Apoptosis related

C, Jurkat cells with SB202190 at 1, 5, and 10 μM were tested, and a decreased SRP72 expression was found when using at 10 μM (lanes 8 and 9). D, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 10 μM at 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min (p<0.05).

 

Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.

Immunofluorescence of NF-κB/p65 in HCT 116 and SW 1116 cells exposed to TNFα (25 ng/ml) with or without nafamostat mesilate(FLU) (100 μM). Scale bars: 20 μm.

VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.

Stimulation response of p37d-expressing cells. (c) Western blot of 5 min serum stimulated HEK-293 cells stably expressing p37d, p110d or control, with the presence of inhibitors as indicated at the top.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 10 uM MG132 and incubated under normoxia or hypoxia for 4 h. Endogenous interaction between LATS2 and SIAH2 was analysed by immunoprecipitation.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Combinational treatment of kinase inhibitors induces the similar phenotype produced by PP1. All images are lateral view with dorsal to the top and anterior to the left. The combinational treatment of Dasatinib (D) or U0126 (U) with Sunitinib (SU),PTK787 (PTK), or ZM323881 (Z) resulted in the shrinkage of dorsal aorta.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

Perturbation of EGFR by its ligand EGF and gefitinib (ZD-1839 Iressat; inhibits EGFR) produces opposite responses in the predicted EGFR target genes SOCS2 and NR2E1.

 

Number of foci detected using laser confocal microscopy and fluorescent Fluor 647 anti-H2A.X-phosphorylated (Ser139) antibody. Double-stranded breaks (red) are clearly augmented in cells incubated with 500 nmol/l of ABT-888 and 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 compared with PBS and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide controls. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ and the ‘analyze particle’ function.

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

ERK phosphorylates FBW7 at T205. PANC-1 cells were pretreated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and trametinib, as indicated, overnight before harvest. Endogenous FBW7 phosphorylation status was examined by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitates (IP).

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Alisertib inhibits AURKA and AURKB in a concentration-dependent manner. (a) Alisertib induces G 2 /M delay or genome reduplication. HeLa cells were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. The positions of 2N, 4N and 8N DNA contents are indicated. (b) Alisertib delays mitotic exit or induces slippage. HeLa cells stably expressing histone H2B-GFP were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. Individual cells were then tracked for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. Each horizontal bar represents one cell (n ¼ 50). Key: light gray ¼ interphase; black ¼ mitosis (from DNA condensation to anaphase or mitotic slippage); dark gray ¼ interphase after mitotic slippage; truncated bars ¼ cell death. (c) Different concentrations of Alisertib are involved in delaying mitotic exit and inducing slippage. Live-cell imaging of cells treated with Alisertib was described in panel (b). The duration of mitosis (mean±90% confidence interval) and the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic slippage during the imaging period was quantified. (d) Alisertib promotes apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The cells were then harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. (e) Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of Alisertib. HeLa cells were cultured in the presence of the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The number of live and dead cells was analyzed with trypan blue exclusion assay. (f) Concentration-dependent suppression of long-term survival by Alisertib. HeLa cells were seeded on 60-mm culture plates and grown in the presence of 250 n M or 1 m M of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were washed gently and propagated in normal medium for another 10–12 days. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet solution (examples of the plates are shown). Average±s.d. from three independent experiments. (g) Both AURKA and AURKB are inhibited by Alisertib.Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 2 h. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232were detected with immunoblotting. The asterisk indicates the position of an AURKB-like protein (the same throughout this study). Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. In this assay, nocodazole and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) were added to prevent the cells from exiting mitosis. Accordingly, the total AURKA and AURKB levels remained constant throughout the experiment. (h) Alisertib prevents activation of AURKA and AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap cells that entered mitosis. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer.

Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

AN3CA (A) and JHUEM2 (B) cells were treated for the indicated times with DMSO, 0.3 μM BGJ398 (BGJ), 0.3 μM GDC-0941 (GDC), 0.6 μM BYL719 (BYL) and 0.6 μM BKM120 (BKM) alone or in combination. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies for phospho-AKT (Ser473), total AKT, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK2, phospho-S6 (Ser240/244), total S6, phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46), total 4EBP1, total PARP and cleaved PARP. Tubulin was detected as the loading control. Western blot analysis of AN3CA and JHUEM2.

SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.

Western blotting showing increased unconjugated SUMO1 levels in Notch1 ΔE cells treated with 10 uM DAPT for 3 days. Tubulin was used as a loading control.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

ICG-001 variably influences Wnt transcriptional activity across pancreatic cancer lines. Nuclear extracts from AsPC-1 cells treated with vehicle or 30 umol/L ICG-001 for 6 hours were immunoprecipitated with anti-CBP or control IgG antibodies followed by Western blot analyses for β-catenin and CBP.

Cotreatment with JQ1 and AC220 synergistically induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD–expressing AML cells. MV4-11 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of AC220 and/or JQ1 for 24 hours. At the end of treatment, immunoblot analyses were conducted as indicated. The numbers beneath the blots represent densitometry analysis conducted on representative blots.

Effects of combination of bort/romidepsin on HDAC6 inhibition and activation of ER stress signaling. HA cells were treated with combination of 15 nM bortezomib and 5 nM romidepsin or either drug alone for 24 hr. Expression of CHOP/GADD153 (green signals) and cleaved PARP (red signals) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. DAPI (blue signals) stained the cell nuclei.

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6,

PTPH1 confers breast cancer cell sensitivity to fulvestrant. E and F, PTPH1 overexpression increases the growth inhibition by fulvestrant. PTPH1 was overexpressed by a Tet-on system or a stable transfection, and resultant cells were incubated with fulvestrant as indicated for about 2 weeks. Colony formed was stained and counted. Results shown are normalized to its own solvent control of Vector and PTPH1-overexpressed cells, respectively (means ± SD; n = 3–5) with insets showing PTPH1 overexpression. *, versus vector or no Tet cells for E and F.

Colony-forming assay results showing that the Jak2 inhibitor TG101348 reduces CFU-GM colonies generated from mutant fetal liver R2 cells. Results from 4 independent control or mutant fetal livers treated with TG101348 or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are shown (mean ?SD). ***P < .001.

Western blot analysis. HeLa or MCF7 cells were treated with nocodazole (noc, 50 ng/ml), paclitaxel (pacli, 50 nM), the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 (50 nM) or BI 6727 (50 nM) for 16 h and cellular extracts were prepared for western blot analysis with antibodies as indicated. con: cellular extracts from control cells without any treatment. β-actin served as loading control.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. Cells were pretreated ±1 umol/L olaparib (2 hours) then sequentially ±150 nmol/L PTX (24 hours), then ± GMX 12 nmol/L (48 hours). PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A by Western blotting.

OPM2 cells stably expressing either NT or CRBN shRNA were seeded and incubated with pomalidomide at the indicated concentration, followed by MTT assay at day 3 after adding drugs. Each experimental condition was performed in triplicate and repeated at least once.

 

(A) and (B) SW1116 and LOVO cells were plated, treated for 48 h with decitabine (DAC) and gefitinib (GEF) either alone or in combination, and the expression levels of AKT, mTOR, S6K, and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis as described under Methods. Expression of β-actin served as a loading control. The data are representative of three independent experiments.

Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.

The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.

Normal human KC pretreated with STAT1 inhibitor (fludarabine [10 uM]) or STAT3 inhibitor (STA-21 [2 uM]) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of hBD2 and hBD3 were assessed by qRT-PCR.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 20 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of XL147 for 24 hours.

Lysates of MDM treated with five-fold dilutions of the indicated compounds (starting concentration: AT7519, 0.5 mmol/l, roscovitine 4 mmol/l) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with antiphopho-SAMHD1, anti-SAMHD1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies. MDM, monocyte-derived macrophage; SAMHD1, sterile a motif and HD domain-containing protein-1; SD, standard deviation.

for HXO-RB44 cells, IC50 values for VCR were changed in the different SG600 treatment groups. The results are representative of three independent  experiments and of f our replicates in each experiment.

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), pancreatic cancer (PaTu2), lung cancer (A549), colon cancer HCT-116, and acute myeloid leukemia (SKM1) cell lines were incubated with increasing amounts of PU-H71 and STA-9090 as indicated. Western blot analysis with PRKD2, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-9 antibodies is depicted.

Along with cell death, immunoblotting shows ON 01910.Na induces hyperphosphorylation of RanGAP1, increased expression of RanGAP1.SUMO1 but decreased expression of free unmodified RanGAP1. No viable SU-DHL-5 cells were available for immunoblotting at 0.5 uM of ON 01910.Na.

Representative photographs of fluorescent staining of microtubules and nuclei in MDA-MB-231 cells 24 h post-treatment with 4 nM of ispinesib or vinblastine or their combination. Arrows and arrowheads denote mitotic cells with monoploar and bipolar spindles, respectively. Scale bars, 20 um.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

TRAP-positive multinucleated cell differentiation depends on JAK and is inhibited by tofacitinib in vitro. Effect of tofacitinib on the differentiation of TRAP-positive multi-nucleated cells in vitro (n =3 wells/experiment). Original magnification x 100.

DNA-PKcs suppression mediated ROS production and GSH content in HepG2 cells exposed to CDDP and 5-Fu. a DNA-PKcs inhibition promoted ROS production in HepG2 cells treated with indicated concentrations of CDDP and 5-Fu. DCFH-DA fluorescent analysis was performed to assess the ROS level. Data presented were mean ?SD of three independent experiments.

Protein expression by western blot analysis of cell lysates from MCF-7, TAM^R-4 and 164^R-7 cells treated for 3 days with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 1 uM or 1.5 uM WP1130.

(d) Effects of HDAC8 activity on ISO-induced augmentation of apoptosis and TIPRL expression. H1299 cells were sequentially treated with 10 μm PCI-34051 for 24 h, ISO for 30 min and 50 μM cisplatin for 48 h before the western blot analysis.

Viability and CI vs Fa after 24-h exposure to cytarabine alone or in combination with ABT-199 in Riva, U2932 and VavP-Bcl2/c-MYC murine tumor cells. Viability shown at 500 nM (500 ng/ml for cytarabine; quadruplicates±s.e.m.).

Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

Verteporfin treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Tsc1-null cells in vivo. Mice were administered i.p. with vehicle or verteporfin at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 10 d before sacrifice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 wk of age. Three independent experiments were performed and mice in different treatments were pooled for analysis. Percentage of Ki67 and αSMA double-positive cells in α-SMA+ mesenchymal lesions in the indicated kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining and counting were performed on three sagittal sections from different kidney regions for each mouse.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Western blot analysis of p-STAT3, total STAT3, ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels in cells pretreated with DMSO or Stattic (10 uM) for 1 hr before and during stimulation with rDKK1 in cells transfected with STAT3 siRNA or negative control, and rDKK1 added into the supernatant.

(a) MET inhibition by INCB28060 prevents HGF-induced MET phosphorylation in MDA-MB231 and HCC-1954 cells. After one hour preincubation with INC2B8060, BC cells were stimulated with HGF for one hour. Phosphorylation of MET and total MET were determined by western blot and quantified by densitometric analysis. Results are expressed as percentage of unstimulated and untreated cells (negative control).

A) MV411 or B) Kasumi 1 cells were incubated with YM155 (0.25 x IC50) in the presence or absence of i) 0.5 x IC50 or ii) 1 x IC50 of Daunorubicin or iii) 0.5 x IC50 or iv) 1 x IC50 of Cytarabine for 72h. Following 72h treatment, cells were subject to a resazurin reduction assay. Percentages were normalised to DMSO controls. Column, mean of 3 independent experiments; Bars, SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.005. Students t-test. Similar trends were observed with 0.5 x and 1 x IC50 of YM155 in combination with Daunorubicin or Cytarabine (data not shown).

Western blot analysis of XIAP and cIAP1 expression and PARP cleavage in H460, A549 and 34LU cells pre-treated with vorinostat or entinostat for 6h followed by the SMAC mimetic birinapant for 24h.

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

(E) Quantitation of lumen from A-D. (F) RNA isolated from 6d acini and expression of NOTCH1 measured by qRT-PCR in triplicate. P values are * <.01, *** <0.001.

Nutlin-3a preserved p53 expression without influencing high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte impairment. A-D: cultured podocytes were pre-treated by nutlin-3a for 2 hrs before subjected to HG treatment. Western blotting gel documents (A) and summarized data (B) showing the expression of p53 and MDM2 in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 4. Western blotting gel documents (C) and summarized data (D) showing the expression of Desmin in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 3. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, #P < 0.05 vs. Vehl + HG. Ctrl: control; Vehl: vehicle; nutlin-3a: nutlin-3a treatment.

Whole-cell lysates from NRAS- or BRAF-mutant melanoma cells treated with encorafenib or/and binimetinib or DMSO as a control for 24 hours were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect pERK, ERK, and b-actin. The experiment shown is a representative of three independent experiments.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

(C) Double immunolabeling showed CK-labeled cells (green) co-expressed with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), scale bars are 50 μm.

G, Western blot analyses to monitor the amount of H3K9me3 in the presence of rhein and MMS (upper panel) and under the treatment of JIB-04 (lower panel).

Apoptosis evaluation of UACC62R, SK-MEL-28 R and R3 cells treated with Gant61 (10 μM) for 48 h by flow cytometry detection of Annexin V staining.

Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.

a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).

Epoxomicin did not inhibit the EV71-induced PMLIII and IV degradation. Cell lysates were prepared from 293T cells infected or mock-infected with EV71 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 for 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of epoxomicin (1 µM). At 24 h post-infection (p.i.) (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels), 60 μg of protein extracted from each treatment were separated on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by performing a Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for PMLIII and IV (top panels), VP1 (middle panels), and GAPDH, which served as an internal loading control (bottom panels). PMLIII and IV were quantified by performing densitometry and are presented relative to the mock infection, which was set as 1.0. VP1 was quantified and is presented relative to that in the EV71-infected 293T cells at 24 h p.i. (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels). The density value of VP1 without epoxomicin is set as 1.0. The experiment was performed three times, and representative results are shown.

(C) Western blot analysis of mature TGF-β1, FN and Col-I protein levels in sham, sham+ PF-543, UUO and UUO +PF-543 groups at 7 days (n =3). (average ± SEM; ANOVA; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus sham group. #P < 0.05 versus UUO group). (D) Periodic acid-Schiff staning showed that tubular atrophy was evident in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment (n =6). (E) Masson's trichrome staining showed that matrix accumulation increased in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment(n = 6). (original magnification, ×400, scale bar =50 μm).

The expression of p-EGFR and NICD was assessed by western blot after treatment for 3 d.

Immunoblot analysis of CyclinD1, PCNA, γ-H2AX, cleaved-PRAP and -caspase3 (F) in normal saline or ETO-treated groups were determined at 10 weeks after HFD treatment (n = 10 mice/group).

Established HCC cell lines, HepG2 (A-C) and Huh-7 (D), primary human HCC cells (D, "Pri_1/Pri _2"), as well as HL-7702 human hepatocytes (D) and primary human adult hepatocytes ("Hepatocytes", D), were either left untreated ("C", same for all figures), or treated with applied concentration of TIC10 (0.1-30 μM), cells were then cultured in conditional medium for applied time; Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay (A and D), clonogenicity assay (B) and [H3] Thymidine incorporation assay (C). Experiments in this figure were repeated for five times, with similar results obtained. n = 5 for each repeat. Bars stand for mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. group "C".

Berberine activates PARP1 in ovarian cancer cells. PAR synthesis is detected by immunofluorescence staining in A2780 and HO8910 treated with different concentration of berberine alone or in combination with niraparib (10 μM) for 48 h. Top: representative examples of immunofluorescence staining of PAR. Scale bar, 20 μm. Bottom: quantification of PAR level in A2780 and HO8910. Immunofluorescence intensities were quantified by ImageJ. *P<0.05, **P<0.01

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

HeLa cells were untreated or treated with either colcemid (10 μg/ml for 16 h), RO-3306 (9 μM for 16 h), or both colcemid and RO-3306, as indicated. Cells were then lysed, and proteins were detected by Western analysis.

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

MTT results of three HCC cell lines at 72 h after indicated treatments. Three independent experiments were carried out.

CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1 µM PPP and were immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n = 4).

(H) MV4-11 cells were treated for 6 hours with or without 3 ng/ml BZM, 10 μM PF, or 3 μM PIM, as indicated, and analyzed.

Sub-G1 and cell cycle phase distribution of NBLW and NBLW-R cells treated for 24 hours with DMSO, 1× or 10× the respective GI 50 concentrations of PF-06463922.

Glucose uptake and lactate production were determined in H460 and A549 lung cancer cells in the presence of the HIF1α inhibitor, PX-478 (10 μM) (** p < 0.01)

(B) 2-DG activates AMPK and suppresses H3K27me3, PRC2 of ovarian cancer cells in normoglycemic condition.

Three types of selective inhibitors of MAPK signaling produce expected differential kinase inhibition and activation responses in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. HCT116 cells were treated with 250 nM of GDC-0973, GDC-0623, SCH772984 or DMSO for 1, 4, or 24 h. In the washout samples, cells were drug treated for 24 h, then changed into fresh media and harvested after 0.5 or 2 h. Lysates were used for Western blots of total and phosphorylated MEK, ERK, and RSK; blotting for COX IV was used as the loading control.

(a) Reduced tumour burden in PLX3397 (PLX) treated mice relative to untreated (NT) (n=6, P=.015; unpaired t-test). Bars represent total tumour volume with number of identified tumours indicated above each bar.

E, Analysis of BrCSC viability upon treatment with tamoxifen (tam) and fulvestrant (fulv) at the indicated doses. The experiments were performed in triplicates. ** P<0.01.

Quantification of colony formation in (A), shown as a percentage of the control for NCIH2077 and RT112. Mean (3 biological replicates) +/- standard deviation (SD) shown (* p-value < 0.05, ** < 0.005, *** < 0.0005, two-sided t-test, comparing combination treatment to BGJ398 treatment). ns = not significant. (BGJ, BGJ398; Tram, Trametinib; BKM, BKM120; AZD, 8931; LDC, LDC1267; LOXO, LOXO-101; Imat, Imatinib; MGCD, MGCG-265).

(A) HCT 116 cells were treated with Tram (0, 30, or 60 nM), and then treated with 10 μM FTI-277/4 μM GGTI-298 or vehicle control for 48 hr. CCK8 assays were performed to assess cell proliferation and growth. The data from a representative example of three independent experiments are presented as the mean±SD. (B) SW480 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with Tram (0, 80, 160 nM), and then treated with 10 μM FTI-277/4 μM GGTI-298 or vehicle control for 48 hr. CCK8 assays were performed to assess cell proliferation and growth. The data from a representative example of three independent experiments are presented as the mean±SD.

Expression of CD24 and CD44 in HSP90 inhibitor‐treated, shRNA‐transduced HCC1937 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.

C, Jurkat cells with SB202190 at 1, 5, and 10 μM were tested, and a decreased SRP72 expression was found when using at 10 μM (lanes 8 and 9). D, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 10 μM at 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min (p<0.05).

 

Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.

Immunofluorescence of NF-κB/p65 in HCT 116 and SW 1116 cells exposed to TNFα (25 ng/ml) with or without nafamostat mesilate(FLU) (100 μM). Scale bars: 20 μm.

VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.

Stimulation response of p37d-expressing cells. (c) Western blot of 5 min serum stimulated HEK-293 cells stably expressing p37d, p110d or control, with the presence of inhibitors as indicated at the top.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 10 uM MG132 and incubated under normoxia or hypoxia for 4 h. Endogenous interaction between LATS2 and SIAH2 was analysed by immunoprecipitation.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Combinational treatment of kinase inhibitors induces the similar phenotype produced by PP1. All images are lateral view with dorsal to the top and anterior to the left. The combinational treatment of Dasatinib (D) or U0126 (U) with Sunitinib (SU),PTK787 (PTK), or ZM323881 (Z) resulted in the shrinkage of dorsal aorta.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

Perturbation of EGFR by its ligand EGF and gefitinib (ZD-1839 Iressat; inhibits EGFR) produces opposite responses in the predicted EGFR target genes SOCS2 and NR2E1.

 

Number of foci detected using laser confocal microscopy and fluorescent Fluor 647 anti-H2A.X-phosphorylated (Ser139) antibody. Double-stranded breaks (red) are clearly augmented in cells incubated with 500 nmol/l of ABT-888 and 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 compared with PBS and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide controls. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ and the ‘analyze particle’ function.

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

ERK phosphorylates FBW7 at T205. PANC-1 cells were pretreated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and trametinib, as indicated, overnight before harvest. Endogenous FBW7 phosphorylation status was examined by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitates (IP).

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Alisertib inhibits AURKA and AURKB in a concentration-dependent manner. (a) Alisertib induces G 2 /M delay or genome reduplication. HeLa cells were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. The positions of 2N, 4N and 8N DNA contents are indicated. (b) Alisertib delays mitotic exit or induces slippage. HeLa cells stably expressing histone H2B-GFP were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. Individual cells were then tracked for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. Each horizontal bar represents one cell (n ¼ 50). Key: light gray ¼ interphase; black ¼ mitosis (from DNA condensation to anaphase or mitotic slippage); dark gray ¼ interphase after mitotic slippage; truncated bars ¼ cell death. (c) Different concentrations of Alisertib are involved in delaying mitotic exit and inducing slippage. Live-cell imaging of cells treated with Alisertib was described in panel (b). The duration of mitosis (mean±90% confidence interval) and the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic slippage during the imaging period was quantified. (d) Alisertib promotes apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The cells were then harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. (e) Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of Alisertib. HeLa cells were cultured in the presence of the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The number of live and dead cells was analyzed with trypan blue exclusion assay. (f) Concentration-dependent suppression of long-term survival by Alisertib. HeLa cells were seeded on 60-mm culture plates and grown in the presence of 250 n M or 1 m M of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were washed gently and propagated in normal medium for another 10–12 days. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet solution (examples of the plates are shown). Average±s.d. from three independent experiments. (g) Both AURKA and AURKB are inhibited by Alisertib.Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 2 h. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232were detected with immunoblotting. The asterisk indicates the position of an AURKB-like protein (the same throughout this study). Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. In this assay, nocodazole and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) were added to prevent the cells from exiting mitosis. Accordingly, the total AURKA and AURKB levels remained constant throughout the experiment. (h) Alisertib prevents activation of AURKA and AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap cells that entered mitosis. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer.

Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

AN3CA (A) and JHUEM2 (B) cells were treated for the indicated times with DMSO, 0.3 μM BGJ398 (BGJ), 0.3 μM GDC-0941 (GDC), 0.6 μM BYL719 (BYL) and 0.6 μM BKM120 (BKM) alone or in combination. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies for phospho-AKT (Ser473), total AKT, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), ERK2, phospho-S6 (Ser240/244), total S6, phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46), total 4EBP1, total PARP and cleaved PARP. Tubulin was detected as the loading control. Western blot analysis of AN3CA and JHUEM2.

SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.

Western blotting showing increased unconjugated SUMO1 levels in Notch1 ΔE cells treated with 10 uM DAPT for 3 days. Tubulin was used as a loading control.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

ICG-001 variably influences Wnt transcriptional activity across pancreatic cancer lines. Nuclear extracts from AsPC-1 cells treated with vehicle or 30 umol/L ICG-001 for 6 hours were immunoprecipitated with anti-CBP or control IgG antibodies followed by Western blot analyses for β-catenin and CBP.

Cotreatment with JQ1 and AC220 synergistically induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD–expressing AML cells. MV4-11 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of AC220 and/or JQ1 for 24 hours. At the end of treatment, immunoblot analyses were conducted as indicated. The numbers beneath the blots represent densitometry analysis conducted on representative blots.

Effects of combination of bort/romidepsin on HDAC6 inhibition and activation of ER stress signaling. HA cells were treated with combination of 15 nM bortezomib and 5 nM romidepsin or either drug alone for 24 hr. Expression of CHOP/GADD153 (green signals) and cleaved PARP (red signals) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. DAPI (blue signals) stained the cell nuclei.

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6,

PTPH1 confers breast cancer cell sensitivity to fulvestrant. E and F, PTPH1 overexpression increases the growth inhibition by fulvestrant. PTPH1 was overexpressed by a Tet-on system or a stable transfection, and resultant cells were incubated with fulvestrant as indicated for about 2 weeks. Colony formed was stained and counted. Results shown are normalized to its own solvent control of Vector and PTPH1-overexpressed cells, respectively (means ± SD; n = 3–5) with insets showing PTPH1 overexpression. *, versus vector or no Tet cells for E and F.

Colony-forming assay results showing that the Jak2 inhibitor TG101348 reduces CFU-GM colonies generated from mutant fetal liver R2 cells. Results from 4 independent control or mutant fetal livers treated with TG101348 or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are shown (mean ?SD). ***P < .001.

Western blot analysis. HeLa or MCF7 cells were treated with nocodazole (noc, 50 ng/ml), paclitaxel (pacli, 50 nM), the Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 (50 nM) or BI 6727 (50 nM) for 16 h and cellular extracts were prepared for western blot analysis with antibodies as indicated. con: cellular extracts from control cells without any treatment. β-actin served as loading control.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. Cells were pretreated ±1 umol/L olaparib (2 hours) then sequentially ±150 nmol/L PTX (24 hours), then ± GMX 12 nmol/L (48 hours). PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A by Western blotting.

OPM2 cells stably expressing either NT or CRBN shRNA were seeded and incubated with pomalidomide at the indicated concentration, followed by MTT assay at day 3 after adding drugs. Each experimental condition was performed in triplicate and repeated at least once.

 

(A) and (B) SW1116 and LOVO cells were plated, treated for 48 h with decitabine (DAC) and gefitinib (GEF) either alone or in combination, and the expression levels of AKT, mTOR, S6K, and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis as described under Methods. Expression of β-actin served as a loading control. The data are representative of three independent experiments.

Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.

The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.

Normal human KC pretreated with STAT1 inhibitor (fludarabine [10 uM]) or STAT3 inhibitor (STA-21 [2 uM]) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of hBD2 and hBD3 were assessed by qRT-PCR.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 20 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of XL147 for 24 hours.

Lysates of MDM treated with five-fold dilutions of the indicated compounds (starting concentration: AT7519, 0.5 mmol/l, roscovitine 4 mmol/l) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with antiphopho-SAMHD1, anti-SAMHD1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies. MDM, monocyte-derived macrophage; SAMHD1, sterile a motif and HD domain-containing protein-1; SD, standard deviation.

for HXO-RB44 cells, IC50 values for VCR were changed in the different SG600 treatment groups. The results are representative of three independent  experiments and of f our replicates in each experiment.

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), pancreatic cancer (PaTu2), lung cancer (A549), colon cancer HCT-116, and acute myeloid leukemia (SKM1) cell lines were incubated with increasing amounts of PU-H71 and STA-9090 as indicated. Western blot analysis with PRKD2, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-9 antibodies is depicted.

Along with cell death, immunoblotting shows ON 01910.Na induces hyperphosphorylation of RanGAP1, increased expression of RanGAP1.SUMO1 but decreased expression of free unmodified RanGAP1. No viable SU-DHL-5 cells were available for immunoblotting at 0.5 uM of ON 01910.Na.

Representative photographs of fluorescent staining of microtubules and nuclei in MDA-MB-231 cells 24 h post-treatment with 4 nM of ispinesib or vinblastine or their combination. Arrows and arrowheads denote mitotic cells with monoploar and bipolar spindles, respectively. Scale bars, 20 um.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

TRAP-positive multinucleated cell differentiation depends on JAK and is inhibited by tofacitinib in vitro. Effect of tofacitinib on the differentiation of TRAP-positive multi-nucleated cells in vitro (n =3 wells/experiment). Original magnification x 100.

DNA-PKcs suppression mediated ROS production and GSH content in HepG2 cells exposed to CDDP and 5-Fu. a DNA-PKcs inhibition promoted ROS production in HepG2 cells treated with indicated concentrations of CDDP and 5-Fu. DCFH-DA fluorescent analysis was performed to assess the ROS level. Data presented were mean ?SD of three independent experiments.

Protein expression by western blot analysis of cell lysates from MCF-7, TAM^R-4 and 164^R-7 cells treated for 3 days with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 1 uM or 1.5 uM WP1130.

(d) Effects of HDAC8 activity on ISO-induced augmentation of apoptosis and TIPRL expression. H1299 cells were sequentially treated with 10 μm PCI-34051 for 24 h, ISO for 30 min and 50 μM cisplatin for 48 h before the western blot analysis.

Viability and CI vs Fa after 24-h exposure to cytarabine alone or in combination with ABT-199 in Riva, U2932 and VavP-Bcl2/c-MYC murine tumor cells. Viability shown at 500 nM (500 ng/ml for cytarabine; quadruplicates±s.e.m.).

Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

Verteporfin treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Tsc1-null cells in vivo. Mice were administered i.p. with vehicle or verteporfin at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 10 d before sacrifice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 wk of age. Three independent experiments were performed and mice in different treatments were pooled for analysis. Percentage of Ki67 and αSMA double-positive cells in α-SMA+ mesenchymal lesions in the indicated kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining and counting were performed on three sagittal sections from different kidney regions for each mouse.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Western blot analysis of p-STAT3, total STAT3, ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels in cells pretreated with DMSO or Stattic (10 uM) for 1 hr before and during stimulation with rDKK1 in cells transfected with STAT3 siRNA or negative control, and rDKK1 added into the supernatant.

(a) MET inhibition by INCB28060 prevents HGF-induced MET phosphorylation in MDA-MB231 and HCC-1954 cells. After one hour preincubation with INC2B8060, BC cells were stimulated with HGF for one hour. Phosphorylation of MET and total MET were determined by western blot and quantified by densitometric analysis. Results are expressed as percentage of unstimulated and untreated cells (negative control).

A) MV411 or B) Kasumi 1 cells were incubated with YM155 (0.25 x IC50) in the presence or absence of i) 0.5 x IC50 or ii) 1 x IC50 of Daunorubicin or iii) 0.5 x IC50 or iv) 1 x IC50 of Cytarabine for 72h. Following 72h treatment, cells were subject to a resazurin reduction assay. Percentages were normalised to DMSO controls. Column, mean of 3 independent experiments; Bars, SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.005. Students t-test. Similar trends were observed with 0.5 x and 1 x IC50 of YM155 in combination with Daunorubicin or Cytarabine (data not shown).

Western blot analysis of XIAP and cIAP1 expression and PARP cleavage in H460, A549 and 34LU cells pre-treated with vorinostat or entinostat for 6h followed by the SMAC mimetic birinapant for 24h.

Representative Oil Red O staining of lipid-filled mature adipocytes on day 7 for uninduced cells (a), adipocyteinduced hMSCs exposed to the vehicle control (b) or CUDC-907-treated cells (500 nM) (c). Nile red staining (d and e) on day 7 of post-adipocytic induction in hMSCs and after exposure to CUDC-907. Images were captured at ×20 magnification using the FLoid Cell Imaging Station. The level of Nile red staining was quantified using the Molecular Devices M5 Microplate Reader (f). Data are presented as mean ± S.E (n = 16) from three independent experiments, ***P <0.0005.

(E) Quantitation of lumen from A-D. (F) RNA isolated from 6d acini and expression of NOTCH1 measured by qRT-PCR in triplicate. P values are * <.01, *** <0.001.

Nutlin-3a preserved p53 expression without influencing high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte impairment. A-D: cultured podocytes were pre-treated by nutlin-3a for 2 hrs before subjected to HG treatment. Western blotting gel documents (A) and summarized data (B) showing the expression of p53 and MDM2 in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 4. Western blotting gel documents (C) and summarized data (D) showing the expression of Desmin in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 3. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, #P < 0.05 vs. Vehl + HG. Ctrl: control; Vehl: vehicle; nutlin-3a: nutlin-3a treatment.

Whole-cell lysates from NRAS- or BRAF-mutant melanoma cells treated with encorafenib or/and binimetinib or DMSO as a control for 24 hours were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect pERK, ERK, and b-actin. The experiment shown is a representative of three independent experiments.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Effects of AXL inhibitors on induction of pAKT and rescue of pERK following AXL overexpression. R428, 500 nmol/L; XL184, 3 umol/L; XL880, 100 nmol/L; in the presence or absence of 2 umol/L PLX4720. shAXL is a positive control.

(C) Double immunolabeling showed CK-labeled cells (green) co-expressed with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), scale bars are 50 μm.

G, Western blot analyses to monitor the amount of H3K9me3 in the presence of rhein and MMS (upper panel) and under the treatment of JIB-04 (lower panel).

Apoptosis evaluation of UACC62R, SK-MEL-28 R and R3 cells treated with Gant61 (10 μM) for 48 h by flow cytometry detection of Annexin V staining.

Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.

a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).

Epoxomicin did not inhibit the EV71-induced PMLIII and IV degradation. Cell lysates were prepared from 293T cells infected or mock-infected with EV71 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 for 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of epoxomicin (1 µM). At 24 h post-infection (p.i.) (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels), 60 μg of protein extracted from each treatment were separated on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by performing a Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for PMLIII and IV (top panels), VP1 (middle panels), and GAPDH, which served as an internal loading control (bottom panels). PMLIII and IV were quantified by performing densitometry and are presented relative to the mock infection, which was set as 1.0. VP1 was quantified and is presented relative to that in the EV71-infected 293T cells at 24 h p.i. (left panels) or 48 h p.i. (right panels). The density value of VP1 without epoxomicin is set as 1.0. The experiment was performed three times, and representative results are shown.

(C) Western blot analysis of mature TGF-β1, FN and Col-I protein levels in sham, sham+ PF-543, UUO and UUO +PF-543 groups at 7 days (n =3). (average ± SEM; ANOVA; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus sham group. #P < 0.05 versus UUO group). (D) Periodic acid-Schiff staning showed that tubular atrophy was evident in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment (n =6). (E) Masson's trichrome staining showed that matrix accumulation increased in the obstructed kidneys at UUO 7 days after PF-543 treatment(n = 6). (original magnification, ×400, scale bar =50 μm).

The expression of p-EGFR and NICD was assessed by western blot after treatment for 3 d.

Immunoblot analysis of CyclinD1, PCNA, γ-H2AX, cleaved-PRAP and -caspase3 (F) in normal saline or ETO-treated groups were determined at 10 weeks after HFD treatment (n = 10 mice/group).

Established HCC cell lines, HepG2 (A-C) and Huh-7 (D), primary human HCC cells (D, "Pri_1/Pri _2"), as well as HL-7702 human hepatocytes (D) and primary human adult hepatocytes ("Hepatocytes", D), were either left untreated ("C", same for all figures), or treated with applied concentration of TIC10 (0.1-30 μM), cells were then cultured in conditional medium for applied time; Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay (A and D), clonogenicity assay (B) and [H3] Thymidine incorporation assay (C). Experiments in this figure were repeated for five times, with similar results obtained. n = 5 for each repeat. Bars stand for mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. group "C".

Berberine activates PARP1 in ovarian cancer cells. PAR synthesis is detected by immunofluorescence staining in A2780 and HO8910 treated with different concentration of berberine alone or in combination with niraparib (10 μM) for 48 h. Top: representative examples of immunofluorescence staining of PAR. Scale bar, 20 μm. Bottom: quantification of PAR level in A2780 and HO8910. Immunofluorescence intensities were quantified by ImageJ. *P<0.05, **P<0.01

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

HeLa cells were untreated or treated with either colcemid (10 μg/ml for 16 h), RO-3306 (9 μM for 16 h), or both colcemid and RO-3306, as indicated. Cells were then lysed, and proteins were detected by Western analysis.

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

MTT results of three HCC cell lines at 72 h after indicated treatments. Three independent experiments were carried out.

CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1 µM PPP and were immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n = 4).

(H) MV4-11 cells were treated for 6 hours with or without 3 ng/ml BZM, 10 μM PF, or 3 μM PIM, as indicated, and analyzed.

Sub-G1 and cell cycle phase distribution of NBLW and NBLW-R cells treated for 24 hours with DMSO, 1× or 10× the respective GI 50 concentrations of PF-06463922.

Glucose uptake and lactate production were determined in H460 and A549 lung cancer cells in the presence of the HIF1α inhibitor, PX-478 (10 μM) (** p < 0.01)

(B) 2-DG activates AMPK and suppresses H3K27me3, PRC2 of ovarian cancer cells in normoglycemic condition.

Three types of selective inhibitors of MAPK signaling produce expected differential kinase inhibition and activation responses in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. HCT116 cells were treated with 250 nM of GDC-0973, GDC-0623, SCH772984 or DMSO for 1, 4, or 24 h. In the washout samples, cells were drug treated for 24 h, then changed into fresh media and harvested after 0.5 or 2 h. Lysates were used for Western blots of total and phosphorylated MEK, ERK, and RSK; blotting for COX IV was used as the loading control.

(a) Reduced tumour burden in PLX3397 (PLX) treated mice relative to untreated (NT) (n=6, P=.015; unpaired t-test). Bars represent total tumour volume with number of identified tumours indicated above each bar.

E, Analysis of BrCSC viability upon treatment with tamoxifen (tam) and fulvestrant (fulv) at the indicated doses. The experiments were performed in triplicates. ** P<0.01.

Quantification of colony formation in (A), shown as a percentage of the control for NCIH2077 and RT112. Mean (3 biological replicates) +/- standard deviation (SD) shown (* p-value < 0.05, ** < 0.005, *** < 0.0005, two-sided t-test, comparing combination treatment to BGJ398 treatment). ns = not significant. (BGJ, BGJ398; Tram, Trametinib; BKM, BKM120; AZD, 8931; LDC, LDC1267; LOXO, LOXO-101; Imat, Imatinib; MGCD, MGCG-265).

(A) HCT 116 cells were treated with Tram (0, 30, or 60 nM), and then treated with 10 μM FTI-277/4 μM GGTI-298 or vehicle control for 48 hr. CCK8 assays were performed to assess cell proliferation and growth. The data from a representative example of three independent experiments are presented as the mean±SD. (B) SW480 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with Tram (0, 80, 160 nM), and then treated with 10 μM FTI-277/4 μM GGTI-298 or vehicle control for 48 hr. CCK8 assays were performed to assess cell proliferation and growth. The data from a representative example of three independent experiments are presented as the mean±SD.

Expression of CD24 and CD44 in HSP90 inhibitor‐treated, shRNA‐transduced HCC1937 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.