Bardoxolone Methyl

Name: Bardoxolone Methyl
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S8078
Rating: 5 (17 reviews)

For research use only.

Catalog No.S8078 Synonyms: RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me

17 publications

CAS No. 218600-53-4

Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me) is an IKK inhibitor, showing potent proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities; Also a potent Nrf2 activator and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor. Bardoxolone Methyl abrogates ferroptosis. Bardoxolone methyl induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.

Selleck's Bardoxolone Methyl has been cited by 17 publications

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2021, 15:21-35

PubMed: 33442234 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12(6):E1645

PubMed: 32575908 ( click the link to review the publication )

Antioxidants (Basel), 2020, 9(1)

PubMed: 31940946 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(20)E7695

PubMed: 33080936 ( click the link to review the publication )

Life Sci, 2020, 265:118853

PubMed: 33278384 ( click the link to review the publication )

Radiat Environ Biophys, 2020, 14

PubMed: 32409897 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11:607580

PubMed: 33584286 ( click the link to review the publication )

Free Radic Biol Med, 2019, 138:33-42

PubMed: 31059771 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):14702

PubMed: 30279437 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Cell Biol, 2018, 38(22)

PubMed: 30126895 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(5):2774-2786

PubMed: 28901514 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(3):1517-1524

PubMed: 28713903 ( click the link to review the publication )

Metab Eng, 2017, 42:185-193

PubMed: 28687337 ( click the link to review the publication )

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2016, 43(2):230-41

PubMed: 26515498 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biomaterials, 2015, 68:54-66

PubMed: 26264646 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biochem Cell Biol, 2015, 93(4):351-8

PubMed: 26008822 ( click the link to review the publication )

Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 73:260-9

PubMed: 24858719 ( click the link to review the publication )

3 Customer Reviews

Renal Nrf2 activity was shown in RTA402-treated acFSGS (RTA402 + acFSGS) mice as early as day 7 (RTA402 + acFSGS) and persisted to day 28, compared to vehicle + acFSGS mice. Kidney in situ ROS production demonstrated by DHE detection.

Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 73:260-9 . Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.
KG-1a cells were treated with Bar (0.5 µM) or a vehicle for 48 h and Annexin V/PI staining was detected after 48 h by flow cytometry.

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(3):1517-1524. Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.
Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Bardoxolone methyl (BM; 0–1000 nM) and AR protein levels were measured. Top panels show representative immunoblots depicting AR-FL, AR-V7 and GAPDH levels. Bottom panels show fold change in AR proteins, normalized to GAPDH levels.

Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(5):2774-2786. Bardoxolone Methyl purchased from Selleck.

Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective IκB/IKK Inhibitors

Biological Activity

Description

Features

The only IKKβ inhibitor in clinical use for solid tumors, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. An orally-available antioxidant inflammation modulator.

Targets

IKK ^[3]
(Cell-free assay)

Ferroptosis ^[7]
()

Nrf2 ^[6]
()

NF-κB ^[6]
()

In vitro

Bardoxolone Methyl exhibits potent inhibitory activities against production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-Ƴ in mouse macrophages with IC50 of 0.1 nM. ^[1] Bardoxolone Methyl decreases the viability of leukemic HL-60, KG-1, and NB4 cells with IC50 of 0.4, 0.4, and 0.27 μM, respectively. CDDO-Me induces pro-apoptotic Bax protein, inhibits the activation of ERK1/2, and it blocks Bcl-2 phosphorylation, which contributes to the induction of apoptosis. ^[2] Bardoxolone Methyl potently inhibits both constitutive and inducible NF-kappaB activated by TNF, interleukin (IL)-1beta, phorbol ester, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharide, and cigarette smoke. ^[3]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
MCF-7	NHfCPIlHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=			MoDNTY5pcWKrdH;yfUBkd26lZX70doF1cW:wIHHnZYlve3RicILvcIln\XKjdHnvckBw\iCPQ1[tO{ApTVJiUH;zbZRqfmVrIHLy[YF{fCClYX7j[ZIh[2WubIOsJGlEPTB;MD6wOe69VQ>?	M3fpRVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF3M{[5N\|k3Lz5zNUO2PVM6PjxxYU6=
BMDM	M{fETGN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		NUftN5dLOjRiaILz	NFrlWZpEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCFNUfCUE83KG2xdYPlJGJOTE1iY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiTFTIJJJmdGWjc3WgZYZ1\XJiMkSgbJJ{NCCPTmTEQVAvPc7:TR?=	MlW0QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjJ3M{O3PVAoRjJ{NUOzO\|kxRC:jPh?=
BMDM	MkTWRY51cWmwZnzhcY1ifG:{eTDhd5NigQ>?	MnzlNE42KHWP	MUexJIhz	M{jMbmFvfGmrbn\sZY1u[XSxcomgZYN1cX[rdImgbY4hSzV5QlyvOkBud3W\|ZTDCUWROKGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[gUHBUNXO2aX31cIF1\WRiVF7GZYxxcGFicILv[JVkfGmxbjDheEAxNjVidV2gdJJmfHKnYYTl[EBnd3JiMTDodkBj\W[xcnWgUHBUKGOqYXzs[Y5o\SCjZoTldkA5KHSxIEK0JIhzeyCkeTDpcY12dm:jc4PhfS=>	NVjE[48{RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkK1N\|M4QTBpPkKyOVM{PzlyPD;hQi=>
PANC1343	M{faW2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7	M2XqeFMxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	NF7rdpI4OiCqcoO=	MXzBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IH3veZNmKFCDTlOxN\|Q{KGOnbHzzJIF1KDNyMDD0c{AyODByIH7NJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYm=	MUW8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDN6OEiwOkc,OjR\|OEi4NFY9N2F-
RAW264.7	MUPBcpRqd3irZHHueEBie3OjeR?=	MnvyNVAxKG6P	NFPiO4EyQCCqcoO=	MWrBcpRqd3irZHHueEBi[3Srdnn0fUBqdiCvb4Xz[UBTSVd{NkSuO{Bk\WyuczDhd5Nme3OnZDDhd{BqdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIITCTHAucW6mdXPl[EBTV1NicILv[JVkfGmxbjDheEAyODBibl2gdJJmfHKnYYTl[EBnd3JiMUigbJJ{KGKnZn;y[UBkcGGubHXu[4UhdWWjc4Xy[YQh[W[2ZYKgNVUhdWmwczDifUBJOkSFRlGtZoF{\WRiZnzve{BkgXSxbXX0dpk>	MlvYQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR\|OEi4NFYoRjJ2M{i4PFA3RC:jPh?=
HepG2	MVLDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		NFK4TFQ1QCCqcoO=	NVXYXmQ{S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hUGWyR{KgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPDhiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF01Njl7zszN	M1fsO\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2Nki1OVQ2Lz5{NE[4OVU1PTxxYU6=
B16F10	Ml7OR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NF;FUWo1QCCqcoO=	MVfDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBud3W\|ZTDCNVZHOTBiY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgOFghcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME21Mlg2\|ryP	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDZ6NUW0OUc,OjR4OEW1OFU9N2F-
CCD-841-CoN	MmPBRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MnPnO\|IhcHK\|	NGXwUJVCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFPDSE05PDFvQ3;OJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiY3XscEBxem:uaX\ldoF1cW:wIHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:OC5\|MUdOwG0>	MknJQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV4N{WxOFQoRjJ3Nke1NVQ1RC:jPh?=
HCT8	NYf1NHF6SW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M4LiSlczKGi{cx?=	M3nzU2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgOU1HXSC{ZYPpd5RidnRiaIXtZY4hUEOWODDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDpcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKGOnbHygdJJwdGmoZYLheIlwdiCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVAvOzZ\|zszN	NIjDOmc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NU[3OVE1PCd-MkW2O\|UyPDR:L3G+
HCT8	NYTobndOSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		MVy3NkBpenN?	MXvBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiFVEigZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iClZXzsJJBzd2yrZnXyZZRqd25iYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjN7Od88US=>	MUe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NYThWVlOTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NVLkdHlLOSC3TR?=	M2K1XVI1KGi{cx?=	NGTNeWxKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFjJSk0y[WyyaHGgdJJwfGWrbjDlfJBz\XO\|aX;uJIlvKGi3bXHuJGhEXDhiY3XscJMh[XRiMTD1UUBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDX[ZN1\XKwIHLsc5R1cW6pIH3leIhw\A>?	M3L1TlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Nke1NVQ1Lz5{NU[3OVE1PDxxYU6=
HCT8	NGP1TFZHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MnWyNUB2VQ>?	MYOyOEBpenN?	MVXJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEiLRj2xZYxxcGFicILveIVqdiCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIHnuJGZWNXKnc3nzeIFvfCCqdX3hckBJS1R6IHPlcIx{KGG2IEGgeW0hcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjCyOEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91fGmwZzDt[ZRpd2R?	MWC8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	MojPSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	NULoc\|BkOSC3TR?=	NXTaUphzOjRiaILz	NIPGV3hKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIGPURXQ{KHC{b4TlbY4heGixc4Doc5J6dGG2aX;uJIlvKGi3bXHuJGhEXDhiY3XscJMh[XRiMTD1UUBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDX[ZN1\XKwIHLsc5R1cW6pIH3leIhw\A>?	MVe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	M2rIeGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	M1\aZlEhfU1?	NH:xcHEzPCCqcoO=	NGDtOFdKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIGPURXQ{KHC{b4TlbY4heGixc4Doc5J6dGG2aX;uJIlvKE[XLYLld4l{fGGwdDDoeY1idiCKQ2S4JINmdGy\|IHH0JFEhfU1iaX7jeYJifGWmIH\vdkAzPCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2dHnu[{Bu\XSqb3S=	M4Lvd\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Nke1NVQ1Lz5{NU[3OVE1PDxxYU6=
HCT8	MWfGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	M1LZfFEhfU1?	MnzINlQhcHK\|	MoDuTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCDS2SgdJJwfGWrbjDwbI9{eGixconsZZRqd25iaX6gbJVu[W5iSFPUPEBk\WyuczDheEAyKHWPIHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhOjRiaILzJIJ6KFenc4Tldo4h[myxdITpcochdWW2aH;k	NYHOZ5ZZRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW2O\|UyPDRpPkK1Olc2OTR2PD;hQi=>
HCT8	M3PVPGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	NXToWll3OSC3TR?=	MVGyOEBpenN?	NH7GNFRKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFHLWEBxem:2ZXnuJJBpd3OyaH;yfYxifGmxbjDpckBHXS2{ZYPpd5RidnRiaIXtZY4hUEOWODDj[YxteyCjdDCxJJVOKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfHSrbnegcYV1cG:m	M3TYUlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Nke1NVQ1Lz5{NU[3OVE1PDxxYU6=
HCT8	MWrGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MnLGNUB2VQ>?	MmXENlQhcHK\|	M2W1TmlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiRWLLJJBzd3SnaX6gdIhwe3Cqb4L5cIF1cW:wIHnuJIh2dWGwIFjDWFgh[2WubIOgZZQhOSC3TTDpcoN2[mG2ZXSg[o9zKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCZZYP0[ZJvKGKub4T0bY5oKG2ndHjv[C=>	MUW8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NX7nO2tITnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NFvMWIkyKHWP	MmrDNlQhcHK\|	NW\LXZN{UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDFVmsheHKxdHXpckBxcG:\|cHjvdplt[XSrb36gbY4hTlVvcnXzbZN1[W62IHj1cYFvKEiFVEigZ4VtdHNiYYSgNUB2VSCrbnP1ZoF1\WRiZn;yJFI1KGi{czDifUBY\XO2ZYLuJIJtd3S2aX7nJI1mfGixZB?=	MXm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTZ5NUG0OEc,OjV4N{WxOFQ9N2F-
HCT8	NGDUUJVCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=	MUCxJJVO	M3vscVczKGi{cx?=	NUTSZmFMSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDIR3Q5KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[gZ4VtdCCycn;sbYZmemG2aX;uJIF1KDFidV2gZYZ1\XJiN{KgbJJ{KGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeR?=	NH6xWIs9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NU[3OVE1PCd-MkW2O\|UyPDR:L3G+
HCT8	M2PJWWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7	MnjjNUB2VQ>?	NHjRc2Y4OiCqcoO=	MXLBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IEWtSnUhemW\|aYP0ZY51KGi3bXHuJGhEXDhiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiaX7obYJqfGmxbjDv[kBk\WyuIIDyc4xq\mW{YYTpc44h[XRiMTD1UUBi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5	Mn3iQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV4N{WxOFQoRjJ3Nke1NVQ1RC:jPh?=
BEAS2B	NEXiSY9HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	Mk\6NVAhfU1?	MVO2JIhzew>?	NH3JWolC[3SrdnH0bY9vKG:oIF7y[lIhcW5iaIXtZY4hSkWDU{LCJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlv[3KnYYPlJIlvKEiRMTDn[Y5mKGW6cILld5Nqd25iYYSgNVAhfU1iaX7jeYJifGWmIH\vdkA3KGi{czDifUByWEOUIH3leIhw\A>?	NVWz[mxqRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[yO\|gxOjhpPkK2Nlc5ODJ6PD;hQi=>
H42E	NV\3XoFDTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		M4ruN\|I1KGi{cx?=	NEn3em1KdmS3Y4Tpc44hd2ZiTmLGNkBi[3SrdnH0bY9vKGmwIILheEBJPDKHIHPlcIx{KGW6cILld5NqdmdiQWLFPGwh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXwc5J1\XJidILhcpNo\W6nIHHjeIl3cXS7IHHmeIVzKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCudX3pcoV{[2WwY3WgZZN{[XluIFPEQVAvODByNd88US=>	M1jZTVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4OUC4NVc{Lz5{NkmwPFE4OzxxYU6=
H42E	M3HnVWN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		M{nWUVI1KGi{cx?=	NXLqSnRGS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RicnH0JGg1OkViY3XscJMh\XiycnXzd4lv\yCDUlW4UEBie3Onc4Pl[EBieyClZXzseYxieiCDVGCgcIV3\WxiYX\0[ZIhOjRiaILzJIJ6KEOnbHz0bZRmei2JbH:gcJVucW6nc3PlcpQh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:OS52zszN	M1r4SlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4OUC4NVc{Lz5{NkmwPFE4OzxxYU6=
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NHBE	NUHJ[5ZwS3m2b4Dyc5Rm[3SrdnWgZZN{[Xl?	NFPIWWcxNjByMTD0c{AxNjFidV2=	NIDrS4MyQCCqcoO=	MWHDfZRweHKxdHXjeIl3\SCjY4Tpeol1gSCrbjDOTGJGKGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[geGJJWC2rbnT1Z4VlKEeVSDDk[ZBt\XSrb36gZZQhOC5yMEGgeI8hOC5zIIXNJJBz\WmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNVghcHK\|IH\vcIxwf2WmIHL5JJRDUFBiYXTkbZRqd25iZn;yJFQhcHK\|IHL5JJRpcW:\|dHHyJIR6\SCkYYPl[EBndHWxcnXzZ4Vv[2ViYYPzZZk>	NV;oZ4poRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkewN\|E3PzBpPkK3NFMyPjdyPD;hQi=>
NHBE	NGTtOo1HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NXe2OHFMOTByIH7N	MYiyOEBpenN?	MnO2TY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCNRVHQNU9PWkZ{IHnueIVz[WO2aX;uJIlvKE6KQlWgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5kemWjc3WgbY4hT0OOTTDtVm5CKGW6cILld5Nqd25iYYSgNVAxKG6PIHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhOjRiaILzJIlvKHC{ZYPlcoNmKG:oIH7vckB1[XKpZYTpcoche2mUTlGgZpkheVKWLWDDVkBu\XSqb3S=	MnSzQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjdyM{G2O\|AoRjJ5MEOxOlcxRC:jPh?=
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NHBE	MVzGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NH3yO48yODBibl2=	MYK0PEBpenN?	M3XQV2lvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiS1XBVFEwVlKIMjDpcpRmemGldHnvckBqdiCQSFLFJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlv\HWldHnvckBw\iCQUV:xJJNx\WOrZnnjJIFkfGm4aYT5JIF1KDFyMDDuUUBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IES4JIhzeyCrbjDwdoV{\W6lZTDv[kBvd25idHHy[4V1cW6pIIPpVm5CKGK7IF3UWEBz\WS3Y4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	MVu8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzB\|MU[3NEc,OjdyM{G2O\|A9N2F-
HaCaT-ARE-luc	NUHGU5k5TnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		NHP0eHA3KGi{cx?=	NGT0VllC[3SrdnH0bY9vKG:oIF7y[lIhMHWwa37ve44hd3KrZ3nuLUBmgHC{ZYPz[YQhcW5iaIXtZY4hUGGFYWStRXJGNWy3YzDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA3KGi{czDifUBtfWOrZnXyZZNmKHKncH;yeIVzKGenbnWgZZN{[XluIFXDOVA:OC5yNt88US=>	NEfjR2Q9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEe1N\|I6PCd-Mki3OVMzQTR:L3G+
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HeLa	MnWxSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		NXjUOVI5PiCqcoO=	NIXUeYFKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnGUk1o[W2vYTDzeIlufWyjdHXkJHNVSVR\|IDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdiliZYjwdoV{e2WmIHnuJIh2dWGwIFjlUIEh[2WubIOgZYZ1\XJiNjDodpMh[nlibIXjbYZmemG\|ZTDy[ZBwenSncjDn[Y5mKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUKuN\|jPxE1?	MkLiQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjh5NUOyPVQoRjJ6N{WzNlk1RC:jPh?=
RAW264.7	M4HM[WFvfGlvaX7mcIFudWG2b4L5JIF{e2G7			M4PmdGFvfGlvaX7mcIFudWG2b4L5JIFkfGm4aYT5JIlvKG2xdYPlJHJCXzJ4ND63JINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2Zibnn0dolkKG:6aXTlJJBzd2S3Y4Tpc44tKEmFNUC9OO69VQ>?	NV:3Xm86RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki3OVQ1PzBpPkK4O\|U1PDdyPD;hQi=>
HEK293	MlnyR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NHzVUnMzPCCqcoO=	M3[4WmN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KEiHS{K5N{Bk\WyuczDhd5Nme3OnZDDhd{Bz\WS3Y4Tpc44hcW5iY3XscEB3cWGkaXzpeJkh[W[2ZYKgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2yMlLPxE1?	MWC8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQDl7NEK4Okc,Ojh7OUSyPFY9N2F-
H9c2	NHfhPVlEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYYPzZZk>		Mmq4NlQhcHK\|	NHTjbHZEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCC{YYSgTFlkOiClZXzsd{Bie3Onc4Pl[EBieyC{ZXT1Z5Rqd25iaX6gZ4VtdCC4aXHibYxqfHliYX\0[ZIhOjRiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF02NjMQvF2=	M{fUNlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OUm0Nlg3Lz5{OEm5OFI5PjxxYU6=
HEK293	MmXLSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	NX7ES3NjOjByIITvJFExODBibl2=	NE\GXJMzPCCqcoO=	NH;CcY9KdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnLT4JmfGFiKIXub45wf25ib4Lp[4lvMSC2cnHud4Zm[3SnZDDpckBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgWG5H[WyyaHGtbY5lfWOnZDDOSotieHCjQjDhZ5RqfmG2aX;uJIF1KDJyMDD0c{AyODByIH7NJIFldWmwaYP0[ZJm\CB4IHjyd{Bi\nSncjDUUmZidHCqYTDzeIlufWyjdHnvckBu\WG\|dYLl[EBnd3JiMkSgbJJ{KGK7IF7Gb4FxeGGELXTybZZmdiCudXPp[oVz[XOnIILldI9zfGW{IHflcoUh[XO\|YYm=	MUm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQDl7NEK4Okc,Ojh7OUSyPFY9N2F-
HEK293	NHXMfmRHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	M3TrNFIxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	MXuyOEBpenN?	NFXqcnFKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnLT4JmfGFiKIXub45wf25ib4Lp[4lvMSC2cnHud4Zm[3SnZDDpckBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKFSQRnHsdIhiNWmwZIXj[YQhfXC{ZXf1cIF1cW:wIH;mJIlPV1NibWLORUBmgHC{ZYPzbY9vKGG2IEKwNEB1dyBzMECwJI5OKGGmbXnubZN1\XKnZDC2JIhzeyCjZoTldkBVVk[jbIDoZUB{fGmvdXzheIlwdiCvZXHzeZJm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JJF2[W62aYTheIl3\SCUVD3QR3Ih[W5?	NEX0UFU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	Moj6SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	NF7hNHgzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	MXOyOEBpenN?	NEPUdJlKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnLT4JmfGFiKIXub45wf25ib4Lp[4lvMSC2cnHud4Zm[3SnZDDpckBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKFSQRnHsdIhiNWmwZIXj[YQhfXC{ZXf1cIF1cW:wIH;mJGNQYDJibWLORUBmgHC{ZYPzbY9vKGG2IEKwNEB1dyBzMECwJI5OKGGmbXnubZN1\XKnZDC2JIhzeyCjZoTldkBVVk[jbIDoZUB{fGmvdXzheIlwdiCvZXHzeZJm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JJF2[W62aYTheIl3\SCUVD3QR3Ih[W5?	NEPhWlQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	M2DhbGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	MlzINlAxKHSxIEGwNFAhdk1?	NXHlenV6OjRiaILz	NIDmWFNKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFnLT4JmfGFiKIXub45wf25ib4Lp[4lvMSC2cnHud4Zm[3SnZDDpckBJTUt{OUOgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKFSQRnHsdIhiNWmwZIXj[YQhfXC{ZXf1cIF1cW:wIH;mJG1EWDFibWLORUBmgHC{ZYPzbY9vKGG2IEKwNEB1dyBzMECwJI5OKGGmbXnubZN1\XKnZDC2JIhzeyCjZoTldkBVVk[jbIDoZUB{fGmvdXzheIlwdiCvZXHzeZJm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JJF2[W62aYTheIl3\SCUVD3QR3Ih[W5?	NXrFU2szRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
intraglomerular mesangial cells	MULGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NUHzNll7OC54NTDt[{9s\w>?	NHG1XJEyOiC5ZXXrdy=>	M4j3b3Jmdm:ycn;0[YN1cX[nIHHjeIl3cXS7IHnuJIRjN2SkIH3veZNmKGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHnuZ5Jm[XOnIHnuJI52dWKncjDv[kBqdnS{YXfsc41menWuYYKgcYV{[W6paXHsJINmdGy\|IHH0JFAvPjVibXevb4ctKGmyIHHkcYlvcXO2ZYLl[EB1emmlZTDw[ZIhf2WnazDmc5IhOTJiY3;ud4VkfXSrdnWge4Vmc3NibXXhd5Vz\WRiYYSgNVEhf2Wna4OgdI9{fCCmb4PlJIJ6KEhxRT3zeIFqdmmwZzDiZZNm\CCvaXPyc5Nkd3CrYzDhcoFtgXOrcx?=	NXfBb3JLRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
HEK293	NFrWUXBHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NF\adJIzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	M2TUblI1KGi{cx?=	Moi3TY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCLS1vi[ZRiKCi3bnvuc5dvKG:{aXfpckkhfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBVVk[jbIDoZU1qdmS3Y3XkJJVxemWpdXzheIlwdiCxZjDDU3gzKHC{b4TlbY4h\XiycnXzd4lwdiCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZH3pcol{fGW{ZXSgOkBpenNiYX\0[ZIhXE6IYXzwbIEhe3SrbYXsZZRqd25ibXXhd5Vz\WRiZn;yJFI1KGi{czDifUBY\XO2ZYLuJIJtd3RibXX0bI9l	NIfVPY89[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	NF7mfnJHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	Ml21NlAxKHSxIEGwNFAhdk1?	MYOyOEBpenN?	MXzJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEmNS3LleIEhMHWwa37ve44hd3KrZ3nuLUB1emGwc3\lZ5Rm\CCrbjDISWszQTNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXkeYN1cW:wIHnuJHRPTmGucHjhMYlv\HWlZXSgeZBz\We3bHH0bY9vKG:oIHnOU3MheHKxdHXpckBmgHC{ZYPzbY9vKGG2IEKwNEB1dyBzMECwJI5OKGGmbXnubZN1\XKnZDC2JIhzeyCjZoTldkBVVk[jbIDoZUB{fGmvdXzheIlwdiCvZXHzeZJm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfCCvZYToc4Q>	NWLXbnFURGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
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HEK293	M2fKSmZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	M13DV\|IxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	MoTrNlQhcHK\|	NXfXW2VHUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDJT2tj\XSjIDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdilidILhcpNn\WO2ZXSgbY4hUEWNMkmzJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJJJm\HWldHnvckBqdiCWTl\hcJBp[S2rbnT1Z4VlKHWycnXneYxifGmxbjDv[kBOS1BzIIDyc5RmcW5iZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDheEAzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTTDh[I1qdmm\|dHXy[YQhPiCqcoOgZYZ1\XJiVF7GZYxxcGFic4TpcZVt[XSrb36gcYVie3W{ZXSg[o9zKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCZZYP0[ZJvKGKub4SgcYV1cG:m	Mnu4QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjh7OUSyPFYoRjJ6OUm0Nlg3RC:jPh?=
HEK293	MXfGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MXOyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVQ>?	MnfWOFghcHK\|	NV:3ZpQ1UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDL[YFxOS:Qcn[yJEh2dmuwb4fuJI9zcWerbjmgbY51\XKjY4Tpc44hfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IIXwdoVofWyjdHnvckBw\iCKTz2xJI1TVkFiZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDheEAzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTTDh[pRmeiB2ODDodpMh[nlicYXhcpRqfGG2aY\lJHJVNVCFUjDhcoFtgXOrcx?=	NGHNWow9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	NUTDW29sTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NF32RpYzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	Moj0OFghcHK\|	NWPSTo1yUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDL[YFxOS:Qcn[yJEh2dmuwb4fuJI9zcWerbjmgbY51\XKjY4Tpc44hfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IIXwdoVofWyjdHnvckBw\iCQUV:xJI1TVkFiZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDheEAzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTTDh[pRmeiB2ODDodpMh[nlicYXhcpRqfGG2aY\lJHJVNVCFUjDhcoFtgXOrcx?=	NIPCVYc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OEm5OFI5Pid-Mki5PVQzQDZ:L3G+
HEK293	MmHrSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	MVqyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVQ>?	MnjqOFghcHK\|	NVS3SHNtUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDL[YFxOS:Qcn[yJEh2dmuwb4fuJI9zcWerbjmgbY51\XKjY4Tpc44hfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHHjeIl3[XSrb36gc4YhVnKoMjDheEAzODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTTDh[pRmeiB2ODDodpMh[nliQWLFMYRzcX[nbjDseYNq\mW{YYPlJJJmeG:{dHXyJIdmdmViYYPzZZk>	MVG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQDl7NEK4Okc,Ojh7OUSyPFY9N2F-
HEK293	M{DmbWZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	M1f0T\|IxOCC2bzCxNFAxKG6P	MYi0PEBpenN?	NEjDSnJKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFvlZZAyN06{ZkKgLJVvc26xd36gc5Jq\2mwKTDpcpRmemGldHnvckB1emGwc3\lZ5Rm\CCrbjDISWszQTNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiaX7jdoVie2ViaX6gcpVkdGWjcjD0c{BkgXSxc3;sbYMhVm[{MjDyZZRqdyCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2IHHuZYx6e2m\|	NVPrc4JHRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
HEK293	MmjhSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	MlLyNlAxKHSxIEGwNFAhdk1?	M2nSeFQ5KGi{cx?=	MnW3TY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCNZXHwNU9PemZ{IDj1cotvd3ewIH;ybYdqdiliaX70[ZJi[3Srb36geJJidnOoZXP0[YQhcW5iSFXLNlk{KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwY4LlZZNmKGmwIHP5eI9{d2yrYzDIU{0yKGyndnXsd{BifCB{MECgeI8hOTByMDDuUUBi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91KGGwYXz5d4l{	NVT1S5NWRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
HEK293	M4XDbmZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	NG\afXozODBidH:gNVAxOCCwTR?=	MV[0PEBpenN?	NWT4e2o2UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDL[YFxOS:Qcn[yJEh2dmuwb4fuJI9zcWerbjmgbY51\XKjY4Tpc44hfHKjboPm[YN1\WRiaX6gTGVMOjl\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHnuZ5Jm[XOnIHnuJIN6fG:\|b3zpZ{BPWU9zIHzleoVteyCjdDCyNFAhfG9iMUCwNEBvVSCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2IHHuZYx6e2m\|	NX;Vco1vRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMki5PVQzQDZpPkK4PVk1Ojh4PD;hQi=>
A549/TR	NXrscVJlSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M1vWPFczKGi{cx?=	MUPBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEF3NEmvWHIh[2WubIOgZYZ1\XJiN{KgbJJ{KGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1zLkewN:69VQ>?	MYm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTVyMUm0O{c,Ojl3MEG5OFc9N2F-
A549	MkPaRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MlPEO\|IhcHK\|	MX7BcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEF3NEmgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0zNjB5NN88US=>	MorjQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl3MEG5OFcoRjJ7NUCxPVQ4RC:jPh?=
A549/TR	Mn3KSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	MUmyMlQhfG9iOT62JJVO	Mn;ZNlQhcHK\|	MV3JcoR2[3Srb36gc4YhWk:VIHflcoVz[XSrb36gbY4hcHWvYX6gRVU1QS:WUjDj[YxteyCjdDCyMlQhfG9iOT62JJVOKGGodHXyJFI1KGi{czDifUBFS0[KLVTBJIR6\S2kYYPl[EBndG:5IHP5eI9u\XS{aXOgZY5idHm\|aYO=	NV31d2h1RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm1NFE6PDdpPkK5OVAyQTR5PD;hQi=>
A549/TR	MkLwSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	M{nQRlQvQCC3TR?=	NFHTbZczPCCqcoO=	NHTFR\|FFd3ewcnXneYxifGmxbjDv[kBNd25iZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDpckBpfW2jbjDBOVQ6N1SUIHPlcIx{KGG2IESuPEB2VSCjZoTldkAzPCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2IHHuZYx6e2m\|	MoPyQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl3MEG5OFcoRjJ7NUCxPVQ4RC:jPh?=
HCT116	MlL5RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		M3XCPVczKGi{cx?=	MnK0RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCKQ2SxNVYh[2WubIOgZYZ1\XJiN{KgbJJ{KGK7IGPSRkBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLkCwNFI2\|ryP	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{ODR{OUm1N{c,OzB2Mkm5OVM9N2F-
HT-29	MVzBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?		MYe3NkBpenN?	Mn\0RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCKVD2yPUBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliU2LCJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwMklOwG0>	NYTJfokzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{C0Nlk6PTNpPkOwOFI6QTV\|PD;hQi=>
HCT8	M1q2WGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NHHD[pY4OiCqcoO=	M1\DXWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iSFPUPEBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliU2LCJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwMkpOwG0>	NV;Qe5V{RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{C0Nlk6PTNpPkOwOFI6QTV\|PD;hQi=>
HCT116	NYixeJV4TnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		M4XxeVghcHK\|	NH;jSI1KdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFLtbVEheHKxdHXpckBmgHC{ZYPzbY9vKGmwIHj1cYFvKEiFVEGxOkBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB6IHjyd{BjgSCZZYP0[ZJvKGKub4SgZY5idHm\|aYO=	NIXFc5k9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MESyPVk2Oyd-M{C0Nlk6PTN:L3G+
BEAS2B	Mli0SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		M3LnV\|Q5KGi{cx?=	MoLwRYN1cX[jdHnvckBw\iCNZXHwNU9EfWx\|L17y[lIhcW5iaIXtZY4hSkWDU{LCJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlv[3KnYYPlJIlvKE6TT{GgcIV3\Wy\|IH3lZZN2emWmIHHmeIVzKDR6IHjyd{whTUN3ME2wMlAxQDdzzszN	MUi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{ODZ{NkW1OUc,OzB4Mk[1OVU9N2F-
HepG2	NGHBTIpEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYYPzZZk>		MV60PEBpenN?	NVe0U21FS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hUGWyR{KgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIlvKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiNEigbJJ{KGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLkK2{txO	MXy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{OTB3MUSwNUc,OzFyNUG0NFE9N2F-
MCF7	NHfZXoJEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYYPzZZk>		M2rG[FQ5KGi{cx?=	NEXhU5ZEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBOS0Z5IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBk\WyuII\pZYJqdGm2eTDpcoN2[mG2ZXSg[o9zKDR6IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:OC5\|Nd88US=>	MWi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{OTB3MUSwNUc,OzFyNUG0NFE9N2F-
A549	NX65RXhUS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		M1;WTlQ5KGi{cx?=	NVjYVHRiS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hSTV2OTDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDy[YR2[3Srb36gbY4h[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgbY5kfWKjdHXkJIZweiB2ODDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwM{dOwG0>	M1rmb\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzNzMEWxOFAyLz5\|MUC1NVQxOTxxYU6=
A549	M{\lPWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NXm2dZlSPDhiaILz	NVHVemlmSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDBOVQ6KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[gZ4VtdCCpcn;3eIghcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjC0PEBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUCuOVLPxE1?	NG\TfFI9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MUeyOVI5QCd-M{G3NlUzQDh:L3G+
HepG2	MUHBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?		M3T4OFQ5KGi{cx?=	M2O5Z2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iSHXwS\|Ih[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhcW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDj[YxtKGe{b4f0bEBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IES4JIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;MD61Nu69VQ>?	MkOzQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOzF5MkWyPFgoRjNzN{K1Nlg5RC:jPh?=
HOS	NI\wbFFCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		NW[ySIdLPDhiaILz	MUXBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiRUzDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDpcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKGOnbHyg[5Jwf3SqIHnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhPDhiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjZ4zszN	NXi2dXJjRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{G3NlUzQDhpPkOxO\|I2Ojh6PD;hQi=>
MCF7	NY\ab5VwSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NEnKT2w1QCCqcoO=	NXzoWWhUSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDNR2Y4KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[gZ4VtdCCpcn;3eIghcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjC0PEBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUCuPFXPxE1?	NITwVXk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MUeyOVI5QCd-M{G3NlUzQDh:L3G+
HEK293FT	Ml;RSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		M2fuZVI1KGi{cx?=	M2jqcmlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZibX;1d4UhT0:DVDDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hUEWNMkmzSnQh[2WubIOgZ48u\XiycnXzd4lv\yCycnWtdJJw\2i{ZXzpckBie3Onc4Pl[EBieyC{ZXT1Z5Rqd25iaX6g[4hz\WyrbjDvZ5Ridm:7bHH0bY9vKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JGVNUVODLDDJR\|UxRTBwMEO1{txO	M4XaWlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4f3e{5m[mlwYXOueYsw[2inbXLsM4NwdXCxdX7kY5JmeG:{dG;jZZJlN0OKRV3CUFE4PjJ4MkGvK\|5EcEWPQly8M4E,

... Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID
Western blot	p-IκBα / IκBα ; PubMed: 25897966 PLoS One HeLa cells were pre-treated with RTA 408 or bardoxolone methyl for 6 hours at the indicated concentrations followed by a five-minute treatment with TNFα. Protein levels of phospho-IκBα and total IκBα were evaluated by western blot. Actin was used as loading control. Data are representative of four experiments. Bcl-xl / Bcl-2 / Bax / Cleaved caspase / Cytochrome C / PARP / Cleaved PARP ; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther Representative blots of respective proteins measured to show the effect of CDDO-Me treatment on the expression levels of Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, Bax, PUMA, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 (active), cleaved caspase-9 (active), PARP, and cleaved PARP in Ec109 and KYSE70 cells determined using Western blotting analysis. p-PI3K / PI3K / p-AMPK / AMPK / p-p38 MAPK / p38 MAPK / p-AKT / AKT / p-mTOR / mTOR; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther Effects of CDDO-Me treatment on the expression levels of p-PI3K at Tyr458, PI3K, p-AMPK at Thr172, AMPK, p-p38 at Thr180, p38, p-Akt at Ser473, Akt, p-mTOR at Ser2448, mTOR, PTEN, beclin 1, LC3-I, and LC3-II in Ec109 and KYSE70 cells. Cellular lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with respective first antibody followed by the second antibody. PTEN / PP2A / PHLPP1 ; PubMed: 22177954 Biochem Biophys Res Commun LNCaP and PC-3 cells were treated with CDDO-Me (0.3-5 µM) for 20 h and cell lysates were analyzed for PTEN, PP2A and PHLPP1 by immunoblotting.	25897966 25733817 22177954
Immunofluorescence	PDI / SDHA ; PubMed: 26053096 Oncotarget MDA-MB 435 cells were treated with or without 1.5 μM CDDO-Me for indicated time points. Immunocytochemistry using anti-PDI (red) and anti-SDHA (green) antibodies was performed and the representative fluorescence and phase contrast microscopic images of cells are shown. Scale bar: 20 μm. c-PARP / Cytochrome C / COX IV; PubMed: 26053096 Oncotarget E, F. MDA-MB 435 cells were untreated or treated with 1.5 μM CDDO-Me for 24 h. Immunocytochemistry of the cleaved PARP and staining with DAPI were performed (E). Immunocytochemistry of the cytochrome c (Cyt.c) and the subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COX IV) was performed (F) Representative fluorescence microscopic images of cells are shown. Scale bars: 50 μm.	26053096
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability ; PubMed: 25733817 Drug Des Devel Ther (A) The chemical structure of CDDO-Me and (B) effects of CDDO-Me on the proliferation of Ec109, KYSE70, and Het-1A cells determined by the MTT assay. Notes: Cells were treated with CDDO-Me at 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 μM for 24 or 48 hours. Data are the mean ± SD of at least four independent experiments.	25733817

In vivo

Bardoxolone Methyl (60 mg/kg) reduces the number, size, and severity of lung tumors in vivo. ^[4] Bardoxolone Methyl significantly reduces the in vivo inflammatory cytokine response following LPS challenge, induces HO-1 protein expression in the spleen, and protects mice against lethal-dose LPS. ^[5]

Protocol

Kinase Assay: ^[3]	- Collapse IKK assay : To determine the effect of CDDO-Me on TNF-induced IKK activation, IKK is analyzed. Briefly, the IKK complex from whole-cell extracts was precipitated with antibody against IKKα and IKKβ and then treated with protein A/G-Sepharose beads. After 2 hours, the beads are washed with lysis buffer and then resuspended in a kinase assay mixture containing 50 mmol/L HEPES (pH 7.4), 20 mmol/L MgCl₂, 2 mmol/L DTT, 20 μCi [γ-³²P]ATP, 10 μmol/L unlabeled ATP, and 2 μg of substrate glutathione S-transferase-IκBα (amino acids 1-54). After incubation at 30°C for 30 minutes, the reaction is terminated by boiling with SDS sample buffer for 5 minutes. Finally, the protein is resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE, the gel is dried, and the radioactive bands are visualized with a Storm820. To determine the total amounts of IKK-α and IKK-β in each sample, 50 μg of whole-cell proteins are resolved on 7.5% SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then blotted with either anti-IKK-α or anti-IKK-β antibody.
Cell Research: ^[2]	- Collapse Cell lines: HL-60, KG-1, and NB4 cells Concentrations: ~5 μM Incubation Time: 72 hours Method: Leukemic cell lines are cultured at a density of 3.0 × 10⁵ cells/mL, and AML mononuclear cells are cultured at 5 × 10⁵ cells/mL in the presence or absence of indicated concentrations of CDDO-Me. Appropriate amounts of DMSO (final concentration less than 0.05%) are included as control. For cytotoxicity studies, 1 μM ara-C is added to the cultures. After 24 to 72 hours, viable cells are counted with the trypan blue dye exclusion method using a hematocytometer. (Only for Reference)
Animal Research: ^[4]	- Collapse Animal Models: Female A/J mice are injected i.p. with vinyl carbamate. Dosages: ~60 mg/kg Administration: Oral gavage (Only for Reference)

References

- Collapse

Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	DMSO	21 mg/mL (41.52 mM)
	Water	Insoluble
	Ethanol	Insoluble
In vivo	Add solvents to the product individually and in order(Data is from Selleck tests instead of citations): 4%DMSO+30% PEG300+5% Tween+61%ddH2O For best results, use promptly after mixing.	2.5mg/mL

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information Download Bardoxolone Methyl SDF

Molecular Weight	505.69
Formula	C₃₂H₄₃NO₄
CAS No.	218600-53-4
Storage	3 years-20°C powder 2 years-80°C in solvent
Synonyms	RTA 402, TP-155, NSC 713200, CDDO Methyl Ester, CDDO-Me
Smiles	CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(C2C1)C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC5C4(C=C(C(=O)C5(C)C)C#N)C)C)C)C(=O)OC)C

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

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% DMSO+ % + % Tween 80+ % ddH₂O

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Calculation results:

Working concentration： mg/ml；

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL， Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note：1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

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Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:

Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.

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Clinical Trial Information (data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2021-05-17)

NCT Number	Recruitment	interventions	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT02316821	Completed	Drug: RTA 402\|Drug: Placebo	Chronic Kidney Disease\|Type 2 Diabetes	Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd.	December 2014	Phase 2
NCT01053936	Completed	Drug: Bardoxolone methyl (amorphous dispersion)	Renal Insufficiency Chronic\|Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	January 2010	Phase 2
NCT00811889	Completed	Other: Placebo\|Drug: Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402)	Chronic Kidney Disease\|Type 2 Diabetes\|Diabetic Nephropathy	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	April 2009	Phase 2
NCT00664027	Completed	Drug: RTA 402 (Bardoxolone Methyl)	Diabetic Nephropathy	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	April 2008	Phase 2
NCT00550849	Terminated	Drug: RTA 402	Liver Disease	Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc.	April 2007	Phase 1\|Phase 2

Tech Support

Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.

Handling Instructions

Tel: +1-832-582-8158 Ext:3

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IκB/IKK Signaling Pathway Map

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Bardoxolone Methyl