis, and fully blocks or regresses myeloma tumors in mice.

HI-TOPK-032

HI-TOPK-032 is a potent and specific inhibitor of TOPK. HI-TOPK-032 also reduces ERK-RSK phosphorylation, regulates of the abundance of p53, cleaved caspase-7, and cleaved PARP, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Sodium oxamate

Sodium oxamate (SO, Aminooxoacetic acid, Oxamic acid) is an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that specificly inhibits LDH‑A. Sodium oxamate (SO) induces G2/M cell cycle arrest via downregulation of the CDK1/cyclin B1 pathway and promotes apoptosis through enhancement of mitochondrial ROS generation.

ARN-3236

ARN-3236 is a potent, orally available and selective inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) with IC50 of <1 nM, 21.63 nM and 6.63 nM for SIK2, SIK1 and SIK3, respectively. ARN-3236 induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Cucurbitacin IIb

Cucurbitacin IIb (CuIIb, Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 25-deacetyl hemslecin A) inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB, blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and induces apoptosis. Cucurbitacin IIb is isolated from Hemsleya amabilis.

Ginkgolic acid C17:1

Ginkgolic acid C17:1 (GAC 17:1) inhibits constitutive activation of STAT3 through the abrogation of upstream JAK2 and Src. Ginkgolic acid C17:1 can induce the substantial expression of PTEN and SHP-1. Ginkgolic acid C17:1 induces apoptosis of tumor cells.

RA-9

RA-9 is a cell-permeable, potent and selective inhibitor of proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) with favorable toxicity profile and anticancer activity. RA-9 selectively induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines.

BO-264

BO-264 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of transforming acidic coiled-coil 3 (TACC3) with IC50 of 188 nM and Kd of 1.5 nM. BO-264 specifically blocks the function of FGFR3-TACC3 fusion protein. BO-264 induces SAC-dependent mitotic arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage with antitumor activities.

GSK2795039

GSK2795039 is an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) with pIC50 of 6.57 for NOX2-mediated activation of HRP/Amplex Red. GSK2795039 inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NADPH consumption and reduces apoptosis.

NVP-2

NVP-2, a potent, selective, non-neurotoxic and ATP-competitive cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.514 nM for CDK9/CycT activity and induces cell apoptosis.

9-ing-41

9-ING-41 is a potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) with antitumor activity. 9-ING-41 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at prophase by targeting centrosomes and microtubule-bound GSK3β.

Rhosin hydrochloride

Rhosin (G04) hydrochloride (HCl) is a potent, specific inhibitor of RhoA subfamily Rho GTPases with Kd of ~ 0.4 uM. Rhosin hydrochloride induces cell apoptosis.

SB202190 (FHPI)

SB202190 (FHPI) is a potent p38 MAPK inhibitor targeting p38α/β with IC50 of 50 nM/100 nM in cell-free assays, sometimes used instead of SB 203580 to investigate potential roles for SAPK2a/p38 in vivo. SB202190 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via induction of autophagy and heme oxygenase-1. SB202190 significantly suppresses Erastin‐dependent ferroptosis.

3-Aminobenzamide

3-Aminobenzamide (3-ABA , 3-Amino Benzamide, 3-AB) is a potent inhibitor of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) and inhibits cell apoptosis after SCI (Spinal Cord Injury) in caspase-independent way.

Necrostatin-1

Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific RIP1 (RIPK1) inhibitor and inhibits TNF-α-induced necroptosis with EC50 of 490 nM in 293T cells. Necrostatin-1 also blocks IDO and suppresses autophagy and apoptosis.

GW5074

GW5074 is a potent and selective c-Raf inhibitor with IC50 of 9 nM, no effect on the activities of JNK1/2/3, MEK1, MKK6/7, CDK1/2, c-Src, p38 MAP, VEGFR2 or c-Fms is noted. GW5074 inhibits LK-induced apoptosis.

Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175)

Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175) is a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, used as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis. Nafamostat mesylate blocks activation of SARS-CoV-2 and is investigated as a new treatment option for COVID-19. Nafamostat Mesilate attenuates inflammation and apoptosis.

GSK2656157

GSK2656157 is an ATP-competitive and highly selective inhibitor of PERK with IC50 of 0.9 nM in a cell-free assay, 500-fold greater against a panel of 300 kinases. GSK2656157 decreases apoptosis and inhibits excessive autophagy.

Methylprednisolone (NSC-19987)

Methylprednisolone (NSC-19987) is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. Methylprednisolone activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. Methylprednisolone markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis.

BTZO-1

BTZO-1 binds to macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with Kd of 68.6 nM. BTZO-1 activats antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene expression and suppresses oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro.

BAM 15

BAM 15 is a novel mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler capable of protecting mammals from acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury and cold-induced microtubule damage. BAM 15 is also a potent AMPK activator. BAM 15 attenuates transportation-induced apoptosis in iPS-differentiated retinal tissue.

Chk2 Inhibitor II (BML-277)

Chk2 Inhibitor II (BML-277) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Chk2 with IC50 of 15 nM. It is 1000-fold more selective toward Chk2 serine/threonine kinase than for Chk1 and Cdk1/B kinases. Chk2 Inhibitor II (BML-277) dose dependently protects human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells from apoptosis due to ionizing radiation.

NSC15364

NSC 15364 (compound 59) is an inhibitor that directly interacts with VDAC1 and prevents VDAC1 oligomerization, concomitant with an inhibition of apoptosis.

MK-2206 2HCl

MK-2206 2HCl is a highly selective inhibitor of Akt1/2/3 with IC50 of 8 nM/12 nM/65 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibitory activities against 250 other protein kinases observed. MK-2206 2HCl induces autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. Phase 2.

Selumetinib (AZD6244)

Selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) is a potent, highly selective MEK inhibitor with IC50 of 14 nM for MEK1 and Kd value of 530 nM for MEK2. It also inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation with IC50 of 10 nM, no inhibition to p38α, MKK6, EGFR, ErbB2, ERK2, B-Raf, etc. Selumetinib suppresses cell proliferation, migration and trigger apoptosis. Phase 3.

ABT-737

ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2.

MG-132

MG132 (Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al) is a potent cell-permeable proteasome and calpain inhibitor with IC50s of 0.1 μM and 1.2 μM for the inhibition of proteasome and calpain, respectively. MG132 activates autophagy and induces apoptosis in tumor cells.

Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) tosylate

Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) tosylate is a multikinase inhibitor of Raf-1 and B-Raf with IC50 of 6 nM and 22 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Sorafenib Tosylate inhibits VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-β, Flt-3 and c-KIT with IC50 of 90 nM, 20 nM, 57 nM, 59 nM and 68 nM, respectively. Sorafenib Tosylate induces autophagy and apoptosis and activates ferroptosis with anti-tumor activity.

Sodium Fluoride

Sodium fluoride (NaF) induces apoptosis and autophagy via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells.

Metformin

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.

Emamectin Benzoate

Emamectin Benzoate (EMB, MK-244) activates gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter. Emamectin Benzoate induces of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis.

PCNA-I1

PCNA-I1 is a selective inhibitor of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, a potential anticancer target). PCNA-I1 selectively binds to PCNA trimers with Kd of ~0.2 to 0.4 μM. PCNA-I1 inhibits the growth of tumor cells of various tissue types with IC50 of ~0.2 μM. PCNA-I1 induces DNA damage and apoptosis in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. PCNA-I1 also induces autophagy in PC-3 cells.

cis-Resveratrol

cis-Resveratrol (cis-RESV, cRes, (Z)-Resveratrol) is the Cis isomer of Resveratrol. Resveratrol is a natural phenolic compound with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol is an inhibitor of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and an activator of Nrf2 and SIRT1 and may induce apoptosis. Resveratrol also inhibits a wide spectrum of targets including 5-lipoxygenase (LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX), IKKβ, DNA polymerases α and δ with IC50 of 2.7 μM, <1 μM, 1 μM, 3.3 μM and 5 μM, respectively.

Phytohemagglutinin

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin) is expressed in Pichia pastoris using native signal peptides, or the Saccharomyces alpha-factor preprosequence, to direct proteins into the secretory pathway. Phytohemagglutinin induces apoptosis in human HEp-2 carcinoma cells via increasing proapoptotic protein Bax and activating caspases-3.

Jaceosidin

Jaceosidin, a flavonoid isolated from Artemisia vestita, possesses anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activities in many cancer cells. Jaceosidin induces apoptosis, activates Bax and down-regulates Mcl-1 and c-FLIP expression. Jaceosidin inhibits COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation.

Heptadecanoic acid

Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), an odd chain saturated fatty acid, significantly inhibits cell proliferation, and migration, while promoting apoptosis in PC‑9 and PC‑9/GR cells. Heptadecanoic acid is associated with several diseases, including the incidence of coronary heart disease, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as well as multiple sclerosis.

Elaidic acid

Elaidic acid is a major trans fatty acid that inhibits cell viability, elevates cell apoptosis by enhancing oxidative stress. Elaidic acid can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent.

β-Elemene

β-Elemene ((-)-β-Elemene, Levo-β-elemene) is a sesquiterpene compound extracted from the herb Curcuma Rhizoma with antitumor activities. β-elemene can inhibit cell proliferation, arrest the cell cycle, and induce cell apoptosis or autophagy.

Cinobufagin

Cinobufagin (Cinobufagine), an active ingredient of Venenum Bufonis, inhibits tumor development. Cinobufagin increases ATM and Chk2 and decreases CDC25C, CDK1, and cyclin B. Cinobufagin inhibits PI3K, AKT and Bcl-2 while increases levels of cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3. Thus, Cinobufagin induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis.

Resibufogenin

Resibufogenin (Bufogenin, Recibufogenin), a component of huachansu with anticancer effect, triggers necroptosis through upregulating receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and phosphorylating mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein at Ser358. Resibufogenin exerts cytotoxic effect by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Resibufogenin induces apoptosis and caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity. Resibufogenin increases Bax/Bcl-2 expression, and suppresses cyclin D1, cyclin E, PI3K, p-AKT, p-GSK3β and β-catenin protein expression.

Caudatin

Caudatin (Cauldatin), one species of C‑21 steroidal from Cynanchum auriculatum (C. auriculatum), effectively inhibits human glioma growth in vitro and in vivo through triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Senkyunolide I

Senkyunolide I (SEI, SENI) is an orally active compound isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong with analgesic, anti-migraine, neuroprotective, anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis activities. Senkyunolide I (SEI, SENI) up-regulates the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation with enhanced HO-1 and NQO1 expressions. Senkyunolide I (SEI, SENI) promotes the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibits the expressions of cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9.

Daphnoretin

Daphnoretin (Dephnoretin, Thymelol), a biologically active compound isolated from Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey., is a protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Daphnoretin inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumor cells and promote its apoptosis by regulating the activity of Akt signal pathway.

4',5,7-Trimethoxyflavone

4',5,7-Trimethoxyflavone (5,​7,​4'-​Trimethoxyflavone, TMF) is a flavonoid isolated from Kaempferia parviflora (KP) that induces apoptosis. 4',5,7-Trimethoxyflavone increases sub-G1 phase, DNA fragmentation, annexin-V/PI staining and Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, activates caspase-3 and degrades poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein.

IM156

IM156 (HL156A), a metformin derivative, is a potent activator of AMPK that increases AMPK phosphorylation. IM156 blocks oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) through the inhibition of complex I and increases apoptosis. IM156 ameliorates various types of fibrosis and inhibits tumors.

Phenoxodiol (Haginin E)

Phenoxodiol (Haginin E, Idronoxil, Dehydroequol, NV 06, PXD) is an isoflavone analog with antineoplastic activity that activates the caspase system, inhibits XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis), and disrupts FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP) expression, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. Phenoxodiol also inhibits DNA topoisomerase II.

Dasatinib (BMS-354825)

Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a novel, potent and multi-targeted inhibitor that targets Abl, Src and c-Kit, with IC50 of <1 nM, 0.8 nM and 79 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Dasatinib induces autophagy and apoptosis with anti-tumor activity.

Everolimus (RAD001)

Everolimus (RAD001, SDZ-RAD) is an mTOR inhibitor of FKBP12 with IC50 of 1.6-2.4 nM in a cell-free assay. Everolimus induces cell apoptosis and autophagy and inhibits tumor cells proliferation.

Gefitinib (ZD1839)

Gefitinib (ZD-1839, Iressa) is an EGFR inhibitor for Tyr1173, Tyr992, Tyr1173 and Tyr992 in the NR6wtEGFR and NR6W cells with IC50 of 37 nM, 37nM, 26 nM and 57 nM, respectively. Gefitinib promotes autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells via blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Veliparib (ABT-888)

Veliparib (ABT-888, NSC 737664) is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 with K_i of 5.2 nM and 2.9 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. It is inactive to SIRT2. Veliparib increases autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 3.

Entinostat (MS-275)

Entinostat (MS-275, SNDX-275) strongly inhibits HDAC1 and HDAC3 with IC50 of 0.51 μM and 1.7 μM in cell-free assays, compared with HDACs 4, 6, 8, and 10. Entinostat induces autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 3.

BI 2536

BI-2536 is a potent Plk1 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.83 nM in a cell-free assay. BI-2536 inhibits Bromodomain 4 (BRD4) with Kd of 37 nM and potently suppresses c-Myc expression. BI-2536 induces apoptosis and attenuates autophagy. Phase 2.

Pictilisib (GDC-0941)

Pictilisib (GDC-0941, RG7321) is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα/δ with IC50 of 3 nM in cell-free assays, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold). Pictilisib (GDC-0941) induces autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 2.

LY294002

LY294002 (SF 1101, NSC 697286) is the first synthetic molecule known to inhibit PI3Kα/δ/β with IC50 of 0.5 μM/0.57 μM/0.97 μM, respectively; more stable in solution than Wortmannin, and also blocks autophagosome formation. It not only binds to class I PI3Ks and other PI3K-related kinases, but also to novel targets seemingly unrelated to the PI3K family. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with IC50 of 98 nM. LY294002 is a non-specific DNA-PKcs inhibitor and activates autophagy and apoptosis.

Trametinib (GSK1120212)

Trametinib (GSK1120212, JTP-74057, Mekinist) is a highly specific and potent MEK1/2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.92 nM/1.8 nM in cell-free assays, no inhibition of the kinase activities of c-Raf, B-Raf, ERK1/2. Trametinib activates autophagy and induces apoptosis.

Ruxolitinib (INCB018424)

Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.

Panobinostat (LBH589)

Panobinostat (LBH589, NVP-LBH589) is a novel broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay. Panobinostat (LBH589) induces autophagy and apoptosis. Panobinostat effectively disrupts HIV latency in vivo. Phase 3.

Sunitinib (SU11248) malate

Sunitinib (SU11248) malate is a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 80 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, and also inhibits c-Kit. Sunitinib Malate effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α. Sunitinib Malate increases both death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.

Alisertib (MLN8237)

Alisertib (MLN8237) is a selective Aurora A inhibitor with IC50 of 1.2 nM in a cell-free assay. It has >200-fold higher selectivity for Aurora A than Aurora B. Alisertib induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Phase 3.

Lenalidomide (CC-5013)

Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a TNF-α secretion inhibitor with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide promotes cleaved caspase-3 expression and inhibit VEGF expression and induces apoptosis.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) HCl

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, NSC 123127, DOX, Hydroxydaunorubicin) HCl is an antibiotic agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II and induces DNA damage, mitophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK. Doxorubicin is used in the concomitant treatment of HIV-infected patients but is found to be at high risk of HBV reactivation.

AZD8055

AZD8055 is a novel ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.8 nM in MDA-MB-468 cells with excellent selectivity (∼1,000-fold) against PI3K isoforms and ATM/DNA-PK. AZD8055 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and also induces autophagy. Phase 1.

Cabozantinib (BMS-907351)

Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) is a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.035 nM and also inhibits c-Met, Ret, Kit, Flt-1/3/4, Tie2, and AXL with IC50 of 1.3 nM, 4 nM, 4.6 nM, 12 nM/11.3 nM/6 nM, 14.3 nM and 7 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Cabozantinib induces PUMA-dependent apoptosis in colon cancer cells via AKT/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling pathway.

SP600125

SP600125 (Nsc75890) is a broad-spectrum JNK inhibitor for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 with IC50 of 40 nM, 40 nM and 90 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; 10-fold greater selectivity against MKK4, 25-fold greater selectivity against MKK3, MKK6, PKB, and PKCα, and 100-fold selectivity against ERK2, p38, Chk1, EGFR etc. SP600125 is also a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of serine/threonine kinases including Aurora kinase A，FLT3 and TRKA with of IC50 of 60 nM, 90 nM and 70 nM. SP600125 inhibits autophagy and activates apoptosis.

PD184352 (CI-1040)

PD184352 (CI-1040) is an ATP non-competitive MEK1/2 inhibitor with IC50 of 17 nM in cell-based assays, 100-fold more selective for MEK1/2 than MEK5. PD184352 (CI-1040) selectively induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

Buparlisib (BKM120)

Buparlisib (BKM120, NVP-BKM120) is a selective PI3K inhibitor of p110α/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 52 nM/166 nM/116 nM/262 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Reduced potency against VPS34, mTOR, DNAPK, with little activity to PI4Kβ. Buparlisib induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

Tanespimycin (17-AAG)

Tanespimycin (17-AAG, CP127374, NSC-330507, KOS 953) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for HSP90 derived from tumour cells than HSP90 from normal cells. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) induces apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and mitophagy. Phase 3.

DAPT (GSI-IX)

DAPT (GSI-IX, LY-374973) is a novel γ-secretase inhibitor, which inhibits Aβ production with IC50 of 20 nM in HEK 293 cells. DAPT enhances the apoptosis of human tongue carcinoma cells and regulates autophagy.

Temsirolimus (CCI-779)

Temsirolimus (CCI-779, NSC 683864) is a specific mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 1.76 μM in a cell-free assay. Temsirolimus induces autophagy and apoptosis.

PI-103

PI-103 is a multi-targeted PI3K inhibitor for p110α/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 2 nM/3 nM/3 nM/15 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to mTOR/DNA-PK with IC50 of 30 nM/23 nM. PI-103 induces apoptosis in murine T-cell Lymphoma.

Luminespib (NVP-AUY922)

Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922, VER-52296) is a highly potent HSP90 inhibitor for HSP90α/β with IC50 of 13 nM /21 nM in cell-free assays, weaker potency against the HSP90 family members GRP94 and TRAP-1, exhibits the tightest binding of any small-molecule HSP90 ligand. Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922) effectively downregulates and destabilizes the IGF-1Rβ protein and results in growth inhibition, autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 2.

Vandetanib (ZD6474)

Vandetanib (ZD6474) is a potent inhibitor of VEGFR2 with IC50 of 40 nM in a cell-free assay. It also inhibits VEGFR3 and EGFR with IC50 of 110 nM and 500 nM, respectively. Not sensitive to PDGFRβ, Flt1, Tie-2 and FGFR1 with IC50 of 1.1-3.6 μM. No activity against MEK, CDK2, c-Kit, erbB2, FAK, PDK1, Akt and IGF-1R with IC50 above 10 μM. Vandetanib (ZD6474) increases apoptosis and induces autophagy by increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

R406

R406 is a potent Syk inhibitor with IC50 of 41 nM in cell-free assays, strongly inhibits Syk but not Lyn, 5-fold less potent to Flt3. R406 induces apoptosis. Phase 1.

Mocetinostat (MGCD0103)

Mocetinostat (MGCD0103, MG0103) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with most potency for HDAC1 with IC50 of 0.15 μM in a cell-free assay, 2- to 10- fold selectivity against HDAC2, 3, and 11, and no activity to HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) induces apoptosis and autophagy. Phase 2.

ICG-001

ICG-001 (OP-724, PRI-724, CBP-beta catenin inhibitor) antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription and specifically binds to CREB-binding protein (CBP) with IC50 of 3 μM, but is not the related transcriptional coactivator p300. ICG-001 induces apoptosis.

TAE684 (NVP-TAE684)

TAE684 (NVP-TAE684) is a potent and selective ALK inhibitor with IC50 of 3 nM in a cell-free assay, 100-fold more sensitive for ALK than InsR. TAE684 (NVP-TAE684) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Quizartinib (AC220)

Quizartinib (AC220) is a second-generation FLT3 inhibitor for Flt3(ITD/WT) with IC50 of 1.1 nM/4.2 nM in MV4-11 and RS4;11 cells, respectively, 10-fold more selective for Flt3 than KIT, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, RET, and CSF-1R. Quizartinib (AC220) induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Phase 3.

PD173074

PD173074 is a potent FGFR1 inhibitor with IC50 of ~25 nM and also inhibits VEGFR2 with IC50 of 100-200 nM in cell-free assays, ~1000-fold selective for FGFR1 than PDGFR and c-Src. PD173074 reduces proliferation and promotes apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide)

Romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide, FR 901228, NSC 630176) is a potent HDAC1 and HDAC2 inhibitor with IC50 of 36 nM and 47 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Romidepsin (FK228/depsipeptide) controls growth and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma tumor cells.

Carfilzomib (PR-171)

Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with IC50 of <5 nM in ANBL-6 cells, displayed preferential in vitro inhibitory potency against the ChT-L activity in the β5 subunit, but little or no effect on the PGPH and T-L activities. Carfilzomib activates prosurvival autophagy and induces cell apoptosis.

Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)

Fulvestrant (ICI-182780, ZD 9238, ZM 182780) is an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with IC50 of 0.94 nM in a cell-free assay. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and apoptosis and has antitumor activity.

Fedratinib (TG101348)

Fedratinib (SAR302503, TG101348) is a selective inhibitor of JAK2 with IC50 of 3 nM in cell-free assays, 35- and 334-fold more selective for JAK2 versus JAK1 and JAK3. Fedratinib also inhibits FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and RET (c-RET) with IC50 of 15 nM and 48 nM, respectively. Fedratinib has potential antineoplastic activity. Fedratinib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

SU11274

SU11274 (PKI-SU11274) is a selective Met (c-Met) inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM in cell-free assays, no effects on PGDFRβ, EGFR or Tie2. SU11274 induces autophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

Linifanib (ABT-869)

Linifanib (ABT-869, AL39324, RG3635) is a novel, potent ATP-competitive VEGFR/PDGFR inhibitor for KDR, CSF-1R, Flt-1/3 and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 4 nM, 3 nM, 3 nM/4 nM and 66 nM respectively, mostly effective in mutant kinase-dependent cancer cells (i.e. FLT3). Linifanib (ABT-869) induces autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 3.

Volasertib (BI 6727)

Volasertib (BI 6727) is a highly potent Plk1 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.87 nM in a cell-free assay. It shows 6- and 65-fold greater selectivity against Plk2 and Plk3. Volasertib induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells. Phase 3.

Pemetrexed (LY-231514) disodium

Pemetrexed (LY-231514) disodium is a novel antifolate and antimetabolite for TS, DHFR and GARFT with K_i of 1.3 nM, 7.2 nM and 65 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Pemetrexed induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Pomalidomide (CC-4047)

Pomalidomide (CC-4047) inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α release with IC50 of 13 nM in PBMCs. Pomalidomide can be utilized in PROTAC as a ligand for targeting E3 ligase and inhibiting the E3 ligase protein cereblon (CRBN). Pomalidomide promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

Torkinib (PP242)

Torkinib (PP242) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 8 nM in cell-free assays; targets both mTOR complexes with >10- and 100-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3Kδ or PI3Kα/β/γ, respectively. Torkinib (PP242) induces mitophagy and apoptosis.

SNS-032 (BMS-387032)

SNS-032 (BMS-387032) has firstly been described as a selective inhibitor of CDK2 with IC50 of 48 nM in cell-free assays and is 10- and 20-fold selective over CDK1/CDK4. It is also found to be sensitive to CDK7/9 with IC50 of 62 nM/4 nM, with little effect on CDK6. SNS-032 (BMS-387032) induces apoptosis. Phase 1.

Decitabine (NSC 127716)

Decitabine (NSC 127716, Deoxycytidine, Dacogen, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, 5-AZA-dC, 5-aza-CdR) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, incorporating into DNA and resulting in hypomethylation of DNA and intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication. It is used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Decitabine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines.

Etoposide (VP-16)

Etoposide (VP-16, VP-16213) is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, which inhibits DNA synthesis via topoisomerase II inhibition activity. Etoposide induces autophagy, mitophagy and apoptosis.

LY2109761

LY2109761 is a novel selective TGF-β receptor type I/II (TβRI/II) dual inhibitor with K_i of 38 nM and 300 nM in a cell-free assay, respectively; shown to negatively affect the phosphorylation of Smad2. LY2109761 blocks autophagy and induces apoptosis.

Fludarabine (NSC 118218)

Fludarabine (NSC 118218, FaraA, Fludarabinum) is a STAT1 activation inhibitor which causes a specific depletion of STAT1 protein (and mRNA) but not of other STATs. Also a DNA synthesis inhibitor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Fludarabine induces apoptosis.

XL147 analogue

XL147 analogue (SAR245408) is a selective and reversible class I PI3K inhibitor for PI3Kα/δ/γ with IC50 of 39 nM/36 nM/23 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to PI3Kβ. XL147 analogue induces apoptosis. Phase 1/2.

Danusertib (PHA-739358)

Danusertib (PHA-739358) is an Aurora kinase inhibitor for Aurora A/B/C with IC50 of 13 nM/79 nM/61 nM in cell-free assays, modestly potent to Abl, TrkA, c-RET and FGFR1, and less potent to Lck, VEGFR2/3, c-Kit, CDK2, etc. Danusertib induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. Phase 2.

Silmitasertib (CX-4945)

Silmitasertib (CX-4945) is a potent and selective inhibitor of CK2 (casein kinase 2) with IC50 of 1 nM in a cell-free assay, less potent to Flt3, Pim1 and CDK1 (inactive in cell-based assay). Silmitasertib induces autophagy and promotes apoptosis. Phase 1/2.

SGI-1776 free base

SGI-1776 free base is a novel ATP competitive inhibitor of Pim1 with IC50 of 7 nM in a cell-free assay, 50- and 10-fold selective versus Pim2 and Pim3, also potent to Flt3 and haspin. SGI-1776 induces apoptosis and autophagy. Phase 1.

AT7519

AT7519 is a multi-CDK inhibitor for CDK1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 with IC50 of 10-210 nM. It is less potent to CDK3 and little active to CDK7. AT7519 also inhibits GSK3β with IC50 of 89 nM. AT7519 induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

Vincristine (NSC-67574) sulfate

Vincristine sulfate (NSC-67574, Leurocristine, Oncovin, 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is an inhibitor of polymerization of microtubules by binding to tubulin with IC50 of 32 μM in a cell-free assay. Vincristine sulfate induces apoptosis.

Temozolomide (CCRG 81045)

Temozolomide (CCRG81045, NSC 362856, TMZ) is a monofunctional SN-1 alkylating agent that can modify nitrogen atoms in the DNA ring and the extracyclic oxygen group, chemically converted to MTIC and degrades to methyldiazonium cation, which transfers methyl groups to DNA at physiologic pH. A DNA damage inducer in L-1210 and L-1210/BCNU cells. Temozolomide induces apoptosis and exhibits antitumor activity.

Ganetespib (STA-9090)

Ganetespib (STA-9090) is an HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM in OSA 8 cells, induces apoptosis of OSA cells while normal osteoblasts are not affected; active metabolite of STA-1474. Phase 3.

BIBR 1532

BIBR 1532 is a potent, selective, non-competitive telomerase inhibitor with IC50 of 100 nM in a cell-free assay. No inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerases, including HIV reverse transcriptase are observed at concentrations vastly exceeding the IC50 for telomerase. BIBR 1532 induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Rabusertib (LY2603618)

Rabusertib (LY2603618, IC-83) is a highly selective Chk1 inhibitor with potential anti-tumor activity in a cell-free assay. IC50=7 nM, showing approximately 100-fold more potent against Chk1 than against any of the other protein kinases evaluated. Rabusertib (LY2603618) induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response and autophagy in cancer cells. Rabusertib (LY2603618) induces bak-dependent apoptosis in AML cell lines.

R406 (free base)

R406 (free base) is a potent Syk inhibitor with IC50 of 41 nM in a cell-free assay, strongly inhibits Syk but not Lyn, 5-fold less potent to Flt3. R406 (free base) triggers apoptosis. Phase 1.

Elesclomol (STA-4783)

Elesclomol (STA-4783) is a novel potent oxidative stress inducer that elicits pro-apoptosis events among tumor cells. Phase 3.

RAF265 (CHIR-265)

RAF265 (CHIR-265) is a potent selective inhibitor of C-Raf/B-Raf/B-Raf V600E with IC50 of 3-60 nM, and exhibits potent inhibition on VEGFR2 phosphorylation with EC50 of 30 nM in cell-free assays. RAF265 (CHIR-265) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Phase 2.

Dacomitinib (PF-00299804)

Dacomitinib (PF299804, PF299) is a potent, irreversible pan-ErbB inhibitor, mostly to EGFR with IC50 of 6 nM in a cell-free assay. Dacomitinib inhibits ERBB2 and ERBB4 with IC50 of 45.7 nM and 73.7 nM, respectively. Dacomitinib is effective against NSCLCs with EGFR or ERBB2 mutations (resistant to gefitinib) as well as those harboring the EGFR T790M mutation. Dacomitinib inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

Tivantinib (ARQ 197)

Tivantinib (ARQ 197) is the first non-ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with K_i of 0.355 μM in a cell-free assay, little activity to Ron, and no inhibition to EGFR, InsR, PDGFRα or FGFR1/4. Tivantinib (ARQ 197) induces a G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Phase 3.

Rigosertib (ON-01910)

Rigosertib (ON-01910) is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with IC50 of 9 nM in a cell-free assay. It shows 30-fold greater selectivity against Plk2 and no activity to Plk3. Rigosertib inhibits PI3K/Akt pathway and activates oxidative stress signals. Rigosertib induces apoptosis in various cancer cells. Phase 3.

Camptothecin (NSC-100880)

Camptothecin (NSC-100880, CPT, Campathecin, (S)-(+)-Camptothecin) is a specific inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) with IC50 of 0.68 μM in a cell-free assay. Camptothecin induces apoptosis in cancer cells via microRNA-125b-mediated mitochondrial pathways. Phase 2.

Zoledronic acid (ZOL 446)

Zoledronic acid (ZOL 446, ZA, Zoledronate, CGP-4244, GP42446A, Zometa, Zomera, Aclasta, Reclast), a potent osteoclast inhibitor, induces apoptosis in osteoclasts by inhibiting enzymes of the mevalonate pathway and preventing the isoprenylation of small GTP-binding proteins such as Ras and Rho. Zoledronic acid (ZA) also induces autophagy.

Momelotinib (CYT387)

Momelotinib (CYT387, LM-1149 , CYT11387) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2 with IC50 of 11 nM/18 nM, ~10-fold selectivity versus JAK3. Momelotinib (CYT387) induces apoptosis and autophagy. Phase 3.

Ispinesib (SB-715992)

Ispinesib (SB-715992, CK0238273) is a potent, specific and reversible inhibitor of kinesin spindle protein (KSP) with K_{i app} of 1.7 nM in a cell-free assay, no inhibition to CENP-E, RabK6, MCAK, MKLP1, KHC or Kif1A. Ispinesib induces mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death. Phase 2.

Pracinostat (SB939)

Pracinostat (SB939) is a potent pan-HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 40-140 nM with exception for HDAC6. It has no activity against the class III isoenzyme SIRT I. Pracinostat (SB939) induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Phase 2.

Amuvatinib (MP-470)

Amuvatinib (MP-470, HPK 56) is a potent and multi-targeted inhibitor of c-Kit, PDGFRα and Flt3 with IC50 of 10 nM, 40 nM and 81 nM, respectively. Amuvatinib suppresses c-MET and c-RET. Amuvatinib is also active as a DNA repair protein Rad51 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Phase 2.

Tamoxifen (ICI 46474) Citrate

Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI 46474) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Tamoxifen Citrate is also a potent Hsp90 activator and enhances the Hsp90 molecular chaperone ATPase activity. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Tofacitinib (CP-690550)

Tofacitinib (CP-690550,Tasocitinib) is a novel inhibitor of JAK3 with IC50 of 1 nM in cell-free assays, 20- to 100-fold less potent against JAK2 and JAK1. Tofacitinib inhibits the expression of antiapoptotic BCL-A1 and BCL-XL in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) and induced PDC apoptosis.

Aurora A Inhibitor I (TC-S 7010)

Aurora A Inhibitor I (TC-S 7010) is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of Aurora A with IC50 of 3.4 nM in a cell-free assay. It is 1000-fold more selective for Aurora A than Aurora B. Aurora A Inhibitor I (TC-S 7010) triggers apoptosis through the ROS-mediated UPR signaling pathway.

Topotecan (NSC609699) HCl

Topotecan HCl (NSC609699, Nogitecan, SKFS 104864A) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor for MCF-7 Luc cells and DU-145 Luc cells with IC50 of 13 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Topotecan HCl induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Fluorouracil (5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU)

Fluorouracil (5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU, NSC 19893) is a DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitor, which interrupts nucleotide synthetic by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS) in tumor cells. Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used in the treatment of HIV.

Degrasyn (WP1130)

Degrasyn (WP1130) is a selective deubiquitinase (DUB: USP5, UCH-L1, USP9x, USP14, and UCH37) inhibitor and also suppresses Bcr/Abl, also a JAK2 transducer (without affecting 20S proteasome) and activator of transcription (STAT). Degrasyn (WP1130) induces apoptosis and blocks autophagy.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2)

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2, NSC 659853, 2-ME2) depolymerizes microtubules and blocks HIF-1α nuclear accumulation and HIF-transcriptional activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol induces both autophagy and apoptosis in various carcinogenic cell lines. Phase 2.

Capecitabine (RO 09-1978)

Capecitabine (RO 09-1978) is a tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate, which achieves higher intratumoral 5-FU level with lower toxicity than 5-FU. Capecitabine treatment of HCT-15 cells causes condensation of DNA and induces apoptosis.

Ritonavir (ABT-538)

Ritonavir (ABT-538, A 84538, RTV, Norvir, Norvir Softgel) is a Cytochrome P450 3A and Protease Inhibitor; Also inhibits Cytochrome P450 2D6, P-Glycoprotein and induces Cytochrome P450 2C19, Cytochrome P450 1A2, Cytochrome P450 2C9, Cytochrome P450 2B6 and UDP Glucuronosyltransferases. Ritonavir induces apoptosis.

PCI-34051

PCI-34051 is a potent and specific HDAC8 inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM in a cell-free assay. It has greater than 200-fold selectivity over HDAC1 and 6, more than 1000-fold selectivity over HDAC2, 3, and 10. PCI-34051 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis.

PF-04691502

PF-04691502 (PF4691502) is an ATP-competitive PI3K(α/β/δ/γ)/mTOR dual inhibitor with K_i of 1.8 nM/2.1 nM/1.6 nM/1.9 nM and 16 nM in cell-free assays, little activity against either Vps34, AKT, PDK1, p70S6K, MEK, ERK, p38, or JNK. PF-04691502 induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

Apitolisib (GDC-0980)

Apitolisib (GDC-0980, RG7422, GNE 390) is a potent, class I PI3K inhibitor for PI3Kα/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 5 nM/27 nM/7 nM/14 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Also a mTOR inhibitor with K_i of 17 nM in a cell-free assay, and highly selective versus other PIKK family kinases. Apitolisib activates autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously in pancreatic cancer cells. Phase 2.

WP1066

WP1066 is a novel inhibitor of JAK2 and STAT3 with IC50 of 2.30 μM and 2.43 μM in HEL cells; shows activity to JAK2, STAT3, STAT5, and ERK1/2 not JAK1 and JAK3. WP1066 induces apoptosis. Phase 1.

PHA-793887

PHA-793887 is a novel and potent inhibitor of CDK2, CDK5 and CDK7 with IC50 of 8 nM, 5 nM and 10 nM. It is greater than 6-fold more selective for CDK2, 5, and 7 than CDK1, 4, and 9. PHA-793887 induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Phase 1.

AZ 628

AZ628 is a new pan-Raf inhibitor for BRAF, BRAFV600E, and c-Raf-1 with IC50 of 105 nM, 34 nM and 29 nM in cell-free assays, also inhibits VEGFR2, DDR2, Lyn, Flt1, FMS, etc. AZ628 induces apoptosis.

Resveratrol (SRT501)

Resveratrol (SRT501, trans-Resveratrol) has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM）, kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects. Resveratrol induces mitophagy/autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis.

Cytarabine (U-19920A)

Cytarabine (U-19920A， Cytarabin, Ara-C, Arabinofuranosyl Cytidine, Cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside, Cytosine arabinoside, NSC 63878, NSC 287459) is an antimetabolic agent and DNA synthesis inhibitor with IC50 of 16 nM in wild-type CCRF-CEM cells. Cytarabine induces autophagy and apoptosis.

BAY 11-7082

BAY 11-7082 (BAY 11-7821) is a NF-κB inhibitor, inhibits TNFα-induced IκBα phosphorylation with IC50 of 10 μM in tumor cells. BAY 11-7082 inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease USP7 and USP21 with IC50 of 0.19 μM and 0.96 μM, respectively. BAY 11-7082 induces apoptosis and S phase arrest in gastric cancer cells.

Simvastatin (MK 733)

Simvastatin (MK-0733, MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with K_i of 0.1-0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Simvastatin induces ferroptosis, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis.

Vistusertib (AZD2014)

Vistusertib (AZD2014) is a novel mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 2.8 nM in a cell-free assay; highly selective against multiple PI3K isoforms (α/β/γ/δ). AZD2014 showed no or weak binding to the majority of kinases when tested at 1 μM. AZD2014 induces proliferation suppression, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in HCC cells with antitumor activity.

CCT128930

CCT128930 is a potent, ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of Akt2 with IC50 of 6 nM in a cell-free assay, 28-fold greater selectivity for Akt2 than the closely related PKA kinase. CCT128930 induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy independent of Akt inhibition. High dose of CCT128930 triggers cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

NU7026

NU7026 (LY293646) is a potent DNA-PK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.23 μM in cell-free assays, 60-fold selective for DNA-PK than PI3K and inactive against both ATM and ATR. NU7026 enhances G2/M cell arrest and apoptosis.

Ricolinostat (ACY-1215)

Ricolinostat (ACY-1215, Rocilinostat) is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay. It is >10-fold more selective for HDAC6 than HDAC1/2/3 (class I HDACs) with slight activity against HDAC8, minimal activity against HDAC4/5/7/9/11, Sirtuin1, and Sirtuin2. Ricolinostat (ACY-1215) suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Phase 2.

Gemcitabine (LY-188011)

Gemcitabine (LY-188011, NSC 613327), a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor, is a very potent and specific deoxycytidine analogue, used as chemotherapy. Gemcitabine induces a potent p53-dependent apoptosis.

Verteporfin (CL 318952)

Verteporfin (CL 318952, Visudyne) is a small molecule that inhibits TEAD–YAP association and YAP-induced liver overgrowth. It is also a potent second-generation photosensitizing agent derived from porphyrin. Verteporfin is an autophagy inhibitor. Verteporfin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.

ENMD-2076

ENMD-2076 has selective activity against Aurora A and Flt3 with IC50 of 14 nM and 1.86 nM, 25-fold selective for Aurora A than over Aurora B and less potent to RET, SRC, NTRK1/TRKA, CSF1R/FMS, VEGFR2/KDR, FGFR and PDGFRα. ENMD-2076 inhibits the growth of a wide range of human solid tumor and hematopoietic cancer cell lines with IC50 from 0.025 to 0.7 μM, which induces apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest. Phase 2.

Torin 2

Torin 2 is a potent and selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 0.25 nM in p53−/− MEFs cell line; 800-fold greater selectivity for mTOR than PI3K and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Inhibition of ATM/ATR/DNA-PK with EC50 of 28 nM/35 nM/118 nM,in PC3 cell lines respectively. Torin 2 decreases cell viability and induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Streptozotocin (STZ)

Streptozotocin (STZ, NSC-85998, Streptozocin, U 9889) is a glucosamine-nitrosourea derivative, which is a DNA-methylating, carcinogenic, antibiotic and diabetes inducing agent. Streptozotocin induces autophagy and apoptosis. Solutions are best fresh-prepared.

Epirubicin (IMI 28) HCl

Epirubicin HCl (IMI 28, NSC 256942, 4'-epidoxorubicin), a semisynthetic L-arabino derivative of doxorubicin, is an antineoplastic agent by inhibiting Topoisomerase. Epirubicin induces apoptosis.

Brefeldin A

Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy.

Stattic

Stattic, the first nonpeptidic small molecule, potently inhibits STAT3 activation and nuclear translocation with IC50 of 5.1 μM in cell-free assays, highly selectivity over STAT1. Stattic induces apoptosis.

Capmatinib (INCB28060)

Capmatinib (INCB28060, INC280, NVP-INC280) is a novel, ATP-competitive inhibitor of c-MET with IC50 of 0.13 nM in a cell-free assay, inactive against RONβ, as well as EGFR and HER-3. Capmatinib (INCB28060) inhibits Wnt/β-catenin and EMT signaling pathways and induces apoptosis in diffuse gastric cancer positive for c-MET amplification. Phase 1.

Mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443)

Mycophenolate Mofetil (RS 61443, Mycophenolic acid morpholinoethyl ester, CellCept, TM-MMF) is a non-competitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase I/II with IC50 of 39 nM and 27 nM, respectively. Mycophenolate Mofetil induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition in multiple myeloma cells.

Mitoxantrone (NSC-301739) 2HCl

Mitoxantrone 2HCl (NSC-301739) is a dihydrochloride salt of Mitoxantrone. Mitoxantrone is an inhibitor of type II topoisomerase and protein kinase C (PKC) with IC50 of 8.5 μM for PKC. Mitoxantrone inhibits cell proliferative growth of MCF-7/wt cells with IC50 of 0.42 μM. Mitoxantrone also induces apoptosis.

AZ 960

AZ 960 is a novel ATP competitive JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 and K_i of <3 nM and 0.45 nM, 3-fold selectivity of AZ960 for JAK2 over JAK3. AZ 960 induces apoptosis and growth arrest.

Pitavastatin (NK-104) calcium

Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104, P-872441, itavastatin, nisvastatin), a novel member of the medication class of statins, is a calcium salt formulation of pitavastatin which is a highly effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium attenuates AGEs-induced mitophagy via inhibition of ROS generation. Pitavastatin Calcium induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Devimistat (CPI-613)

Devimistat (CPI-613), a lipoate analog, inhibits mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in NCI-H460 cell line, disrupts tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism. CPI-613 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Phase 2.

Daunorubicin (RP 13057) HCl

Daunorubicin HCl (Daunomycin, RP 13057, Rubidomycin) inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis and inhibits DNA synthesis with K_i of 0.02 μM in a cell-free assay. Daunorubicin is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that induces apoptosis.

PF-573228

PF-573228 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of FAK with IC50 of 4 nM in a cell-free assay, ~50- to 250-fold selective for FAK than Pyk2, CDK1/7 and GSK-3β. PF-573228 induces apoptosis.

Birinapant (TL32711)

Birinapant (TL32711) is a SMAC mimetic antagonist, mostly to cIAP1 with K_d of <1 nM in a cell-free assay, less potent to XIAP. Birinapant helps to induce apoptosis in latent HIV-1-infected cells. Phase 2.

TAE226 (NVP-TAE226)

TAE226 (NVP-TAE226) is a potent FAK inhibitor with IC50 of 5.5 nM and modestly potent to Pyk2, ~10- to 100-fold less potent against InsR, IGF-1R, ALK, and c-Met. TAE226 (NVP-TAE226) induces apoptosis.

Fimepinostat (CUDC-907)

CUDC-907 is a dual PI3K and HDAC inhibitor for PI3Kα and HDAC1/2/3/10 with IC50 of 19 nM and 1.7 nM/5 nM/1.8 nM/2.8 nM, respectively. CUDC-907 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Phase 1.

LY411575

LY411575 is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.078 nM/0.082 nM (membrane/cell-based), also inhibits Notch cleavage with IC50 of 0.39 nM in APP or NΔE expressing HEK293 cells. LY411575 induces apoptosis.

Nocodazole (R17934)

Nocodazole (R17934, Oncodazole, NSC238159) is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, also inhibits Abl, Abl(E255K) and Abl(T315I) with IC50 of 0.21 μM, 0.53 μM and 0.64 μM in cell-free assays, respectively. Nocodazole induces apoptosis.

TPCA-1

TPCA-1 (GW683965) is an inhibitor of IKK-2 with IC50 of 17.9 nM in a cell-free assay, inhibits NF-κB pathway, exhibits 22-fold selectivity over IKK-1. TPCA-1 is also an inhibitor of STAT3 and enhances apoptosis.

Clofarabine

Clofarabine (Clolar) inhibits the enzymatic activities of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) (IC50 = 65 nM) and DNA polymerase. Clofarabine induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Atorvastatin Calcium

Atorvastatin Calcium is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase used as a cholesterol-lowering medication that blocks the production of cholesterol. Atorvastatin Calcium induces apoptosis and autophagy.

(R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid

(R)-(-)-Gossypol (AT-101) acetic acid, the R-(-) enantiomer of Gossypol acetic acid, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 with K_i of 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM and 0.18 μM in cell-free assays; does not inhibit BIR3 domain and BID. AT-101 simultaneously triggers apoptosis and a cytoprotective type of autophagy. Phase 2.

SB415286

SB415286 is a potent GSK3α inhibitor with IC50/K_i of 78 nM/31 nM with equally effective inhibition of GSK-3β. SB415286 causes MM cell growth arrest and apoptosis.

Nutlin-3a

Nutlin-3a ((-)-Nutlin-3), the active enantiomer of Nutlin-3, inhibits the p53/MDM2 interaction with IC50 of 90 nM in a cell-free assay. Nutlin-3a induces autophagy and apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner.

Pralatrexate (NSC 754230)

Pralatrexate (NSC 754230) is an antifolate, and structurally a folate analog. Its IC50 is < 300 nM in some cell lines. Pralatrexate induces tumor cell apoptosis.

Binimetinib (MEK162)

Binimetinib (MEK162, ARRY-162, ARRY-438162) is a potent inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 12 nM in a cell-free assay. Binimetinib induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human NSCLC cell lines and induces autophagy. Phase 3.

Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006)

Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, NSC-724772) is a multikinase inhibitor of Raf-1 and B-Raf with IC50 of 6 nM and 22 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Sorafenib inhibits VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-β, Flt-3 and c-KIT with IC50 of 90 nM, 20 nM, 57 nM, 59 nM and 68 nM, respectively. Sorafenib induces autophagy and apoptosis and activates ferroptosis with anti-tumor activity.

10058-F4

10058-F4 is a c-Myc inhibitor that specificallly inhibits the c-Myc-Max interaction and prevents transactivation of c-Myc target gene expression. 10058-F4 promotes a caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and modulates autophagy.

Orlistat (Ro 18-0647)

Orlistat (Ro 18-0647, Tetrahydrolipstatin) is a general lipase inhibitor with IC50 of 122 ng/ml for PL from human duodenal juice. Orlistat treatment reduces proliferation, induces apoptosis and arrests cell cycle.

C646

C646 is an inhibitor for histone acetyltransferase, and inhibits p300 with a K_i of 400 nM in a cell-free assay. Preferentially selective for p300 versus other acetyltransferases. C646 induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.

Busulfan (NSC-750)

Busulfan (NSC-750) is a cell cycle non-specific alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan induces apoptosis.

Hydroxyurea (NSC-32065)

Hydroxyurea (NSC-32065, NCI-C04831, Hydroxycarbamide) is an antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. Hydroxyurea activates apoptosis and autophagy. Hydroxyurea is used to treat HIV infection.

Bardoxolone Methyl

Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me) is an IKK inhibitor, showing potent proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities; Also a potent Nrf2 activator and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor. Bardoxolone Methyl abrogates ferroptosis. Bardoxolone methyl induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.

Sodium butyrate

Sodium butyrate (NaB, Butanoic acid sodium salt), sodium salt of butyric acid, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor and competitively binds to the zinc sites of class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs). Sodium butyrate (NaB) inhibits cell cycle progression, promotes differentiation, and induces apoptosis and autophagy in several types of cancer cells.

Aciclovir (BW 248U)

Acyclovir (BW 248U, Acyclovir, Acycloguanosine, Zovirax, ACV, NSC 645011) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue active against herpesviruses. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells.

Floxuridine (NSC 27640)

Floxuridine (NSC 27640, Deoxyfluorouridine, FUDR) is a prodrug that is rapidly catabolized to 5-fluorouracil in vivo. Floxuridine is used to treat various cancers, particularly metastases to the liver. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage and apoptosis. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV.

Mifepristone (RU486)

Mifepristone (RU486, C-1073, RU 38486, Mifegyne) is a remarkably active antagonist of progesterone receptor and glucocorticoid receptor with IC50 of 0.2 nM and 2.6 nM, respectively. Mifepristone promotes cell autophagy and apoptosis, decreases Bcl-2 level and increases Beclin1 level, accompanied by weakened interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin1.

Cabozantinib malate (XL184)

Cabozantinib malate (XL184) is the malate of Cabozantinib, a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.035 nM and also inhibits c-Met, Ret (c-Ret), Kit (c-Kit), Flt-1/3/4, Tie2, and AXL with IC50 of 1.3 nM, 4 nM, 4.6 nM, 12 nM/11.3 nM/6 nM, 14.3 nM and 7 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Cabozantinib malate (XL184) induces apoptosis.

Disulfiram (NSC 190940)

Disulfiram (NSC 190940, Tetraethylthiuram disulfide, TETD) is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) with IC50 of 0.15 μM and 1.45 μM for hALDH1 and hALDH2, respectively. Disulfiram is used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram induces apoptosis. Disulfiram is also an inhibitor of pore formation by gasdermin D (GSDMD).

GW441756

GW441756 is a potent, selective inhibitor of TrkA with IC50 of 2 nM, with very little activity to c-Raf1 and CDK2. GW441756 produces a relevant increase of caspase-3 that leads to apoptosis.

UNC1999

UNC1999 is a potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of EZH2 and EZH1 with IC50 of 2 nM and 45 nM in cell-free assays, respectively, showing >1000-fold selectivity over a broad range of epigenetic and non-epigenetic targets. UNC1999 is a potent autophagy inducer. UNC1999 specifically suppresses H3K27me3/2 and induces a range of anti-leukemia effects including anti-proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine)

Acetylcysteine (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, NAC) is a ROS(reactive oxygen species) inhibitor that antagonizes the activity of proteasome inhibitors. It is also a tumor necrosis factor production inhibitor. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) suppresses TNF-induced NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκB kinases. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) induces apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Acetylcysteine(N-acetyl-l-cysteine) inhibits ferroptosis and virus replication.Solutions of Acetylcysteine are best fresh-prepared.

Fosbretabulin (Combretastatin A4 Phosphate (CA4P)) Disodium

Fosbretabulin (Combretastatin A4 Phosphate, CA4P, CA 4DP) Disodium is the water-soluble prodrug of Combretastatin A4 (CA4), which is a microtubule-targeting agent that binds β-tubulin with K_d of 0.4 μM in a cell-free assay. Fosbretabulin Disodium inhibits the polymerization of tubulin with IC50 of 2.4 μM, and also disrupts tumor vasculature. Fosbretabulin disodium induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Phase 3.

Curcumin

Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane, Natural Yellow 3, Turmeric yellow) is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). It is an inhibitor of p300 histone acetylatransferase（IC50~25 μM）and Histone deacetylase (HDAC); activates Nrf2 pathway and supresses the activation of NF-κB. Curcumin induces mitophagy, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest with antitumor activity. Curcumin reduces renal damage associated with rhabdomyolysis by decreasing ferroptosis-mediated cell death. Curcumin exhibits anti-infective properties against various human pathogens like the influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV and so on.

Celastrol (NSC 70931)

Celastrol (NSC 70931, Tripterine) is a potent proteasome inhibitor for the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM. Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. Celastrol inhibits dopaminergic neuronal death of Parkinson's disease through activating mitophagy.

Zileuton (A-64077)

Zileuton (A-64077, Abbott 64077, ZYFLO) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) formation, used to decrease the symptoms of asthma. Zileuton induces apoptosis while inhibits ferroptosis.

BIO

BIO (GSK-3 Inhibitor IX, 6-bromoindirubin-3-oxime, 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, MLS 2052) is a specific inhibitor of GSK-3 with IC50 of 5 nM for GSK-3α/β in a cell-free assay, shows >16-fold selectivity over CDK5, also a pan-JAK inhibitor with IC50 of 30 nM for Tyk2. BIO induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells.

Honokiol (NSC 293100)

Honokiol (NSC 293100) is the active principle of magnolia extract that inhibits Akt-phosphorylation and promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Honokiol causes G0/G1 phase arrest, induces apoptosis, and autophagy via the ROS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Honokiol inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 3.

JIB-04

JIB-04 (NSC 693627) is a pan-selective Jumonji histone demethylase inhibitor with IC50 of 230, 340, 855, 445, 435, 1100, and 290 nM for JARID1A, JMJD2E, JMJD3, JMJD2A, JMJD2B, JMJD2C, and JMJD2D in cell-free assays, respectively. JIB‑04 also induces cell apoptosis.

Tyrphostin AG 1296

Tyrphostin AG 1296 is an inhibitor of PDGFR with IC50 of 0.3-0.5 μM, no activity to EGFR. Tyrphostin AG1296 inhibits FGFR and c-Kit with IC50 of 12.3 μM and 1.8 μM in Swiss 3T3 cells. Tyrphostin AG1296 induces dramatic apoptosis in A375R cells.

PYR-41

PYR-41 is the first cell-permeable inhibitor of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, with no activity at E2. PYR-41 induce apoptosis.

GANT61

GANT61 (NSC 136476) is an inhibitor for GLI1 as well as GLI2-induced transcription, inhibits hedgehog with IC50 of 5 μM in GLI1 expressing HEK293T cell, displays selectivity over other pathways, such as TNF and glucocorticoid receptor gene transactivation. GANT61 induces apoptosis and activates protective autophagy in LX-2 cells.

SGI-1027

SGI-1027 (DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor II) is a DNMT inhibitor with IC50 of 6, 8, 7.5 μM for DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in cell-free assays, respectively. SGI‑1027 induces apoptosis.

AZD3463

AZD3463 is a novel orally bioavailable ALK inhibitor with K_i of 0.75 nM, which also inhibits IGF1R with equivalent potency. AZD3463 suppresses cell viability by inducing both cell apoptosis and autophagy.

Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1)

Bafilomycin A1(Baf-A1) is a vacuolar H⁺-ATPase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.44 nM. Bafilomycin A1 is found to inhibit autophagy while induces apoptosis.

Niraparib (MK-4827)

Niraparib (MK-4827) is a selective inhibitor of PARP1/2 with IC50 of 3.8 nM/2.1 nM, with great activity in cancer cells with mutant BRCA-1 and BRCA-2. It is >330-fold selective against PARP3, V-PARP and Tank1. Niraparib can form PARP–DNA complexes resulting in DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell death. Phase 3.

E-64

E-64 is an irreversible and selective cysteine protease inhibitor, and also inhibits papain, calpain, and cathepsins B and H, but not serine proteases or aspartic proteases. The IC50 for papain is 9 nM. E-64 induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in Filarial Parasite.

Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219)

Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219, Azulfidine, Salazopyrin, Sulphasalazine) is a sulfa derivative of mesalazine, used as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Sulfasalazine is a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), TGF-β and COX-2. Sulfasalazine induces ferroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy.

Riviciclib hydrochloride (P276-00)

Riviciclib hydrochloride (P276-00) is a novel CDK1, CDK4 and CDK9 inhibitor with IC50 of 79 nM, 63 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Riviciclib hydrochloride (P276-00) induces apoptosis. Phase 2/3.

T0901317

T0901317 is a potent and selective agonist for both LXR and FXR, with EC50 of ~50 nM and 5 μM, respectively. T0901317 is a dual inverse agonist of RORα and RORγ with Ki of 132 nM and 51 nM, respectively. T0901317 significantly suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.

Mdivi-1

Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of mitochondrial division DRP1 (dynamin-related GTPase) and mitochondrial division Dynamin I (Dnm1) with IC50 of 1-10 μM. Mdivi-1 attenuates mitophagy and enhances apoptosis.

4EGI-1

4EGI-1 is a competitive eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitor by binding to eIF4E with K_D of 25 μM. 4EGI-1 specifically inhibits the function of mTOR by blocking the activation of 4E-BP1. 4EGI-1 induces apoptosis.

Epoxomicin (BU-4061T)

Epoxomicin (BU-4061T, Aids010837) is a selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits primarily the CH-L activity of the 20S proteasome, while T-L and PGPH catalytic activities are also inhibited at 100- and 1000-fold reduced rate. Epoxomicin promotes apoptosis.

PF-543

PF-543, a novel sphingosine-competitive inhibitor of SphK1, inhibits SphK1 with IC50 and K_i of 2.0 nM and 3.6 nM, exhibits >100-fold selectivity over the SphK2 isoform. PF-543 induces apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.

GSK923295

GSK923295 is a first-in-class, specific allosteric inhibitor of CENP-E kinesin motor ATPase with K_i of 3.2 nM, and less potent to mutant I182 and T183. GSK923295 induces post-mitotic apoptosis. Phase 1.

Tubastatin A

Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay. It is selective against all the other isozymes (1000-fold) except HDAC8 (57-fold). Tubastatin A promotes autophagy and increases apoptosis.

DC661

DC661 is capable of deacidifying the lysosome and inhibiting autophagy significantly better than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). DC661 induces apoptosis.

Oroxin B

Oroxin B (Hypocretin-2), one of flavonoids isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent, selectively induces tumor-suppressive ER stress in malignant lymphoma cells and has antioxidant activity. Oroxin B significantly inhibits proliferation and induce apoptosis, which may be strongly associated with the inhibiting COX-2/VEGF and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SMMC-7721 cells, Oroxin B potentially be used as a novel therapeutic agent for liver cancer.COX-2, VEGF, PI3K, and p-AKT expression levels are downregulated, while PTEN is upregulated after Oroxin B treatment.

Tubastatin A TFA

Tubastatin A TFA (Tubastatin A trifluoroacetate salt) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay. It is selective against all the other isozymes (1000-fold) except HDAC8 (57-fold). Tubastatin A promotes autophagy and increases apoptosis.

Nirogacestat (PF-03084014)

Nirogacestat (PF-03084014, PF-3084014) is a selective gamma-secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 6.2 nM in a cell-free assay. Nirogacestat (PF-03084014, PF-3084014) induces apoptosis. Phase 2.

PF-3758309

PF-03758309 (PF-03758309) is a potent, ATP-competitive, pyrrolopyrazole inhibitor of PAK4 with IC50 of 1.3 nM. PF-3758309 is antiproliferative and induces apoptosis in a HCT116 tumor model.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic antioxidant found in the leaves and twigs of the evergreen desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC) Coville (creosote bush). It is a recognized inhibitor of lipoxygenase (LOX) and has antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a cytotoxic insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R)/HER2 inhibitor and induces apoptosis. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits p300 and activates autophagy. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) protects cells from ferroptosis.

Dubermatinib(TP-0903)

TP-0903 is a potent and selective AXL Inhibitor with IC50 of 27 nM. TP-0903 is highly effective in inducing apoptosis.

dBET6

dBET6 is a highly cell-permeable PROTAC degrader of BET bromodomains with an IC50 of 14 nM for BRD4 binding. dBET6 also induces c-MYC downregulation and apoptosis.

Unesbulin (PTC596)

Unesbulin (PTC596) is a second-generation BMI-1 inhibitor that accelerates BMI-1 degradation. PTC596 downregulates MCL-1 and induces p53-independent mitochondrial apoptosis. IC50 values at 72 hours ranged from 68 to 340 nM in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines.

Neferine

Neferine ((R)-1,2-Dimethoxyaporphine), a natural component of Nelumbo nucifera, has antitumor efficiency. Neferine induces apoptosis in renal cancer cells. Neferine prevents autophagy through activation of Akt/mTOR pathway and Nrf2 in muscle cells. Neferine strongly inhibits NF-κB activation. Neferine possesses a number of therapeutic effects such as anti-diabetic, anti-aging, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-inflammatory and even anti-HIV.

Alobresib (GS-5829)

Alobresib (GS-5829) is a novel BET inhibitor that represents a highly effective therapeutics agent against recurrent/chemotherapy-resistant USC-overexpressing c-Myc. Alobresib (GS-5829) inhibits CLL cell proliferation and induces leukemia cell apoptosis through deregulation of key signaling pathways, such as BLK, AKT, ERK1/2, and MYC. Alobresib (GS-5829) also inhibits NF-κB signaling.

SBI-0206965

SBI-0206965 is a highly selective autophagy kinase ULK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 108 nM, about 7-fold selectivity over ULK2. SBI-0206965 inhibits autophagy and enhances apoptosis in human glioblastoma and lung cancer cells.

SU5614

SU5614 (Chloro-SU5416, Chloro-Semaxanib) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) inhibitor of VEGFR-2, c-kit, and both wild-type and mutant FLT3. SU5614 reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.

Lanatoside C

Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside with antiviral and anti-tumor activity. Lanatoside C induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and induces autophagy and apoptosis via attenuating MAPK, Wnt, JAK-STAT, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.

MPTP hydrochloride

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopaminergic neurotoxin and cause selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of parkinsonism. MPTP hydrochloride induces apoptosis.

Etomoxir sodium salt

Etomoxir sodium salt is an irreversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) on the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Etomoxir enhances palmitate-induced cell apoptosis.

Ruxolitinib Phosphate

Ruxolitinib Phosphate (INCB018424, INC424) is the phosphate salt form of Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.

SKI-V