Bardoxolone Methyl

Name: Bardoxolone Methyl
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S8078
Rating: 5 (17 reviews)

For research use only.

Catalog No.S8078 Synonyms: RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me

17 publications

CAS No. 218600-53-4

Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me) is an IKK inhibitor, showing potent proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities; Also a potent Nrf2 activator and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor. Bardoxolone Methyl abrogates ferroptosis. Bardoxolone methyl induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.

Selleck's Bardoxolone Methyl has been cited by 17 publications

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2021, 15:21-35

PubMed: 33442234 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12(6):E1645

PubMed: 32575908 ( click the link to review the publication )

Antioxidants (Basel), 2020, 9(1)

PubMed: 31940946 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(20)E7695

PubMed: 33080936 ( click the link to review the publication )

Life Sci, 2020, 265:118853

PubMed: 33278384 ( click the link to review the publication )

Radiat Environ Biophys, 2020, 14

PubMed: 32409897 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11:607580

PubMed: 33584286 ( click the link to review the publication )

Free Radic Biol Med, 2019, 138:33-42

PubMed: 31059771 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):14702

PubMed: 30279437 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Cell Biol, 2018, 38(22)

PubMed: 30126895 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(5):2774-2786

PubMed: 28901514 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(3):1517-1524

PubMed: 28713903 ( click the link to review the publication )

Metab Eng, 2017, 42:185-193

PubMed: 28687337 ( click the link to review the publication )

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2016, 43(2):230-41

PubMed: 26515498 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biomaterials, 2015, 68:54-66

PubMed: 26264646 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biochem Cell Biol, 2015, 93(4):351-8

PubMed: 26008822 ( click the link to review the publication )

Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 73:260-9

PubMed: 24858719 ( click the link to review the publication )

3 Customer Reviews

Renal Nrf2 activity was shown in RTA402-treated acFSGS (RTA402 + acFSGS) mice as early as day 7 (RTA402 + acFSGS) and persisted to day 28, compared to vehicle + acFSGS mice. Kidney in situ ROS production demonstrated by DHE detection.

Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 73:260-9 . Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.
KG-1a cells were treated with Bar (0.5 µM) or a vehicle for 48 h and Annexin V/PI staining was detected after 48 h by flow cytometry.

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(3):1517-1524. Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.
Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Bardoxolone methyl (BM; 0–1000 nM) and AR protein levels were measured. Top panels show representative immunoblots depicting AR-FL, AR-V7 and GAPDH levels. Bottom panels show fold change in AR proteins, normalized to GAPDH levels.

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(5):2774-2786. Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.

Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective IκB/IKK Inhibitors

Biological Activity

Description

Features

The only IKKβ inhibitor in clinical use for solid tumors, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. An orally-available antioxidant inflammation modulator.

Targets

IKK ^[3]
(Cell-free assay)

Ferroptosis ^[7]
()

Nrf2 ^[6]
()

NF-κB ^[6]
()

In vitro

Bardoxolone Methyl exhibits potent inhibitory activities against production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-Ƴ in mouse macrophages with IC50 of 0.1 nM. ^[1] Bardoxolone Methyl decreases the viability of leukemic HL-60, KG-1, and NB4 cells with IC50 of 0.4, 0.4, and 0.27 μM, respectively. CDDO-Me induces pro-apoptotic Bax protein, inhibits the activation of ERK1/2, and it blocks Bcl-2 phosphorylation, which contributes to the induction of apoptosis. ^[2] Bardoxolone Methyl potently inhibits both constitutive and inducible NF-kappaB activated by TNF, interleukin (IL)-1beta, phorbol ester, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharide, and cigarette smoke. ^[3]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
MCF-7	MoLuSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?			Mnf3TY5pcWKrdH;yfUBkd26lZX70doF1cW:wIHHnZYlve3RicILvcIln\XKjdHnvckBw\iCPQ1[tO{ApTVJiUH;zbZRqfmVrIHLy[YF{fCClYX7j[ZIh[2WubIOsJGlEPTB;MD6wOe69VQ>?	MVy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPTN4OUO5Okc,OTV\|NkmzPVY9N2F-
BMDM	M{DWNGN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		MkfINlQhcHK\|	NV[0enFDS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiQ{W3RmwwPiCvb4Xz[UBDVUSPIHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IFzETEBz\WynYYPlJIFnfGW{IEK0JIhzeyxiTV7USF0xNjYQvF2=	MVi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOjV\|M{e5NEc,OjJ3M{O3PVA9N2F-
BMDM	MW\BcpRqcW6obHHtcYF1d3K7IHHzd4F6	NVH1Z3JlOC53IIXN	MmD3NUBpeg>?	MoXpRY51cWmwZnzhcY1ifG:{eTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDpckBEPTeETD:2JI1wfXOnIFLNSG0h[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhcW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDMVHMue3SrbYXsZZRm\CCWTl\hcJBp[SCycn;keYN1cW:wIHH0JFAvPSC3TTDwdoV1emWjdHXkJIZweiBzIHjyJIJm\m:{ZTDMVHMh[2ijbHzlcodmKGGodHXyJFghfG9iMkSgbJJ{KGK7IHntcZVvd2G\|c3H5	NUftWXVMRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkK1N\|M4QTBpPkKyOVM{PzlyPD;hQi=>
PANC1343	M17Te2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7	NH[5S5Y{ODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	NVHvXFFCPzJiaILz	MVTBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IH3veZNmKFCDTlOxN\|Q{KGOnbHzzJIF1KDNyMDD0c{AyODByIH7NJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYm=	NH;XcII9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEO4PFgxPid-MkSzPFg5ODZ:L3G+
RAW264.7	NFqxWIFCdnSrb4jp[IFvfCCjc4PhfS=>	M1PkOVExOCCwTR?=	M2qwUFE5KGi{cx?=	NWTmeJR2SW62aX;4bYRidnRiYXP0bZZqfHliaX6gcY92e2ViUlHXNlY1NjdiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiaX7obYJqfGmxbjDv[kB1SkiSLXnu[JVk\WRiUl;TJJBzd2S3Y4Tpc44h[XRiMUCwJI5OKHC{ZYTy[YF1\WRiZn;yJFE5KGi{czDi[YZwemViY3jhcIxmdmenIH3lZZN2emWmIHHmeIVzKDF3IH3pcpMh[nliSELER2ZCNWKjc3XkJIZtd3diY4n0c41mfHK7	NG\1[Yo9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEO4PFgxPid-MkSzPFg5ODZ:L3G+
HepG2	M13VcWN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		MkHrOFghcHK\|	MX\DfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDI[ZBIOiClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUSuPVnPxE1?	NWnZT5lrRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS2PFU2PDVpPkK0Olg2PTR3PD;hQi=>
B16F10	M3;pOWN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		NYDUXJZsPDhiaILz	M1rEZ2N6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KG2xdYPlJGIyPkZzMDDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVUvQDYQvF2=	NVj4ZoJIRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS2PFU2PDVpPkK0Olg2PTR3PD;hQi=>
CCD-841-CoN	MorsRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		M1HE[FczKGi{cx?=	NG\2[2RCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFPDSE05PDFvQ3;OJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiY3XscEBxem:uaX\ldoF1cW:wIHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:OC5\|MUdOwG0>	NG\ufIc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NU[3OVE1PCd-MkW2O\|UyPDR:L3G+
HCT8	NV\UW5BUSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M3;HSlczKGi{cx?=	MYHBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IEWtSnUhemW\|aYP0ZY51KGi3bXHuJGhEXDhiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiaX7obYJqfGmxbjDv[kBk\WyuIIDyc4xq\mW{YYTpc44h[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2wMlM3O87:TR?=	MWG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NULYSIxjSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NVTobmdSPzJiaILz	MWrBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiFVEigZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iClZXzsJJBzd2yrZnXyZZRqd25iYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjN7Od88US=>	MVy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NHT4flNHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MmH2NUB2VQ>?	NEXGXIEzPCCqcoO=	NWn0OmtXUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDITWYuOWGucHjhJJBzd3SnaX6g[ZhxemW\|c3nvckBqdiCqdX3hckBJS1R6IHPlcIx{KGG2IEGgeW0hcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjCyOEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91fGmwZzDt[ZRpd2R?	NGO0cYM9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NU[3OVE1PCd-MkW2O\|UyPDR:L3G+
HCT8	MlT6SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	MkDFNUB2VQ>?	MkK4NlQhcHK\|	Ml3wTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCKSV[tNYFteGijIIDyc5RmcW5iZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDpckBHXS2{ZYPpd5RidnRiaIXtZY4hUEOWODDj[YxteyCjdDCxJJVOKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfHSrbnegcYV1cG:m	NVr0NnhPRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW2O\|UyPDRpPkK1Olc2OTR2PD;hQi=>
HCT8	NGi5d4lHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NEX3Z4MyKHWP	NX\aPJhUOjRiaILz	M4HwXGlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiU2TBWFMheHKxdHXpckBxcG:\|cHjvdplt[XSrb36gbY4hcHWvYX6gTGNVQCClZXzsd{BifCBzIIXNJIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiMkSgbJJ{KGK7IGfld5Rmem5iYnzveJRqdmdibXX0bI9l	MV:8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NW\hR\|NETnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NXnLXY1uOSC3TR?=	MmrRNlQhcHK\|	NUeyVWxoUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDTWGFVOyCycn;0[YlvKHCqb4PwbI9zgWyjdHnvckBqdiCIVT3y[ZNqe3SjboSgbJVu[W5iSFPUPEBk\WyuczDheEAyKHWPIHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhOjRiaILzJIJ6KFenc4Tldo4h[myxdITpcochdWW2aH;k	NV7FdZhRRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW2O\|UyPDRpPkK1Olc2OTR2PD;hQi=>
HCT8	MVTGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NW\UXZVjOSC3TR?=	NGHLPJEzPCCqcoO=	NYj0PXRlUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDBT3QheHKxdHXpckBxcG:\|cHjvdplt[XSrb36gbY4hcHWvYX6gTGNVQCClZXzsd{BifCBzIIXNJIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiMkSgbJJ{KGK7IGfld5Rmem5iYnzveJRqdmdibXX0bI9l	MYm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NH3tfXVHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MlriNUB2VQ>?	MVGyOEBpenN?	NF;ZbGhKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFHLWEBxem:2ZXnuJJBpd3OyaH;yfYxifGmxbjDpckBHXS2{ZYPpd5RidnRiaIXtZY4hUEOWODDj[YxteyCjdDCxJJVOKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfHSrbnegcYV1cG:m	MmDhQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV4N{WxOFQoRjJ3Nke1NVQ1RC:jPh?=
HCT8	MXTGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MYGxJJVO	NX;GXWx{OjRiaILz	NIexc2tKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFXST{Bxem:2ZXnuJJBpd3OyaH;yfYxifGmxbjDpckBpfW2jbjDIR3Q5KGOnbHzzJIF1KDFidV2gbY5kfWKjdHXkJIZweiB{NDDodpMh[nliV3XzeIVzdiCkbH;0eIlv\yCvZYToc4Q>	M3;xNFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Nke1NVQ1Lz5{NU[3OVE1PDxxYU6=
HCT8	M{C5fGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	MYKxJJVO	MVGyOEBpenN?	M4\GOGlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiRWLLJJBzd3SnaX6gdIhwe3Cqb4L5cIF1cW:wIHnuJGZWNXKnc3nzeIFvfCCqdX3hckBJS1R6IHPlcIx{KGG2IEGgeW0hcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjCyOEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91fGmwZzDt[ZRpd2R?	NF:zfG89[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NU[3OVE1PCd-MkW2O\|UyPDR:L3G+
HCT8	MUHBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?	MUCxJJVO	MYC3NkBpenN?	MorjRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCKQ2S4JINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiY3XscEBxem:uaX\ldoF1cW:wIHH0JFEhfU1iYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigQ>?	NYLMSYg4RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW2O\|UyPDRpPkK1Olc2OTR2PD;hQi=>
HCT8	MUXBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?	NXzsdW1COSC3TR?=	MWW3NkBpenN?	NEi4cnJCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JFUuTlVicnXzbZN1[W62IHj1cYFvKEiFVEigZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iClZXzsJJBzd2yrZnXyZZRqd25iYYSgNUB2VSCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6	M{XvSFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Nke1NVQ1Lz5{NU[3OVE1PDxxYU6=
BEAS2B	NHrKcWJHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MljVNVAhfU1?	MY[2JIhzew>?	M1nsUGFkfGm4YYTpc44hd2ZiToLmNkBqdiCqdX3hckBDTUGVMlKgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5kemWjc3WgbY4hUE9zIHflcoUh\XiycnXzd4lwdiCjdDCxNEB2VSCrbnP1ZoF1\WRiZn;yJFYhcHK\|IHL5JJFRS1JibXX0bI9l	MXm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPjJ5OECyPEc,OjZ{N{iwNlg9N2F-
H42E	NGLIVFRHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=		M3;FPFI1KGi{cx?=	MkDOTY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKE6URkKgZYN1cX[jdHnvckBqdiC{YYSgTFQzTSClZXzsd{BmgHC{ZYPzbY5oKEGURUjMJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KHKncH;yeIVzKHS{YX7z[4Vv\SCjY4Tpeol1gSCjZoTldkAzPCCqcoOgZpkhdHWvaX7ld4NmdmOnIHHzd4F6NCCFRE2wMlAxODYQvF2=	NHvxSVc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkmwPFE4Oyd-Mk[5NFgyPzN:L3G+
H42E	M3\oSWN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		M4j4WlI1KGi{cx?=	MXLDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBz[XRiSESySUBk\WyuczDlfJBz\XO\|aX7nJGFTTTiOIHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJINmdGy3bHHyJGFVWCCuZY\lcEBi\nSncjCyOEBpenNiYomgR4VtdHSrdHXyMWdtdyCudX3pcoV{[2WwdDDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2xMlTPxE1?	MmPpQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZ7MEixO\|MoRjJ4OUC4NVc{RC:jPh?=
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NHBE	MkjCSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	NVqwZZZnOTByIH7N	NFjiNI4zPCCqcoO=	M1Syb2lvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiS1XBVFEwVlKIMjDpcpRmemGldHnvckBqdiCQSFLFJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlv[3KnYYPlJIlvKEeFTF2gcXJPSSCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIHH0JFExOCCwTTDpcoN2[mG2ZXSg[o9zKDJ2IHjyd{BqdiCycnXz[Y5k\SCxZjDuc44hfGG{Z3X0bY5oKHOrUl7BJIJ6KHGUVD3QR3IhdWW2aH;k	MnzWQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjdyM{G2O\|AoRjJ5MEOxOlcxRC:jPh?=
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RAW264.7	NFmydIFCdnSrLXnu[oxidW2jdH;yfUBie3OjeR?=			NUKwTHQ2SW62aT3pcoZt[W2vYYTvdpkh[WO2aY\peJkhcW5ibX;1d4UhWkGZMk[0Mlch[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhcW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDubZRzcWNib4jp[IUheHKxZIXjeIlwdixiSVO1NF01\|ryP	NETKRog9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEe1OFQ4OCd-Mki3OVQ1PzB:L3G+
HEK293	NV;5NJV1S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		NFTFSokzPCCqcoO=	MVrDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIFnfGW{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;Mj6y{txO	NHTNfVc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
H9c2	M4j6ZmN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		NEL5eoczPCCqcoO=	NWGxWnVWS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RicnH0JGg6[zJiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXkeYN1cW:wIHnuJINmdGxidnnhZoltcXS7IHHmeIVzKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:PS5{zszN	M{LvVVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	NXTUWppJTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NYLpT\|RGOjByIITvJFExODBibl2=	MXOyOEBpenN?	NVjxbnpvUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDJT2tj\XSjIDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdilidILhcpNn\WO2ZXSgbY4hUEWNMkmzJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJHRPTmGucHjhMYlv\HWlZXSgUmZs[XCyYVKgZYN1cX[jdHnvckBifCB{MECgeI8hOTByMDDuUUBi\G2rbnnzeIVz\WRiNjDodpMh[W[2ZYKgWG5H[WyyaHGgd5RqdXWuYYTpc44hdWWjc4Xy[YQh\m:{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDOSotieHCjQj3kdol3\W5ibIXjbYZmemG\|ZTDy[ZBwenSncjDn[Y5mKGG\|c3H5	M2PrTVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	NVzrT\|BZTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	M1zP[lIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	NIHyW2szPCCqcoO=	M3G5bmlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiSVvLZoV1[SBqdX7rco94diCxcnnnbY4qKHS{YX7z[oVkfGWmIHnuJGhGUzJ7MzDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDy[YR2[3Srb36gbY4hXE6IYXzwbIEucW6mdXPl[EB2eHKnZ4XsZZRqd25ib3[gbW5QWyCvUl7BJIV5eHKnc4Ppc44h[XRiMkCwJJRwKDFyMECgcm0h[WSvaX7pd5RmemWmIE[gbJJ{KGGodHXyJHRPTmGucHjhJJN1cW23bHH0bY9vKG2nYYP1doVlKG[xcjCyOEBpenNiYomgdZVidnSrdHH0bZZmKFKWLWDDVkBidg>?	M3XxelxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	MXvGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NGX6c2UzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	NGOwdHQzPCCqcoO=	MnXiTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCLS1vi[ZRiKCi3bnvuc5dvKG:{aXfpckkhfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBVVk[jbIDoZU1qdmS3Y3XkJJVxemWpdXzheIlwdiCxZjDDU3gzKG2UTlGg[ZhxemW\|c3nvckBifCB{MECgeI8hOTByMDDuUUBi\G2rbnnzeIVz\WRiNjDodpMh[W[2ZYKgWG5H[WyyaHGgd5RqdXWuYYTpc44hdWWjc4Xy[YQh\m:{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDxeYFvfGm2YYTpeoUhWlRvUFPSJIFv	M1i3XVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	MXXGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MX6yNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVQ>?	NUPEfYNsOjRiaILz	MUfJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEmNS3LleIEhMHWwa37ve44hd3KrZ3nuLUB1emGwc3\lZ5Rm\CCrbjDISWszQTNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXkeYN1cW:wIHnuJHRPTmGucHjhMYlv\HWlZXSgeZBz\We3bHH0bY9vKG:oIF3DVFEhdVKQQTDlfJBz\XO\|aX;uJIF1KDJyMDD0c{AyODByIH7NJIFldWmwaYP0[ZJm\CB4IHjyd{Bi\nSncjDUUmZidHCqYTDzeIlufWyjdHnvckBu\WG\|dYLl[EBnd3JiMkSgbJJ{KGK7IIH1ZY51cXSjdHn2[UBTXC2SQ2KgZY4>	M2GzbFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
intraglomerular mesangial cells	M3j1eGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	M1PUO\|AvPjVibXevb4c>	M1;aWlEzKHenZXvz	MVnS[Y5weHKxdHXjeIl3\SCjY4Tpeol1gSCrbjDkZk9l[iCvb4Xz[UBie3Onc4Pl[EBieyCrbnPy[YF{\SCrbjDueY1j\XJib3[gbY51emGpbH;t[ZJ2dGG{IH3ld4Fv\2mjbDDj[YxteyCjdDCwMlY2KG2pL3vnMEBqeCCjZH3pcol{fGW{ZXSgeJJq[2VicHXyJJdm\WtiZn;yJFEzKGOxboPlZ5V1cX[nIIfl[Yt{KG2nYYP1doVlKGG2IEGxJJdm\Wu\|IIDvd5Qh\G:\|ZTDifUBJN0Vvc4ThbY5qdmdiYnHz[YQhdWmlcn;zZ49xcWNiYX7hcJl{cXN?	NEnvbIE9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	MX\GeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MoL1NlAxKHSxIEGwNFAhdk1?	MUmyOEBpenN?	Ml;NTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCLS1vi[ZRiKCi3bnvuc5dvKG:{aXfpckkhfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBVVk[jbIDoZU1qdmS3Y3XkJJVxemWpdXzheIlwdiCxZjDDU3gzKHC{b4TlbY4h\XiycnXzd4lwdiCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZH3pcol{fGW{ZXSgOkBpenNiYX\0[ZIhXE6IYXzwbIEhe3SrbYXsZZRqd25ibXXhd5Vz\WRiZn;yJFI1KGi{czDifUBY\XO2ZYLuJIJtd3RibXX0bI9l	NWLzc5pXRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
HEK293	NI\hXVZHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MlXkNlAxKHSxIEGwNFAhdk1?	MoLTNlQhcHK\|	NVSwcohkUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDJT2tj\XSjIDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdilidILhcpNn\WO2ZXSgbY4hUEWNMkmzJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJJJm\HWldHnvckBqdiCWTl\hcJBp[S2rbnT1Z4VlKHWycnXneYxifGmxbjDv[kBqVk:VIIDyc5RmcW5iZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDheEAzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTTDh[I1qdmm\|dHXy[YQhPiCqcoOgZYZ1\XJiVF7GZYxxcGFic4TpcZVt[XSrb36gcYVie3W{ZXSg[o9zKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCZZYP0[ZJvKGKub4SgcYV1cG:m	M4TsZlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
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HEK293	NF2wNGxHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NH;UO\|czODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	NGnsWlIzPCCqcoO=	NGjUToFKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnLT4JmfGFiKIXub45wf25ib4Lp[4lvMSC2cnHud4Zm[3SnZDDpckBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKFSQRnHsdIhiNWmwZIXj[YQhfXC{ZXf1cIF1cW:wIH;mJG1EWDFicILveIVqdiCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIHH0JFIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6PIHHkcYlvcXO2ZYLl[EA3KGi{czDh[pRmeiCWTl\hcJBp[SC\|dHnteYxifGmxbjDt[YF{fXKnZDDmc5IhOjRiaILzJIJ6KFenc4Tldo4h[myxdDDt[ZRpd2R?	MoO5QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjh7OUSyPFYoRjJ6OUm0Nlg3RC:jPh?=
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HEK293	NHHu[2lHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	M{juRVIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	MXO0PEBpenN?	Mm\ETY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCNZXHwNU9PemZ{IDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdiliaX70[ZJi[3Srb36geJJidnOoZXP0[YQhcW5iSFXLNlk{KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KHWycnXneYxifGmxbjDv[kBPWU9zIH3SUmEh\XiycnXzd4lwdiCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkheXWjboTpeIF1cX[nIGLUMXBEWiCjbnHsfZNqew>?	NHu4TXU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	MXzGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MYiyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVQ>?	MYK0PEBpenN?	NGW0RpRKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFvlZZAyN06{ZkKgLJVvc26xd36gc5Jq\2mwKTDpcpRmemGldHnvckB1emGwc3\lZ5Rm\CCrbjDISWszQTNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiYXP0bZZifGmxbjDv[kBPemZ{IHH0JFIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6PIHHmeIVzKDR6IHjyd{BjgSCDUlWt[JJqfmWwIHz1Z4ln\XKjc3WgdoVxd3K2ZYKg[4Vv\SCjc4PhfS=>	NEfq[4w9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	NWHrcGVrTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	M3nCXFIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	M2\WUFQ5KGi{cx?=	NFnue2VKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFvlZZAyN06{ZkKgLJVvc26xd36gc5Jq\2mwKTDpcpRmemGldHnvckB1emGwc3\lZ5Rm\CCrbjDISWszQTNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiaX7jdoVie2ViaX6gcpVkdGWjcjD0c{BkgXSxc3;sbYMhVm[{MjDyZZRqdyCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2IHHuZYx6e2m\|	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQDl7NEK4Okc,Ojh7OUSyPFY9N2F-
HEK293	MkXnSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	M2qweFIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	NVr2[FZ4PDhiaILz	MojMTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCNZXHwNU9PemZ{IDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdiliaX70[ZJi[3Srb36geJJidnOoZXP0[YQhcW5iSFXLNlk{KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwY4LlZZNmKGmwIHP5eI9{d2yrYzDIU{0yKGyndnXsd{BifCB{MECgeI8hOTByMDDuUUBi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91KGGwYXz5d4l{	M4qwd\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	NFqwSW5HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	M4fSRVIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	MXm0PEBpenN?	Mn;yTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCNZXHwNU9PemZ{IDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdiliaX70[ZJi[3Srb36geJJidnOoZXP0[YQhcW5iSFXLNlk{KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwY4LlZZNmKGmwIHP5eI9{d2yrYzDOVW8yKGyndnXsd{BifCB{MECgeI8hOTByMDDuUUBi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91KGGwYXz5d4l{	NUDodFE1RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
A549/TR	NUfxO2VrSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		MWi3NkBpenN?	M3jqT2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQUW0PU9VWiClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUGuO\|A{\|ryP	MWS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTVyMUm0O{c,Ojl3MEG5OFc9N2F-
A549	NIL2NmhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		M{nGd\|czKGi{cx?=	M3XsTmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQUW0PUBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTJwMEe0{txO	M2fjVFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7NUCxPVQ4Lz5{OUWwNVk1PzxxYU6=
A549/TR	MVHGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NUPYUI5EOi52IITvJFkvPiC3TR?=	NICxXXozPCCqcoO=	M2DRWWlv\HWldHnvckBw\iCUT2Og[4Vv\XKjdHnvckBqdiCqdX3hckBCPTR7L2TSJINmdGy\|IHH0JFIvPCC2bzC5MlYhfU1iYX\0[ZIhOjRiaILzJIJ6KESFRlitSGEh\HmnLXLhd4VlKG[ub4egZ5l1d22ndILpZ{BidmGueYPpdy=>	NIS4T289[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OUWwNVk1Pyd-Mkm1NFE6PDd:L3G+
A549/TR	MnTsSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	M1Hmc\|QvQCC3TR?=	NViwNY04OjRiaILz	MnPmSI94dnKnZ4XsZZRqd25ib3[gUI9vKGW6cILld5Nqd25iaX6gbJVu[W5iQUW0PU9VWiClZXzsd{BifCB2LkigeW0h[W[2ZYKgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfCCjbnHsfZNqew>?	MW[8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTVyMUm0O{c,Ojl3MEG5OFc9N2F-
HCT116	NIfVZnBCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		NUTuRYJ6PzJiaILz	NFP0SWlCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFjDWFEyPiClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiYomgV3JDKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUCuNFAxOjYQvF2=	M3yyUFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzNyNEK5PVU{Lz5\|MESyPVk2OzxxYU6=
HT-29	NW\RPINJSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NHnUToM4OiCqcoO=	NHzpdmxCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFjUMVI6KGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDTVmIh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;MD6yPO69VQ>?	M2X5RlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzNyNEK5PVU{Lz5\|MESyPVk2OzxxYU6=
HCT8	MmLsRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		M4[2TFczKGi{cx?=	M4jWVWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iSFPUPEBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliU2LCJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwMkpOwG0>	NGi5W5E9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MESyPVk2Oyd-M{C0Nlk6PTN:L3G+
HCT116	MmDQSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		NFzHOFM5KGi{cx?=	MW\Jcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEKvaUGgdJJwfGWrbjDlfJBz\XO\|aX;uJIlvKGi3bXHuJGhEXDFzNjDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA5KGi{czDifUBY\XO2ZYLuJIJtd3RiYX7hcJl{cXN?	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{ODR{OUm1N{c,OzB2Mkm5OVM9N2F-
BEAS2B	MWnGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?		MX:0PEBpenN?	NEHmRpBC[3SrdnH0bY9vKG:oIFvlZZAyN0O3bEOvUpJnOiCrbjDoeY1idiCERVHTNmIh[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhcW6lcnXhd4UhcW5iTmHPNUBt\X[nbIOgcYVie3W{ZXSgZYZ1\XJiNEigbJJ{NCCHQ{WwQVAvODB6N{JOwG0>	NUfQUHRKRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{C2NlY2PTVpPkOwOlI3PTV3PD;hQi=>
HepG2	MlS3R5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NV7RSoFiPDhiaILz	NXHPbplRS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hUGWyR{KgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiNEigbJJ{KGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLkK2{txO	M2PBZVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzNzMEWxOFAyLz5\|MUC1NVQxOTxxYU6=
MCF7	NE\KXHREgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYYPzZZk>		MkS3OFghcHK\|	MV\DfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDNR2Y4KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KHKnZIXjeIlwdiCrbjDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCrbnP1ZoF1\WRiZn;yJFQ5KGi{czDifUBOXFRiYYPzZZktKEmFNUC9NE4{Pc7:TR?=	Ml\zQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOzFyNUG0NFEoRjNzMEWxOFAyRC:jPh?=
A549	Mof4R5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NUfhZYg3PDhiaILz	M3i2V2N6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGi3bXHuJGE2PDliY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXkeYN1cW:wIHnuJINmdGxidnnhZoltcXS7IHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhPDhiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjN4zszN	M3jsXVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzNzMEWxOFAyLz5\|MUC1NVQxOTxxYU6=
A549	MkL4RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		NVTBTFRTPDhiaILz	M4rabWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQUW0PUBk\WyuczDhd5Nme3OnZDDhd{BqdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIHPlcIwh\3Kxd4ToJIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiNEigbJJ{KGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLkWy{txO	MUm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{OTd{NUK4PEc,OzF5MkWyPFg9N2F-
HepG2	MoLlRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MV60PEBpenN?	M373ZmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iSHXwS\|Ih[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhcW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDj[YxtKGe{b4f0bEBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IES4JIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;MD61Nu69VQ>?	NH31N4k9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MUeyOVI5QCd-M{G3NlUzQDh:L3G+
HOS	NWPrUoFySW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M3nrdlQ5KGi{cx?=	MYnBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiRUzDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDpcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKGOnbHyg[5Jwf3SqIHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhPDhiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjZ4zszN	MkXlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOzF5MkWyPFgoRjNzN{K1Nlg5RC:jPh?=
MCF7	M2r4fWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NYi2bldCPDhiaILz	MmDpRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCPQ1[3JINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiY3XscEBoem:5dHigbY5kfWKjdHXkJIZweiB2ODDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwOEZOwG0>	MnziQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOzF5MkWyPFgoRjNzN{K1Nlg5RC:jPh?=
HEK293FT	MlnDSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		MU[yOEBpenN?	M1jXV2lvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZibX;1d4UhT0:DVDDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hUEWNMkmzSnQh[2WubIOgZ48u\XiycnXzd4lv\yCycnWtdJJw\2i{ZXzpckBie3Onc4Pl[EBieyC{ZXT1Z5Rqd25iaX6g[4hz\WyrbjDvZ5Ridm:7bHH0bY9vKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JGVNUVODLDDJR\|UxRTBwMEO1{txO	MmfzQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xd4f3MoVjcS6jYz71b{9kcGWvYnyvZ49ueG:3bnTfdoVxd3K2X3PhdoQwS0iHTVLMNVc3OjZ{MT:nQmNpTU2ETEyvZV4>

... Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID
Western blot	p-IκBα / IκBα ; PubMed: 25897966 PLoS One HeLa cells were pre-treated with RTA 408 or bardoxolone methyl for 6 hours at the indicated concentrations followed by a five-minute treatment with TNFα. Protein levels of phospho-IκBα and total IκBα were evaluated by western blot. Actin was used as loading control. Data are representative of four experiments. Bcl-xl / Bcl-2 / Bax / Cleaved caspase / Cytochrome C / PARP / Cleaved PARP ; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther Representative blots of respective proteins measured to show the effect of CDDO-Me treatment on the expression levels of Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, Bax, PUMA, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 (active), cleaved caspase-9 (active), PARP, and cleaved PARP in Ec109 and KYSE70 cells determined using Western blotting analysis. p-PI3K / PI3K / p-AMPK / AMPK / p-p38 MAPK / p38 MAPK / p-AKT / AKT / p-mTOR / mTOR; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther Effects of CDDO-Me treatment on the expression levels of p-PI3K at Tyr458, PI3K, p-AMPK at Thr172, AMPK, p-p38 at Thr180, p38, p-Akt at Ser473, Akt, p-mTOR at Ser2448, mTOR, PTEN, beclin 1, LC3-I, and LC3-II in Ec109 and KYSE70 cells. Cellular lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with respective first antibody followed by the second antibody. PTEN / PP2A / PHLPP1 ; PubMed: 22177954 Biochem Biophys Res Commun LNCaP and PC-3 cells were treated with CDDO-Me (0.3-5 µM) for 20 h and cell lysates were analyzed for PTEN, PP2A and PHLPP1 by immunoblotting.	25897966 25733817 22177954
Immunofluorescence	PDI / SDHA ; PubMed: 26053096 Oncotarget MDA-MB 435 cells were treated with or without 1.5 μM CDDO-Me for indicated time points. Immunocytochemistry using anti-PDI (red) and anti-SDHA (green) antibodies was performed and the representative fluorescence and phase contrast microscopic images of cells are shown. Scale bar: 20 μm. c-PARP / Cytochrome C / COX IV; PubMed: 26053096 Oncotarget E, F. MDA-MB 435 cells were untreated or treated with 1.5 μM CDDO-Me for 24 h. Immunocytochemistry of the cleaved PARP and staining with DAPI were performed (E). Immunocytochemistry of the cytochrome c (Cyt.c) and the subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COX IV) was performed (F) Representative fluorescence microscopic images of cells are shown. Scale bars: 50 μm.	26053096
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability ; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther (A) The chemical structure of CDDO-Me and (B) effects of CDDO-Me on the proliferation of Ec109, KYSE70, and Het-1A cells determined by the MTT assay. Notes: Cells were treated with CDDO-Me at 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 μM for 24 or 48 hours. Data are the mean ± SD of at least four independent experiments.	25733817

In vivo

Bardoxolone Methyl (60 mg/kg) reduces the number, size, and severity of lung tumors in vivo. ^[4] Bardoxolone Methyl significantly reduces the in vivo inflammatory cytokine response following LPS challenge, induces HO-1 protein expression in the spleen, and protects mice against lethal-dose LPS. ^[5]

Protocol

Kinase Assay: ^[3]	- Collapse IKK assay : To determine the effect of CDDO-Me on TNF-induced IKK activation, IKK is analyzed. Briefly, the IKK complex from whole-cell extracts was precipitated with antibody against IKKα and IKKβ and then treated with protein A/G-Sepharose beads. After 2 hours, the beads are washed with lysis buffer and then resuspended in a kinase assay mixture containing 50 mmol/L HEPES (pH 7.4), 20 mmol/L MgCl₂, 2 mmol/L DTT, 20 μCi [γ-³²P]ATP, 10 μmol/L unlabeled ATP, and 2 μg of substrate glutathione S-transferase-IκBα (amino acids 1-54). After incubation at 30°C for 30 minutes, the reaction is terminated by boiling with SDS sample buffer for 5 minutes. Finally, the protein is resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE, the gel is dried, and the radioactive bands are visualized with a Storm820. To determine the total amounts of IKK-α and IKK-β in each sample, 50 μg of whole-cell proteins are resolved on 7.5% SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then blotted with either anti-IKK-α or anti-IKK-β antibody.
Cell Research: ^[2]	- Collapse Cell lines: HL-60, KG-1, and NB4 cells Concentrations: ~5 μM Incubation Time: 72 hours Method: Leukemic cell lines are cultured at a density of 3.0 × 10⁵ cells/mL, and AML mononuclear cells are cultured at 5 × 10⁵ cells/mL in the presence or absence of indicated concentrations of CDDO-Me. Appropriate amounts of DMSO (final concentration less than 0.05%) are included as control. For cytotoxicity studies, 1 μM ara-C is added to the cultures. After 24 to 72 hours, viable cells are counted with the trypan blue dye exclusion method using a hematocytometer. (Only for Reference)
Animal Research: ^[4]	- Collapse Animal Models: Female A/J mice are injected i.p. with vinyl carbamate. Dosages: ~60 mg/kg Administration: Oral gavage (Only for Reference)

References

- Collapse

Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	DMSO	21 mg/mL (41.52 mM)
	Water	Insoluble
	Ethanol	Insoluble
In vivo	Add solvents to the product individually and in order(Data is from Selleck tests instead of citations): 4%DMSO+30% PEG300+5% Tween+61%ddH2O For best results, use promptly after mixing.	2.5mg/mL

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information Download Bardoxolone Methyl SDF

Molecular Weight	505.69
Formula	C₃₂H₄₃NO₄
CAS No.	218600-53-4
Storage	3 years-20°C powder 2 years-80°C in solvent
Synonyms	RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me
Smiles	CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(C2C1)C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC5C4(C=C(C(=O)C5(C)C)C#N)C)C)C)C(=O)OC)C

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% DMSO+ % + % Tween 80+ % ddH₂O

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Working concentration： mg/ml；

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL， Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note：1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

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Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C10H16N2O2 c10h16n2o2

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Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:

Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.

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Clinical Trial Information (data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2021-09-06)

NCT Number	Recruitment	interventions	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT02316821	Completed	Drug: RTA 402\|Drug: Placebo	Chronic Kidney Disease\|Type 2 Diabetes	Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd.	December 2014	Phase 2
NCT02036970	Completed	Drug: Bardoxolone methyl\|Drug: Placebo	Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension\|Pulmonary Hypertension\|Interstitial Lung Disease\|Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia\|Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis\|Sarcoidosis\|Respiratory Bronchiolitis Associated Interstitial Lung Disease\|Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia\|Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia\|Acute Interstitial Pneumonitis\|Idiopathic Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia\|Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	May 2014	Phase 2
NCT01598363	Completed	Drug: Digoxin\|Drug: Rosuvastatin	Healthy Volunteers	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	June 2012	Phase 1
NCT01551446	Withdrawn	Drug: Bardoxolone Methyl	Renal Insufficiency Chronic\|Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	April 2012	Phase 1
NCT01503866	Completed	Drug: bardoxolone methyl	Healthy	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	December 2011	Phase 1

Tech Support

Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.

Handling Instructions

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IκB/IKK Signaling Pathway Map

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Bardoxolone Methyl