(R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid
For research use only.
Catalog No.S2812 Synonyms: AT-101 acetic acid, (-)-Gossypol acetic acid, (R)-Gossypol acetic acid
14 publications
CAS No. 866541-93-7
(R)-(-)-Gossypol (AT-101) acetic acid, the R-(-) enantiomer of Gossypol acetic acid, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 with Ki of 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM and 0.18 μM in cell-free assays; does not inhibit BIR3 domain and BID. AT-101 simultaneously triggers apoptosis and a cytoprotective type of autophagy. Phase 2.
5 Customer Reviews
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(B and C) assessment of antimigration capacity in each group by transwell migration assay. Abbreviations: CDDP, cisplatin; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.
Drug Des Devel Ther, 2014, 8:2517-29.. (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid purchased from Selleck.
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The cellular autophagy induced by the concentration of AT101 (5 μM) and APE1 siRNA was examined by confocal microscopy with the application of Cyto-IDr autophagy detection kit.
Oncotarget, 2016, 7(23):34430-41. (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid purchased from Selleck.
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Effect of AT-101 (AT) on MM cell lines survival. The survival of human (MM-B1, H-Meso-1, and MM-F1) and mouse (#40a) MM cell lines were assessed by the SRB assay after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment with DMSO or AT-101. The percentage of surviving cells treated with the compound was calculated by normalizing the OD value to that of the control cultures (DMSO). The results are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate (xp ≤ 0.05, ∗p ≤ 0.01, #p ≤ 0.001 compared with the cultures treated with DMSO).
Front Pharmacol, 2018, 9:1269. (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid purchased from Selleck.
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AT-101 enhances the antimigration ability of CDDP in A549 cells exposed to A549 cell-conditioned medium. Notes: (A) The cell migration assay was conducted using Transwell® plates. A549 cells were treated with the control vehicle, 5 μM CDDP, 5 μM AT-101, or 5 μM AT-101 plus 5 μM CDDP and the supernatants were collected as the tumor conditioned medium. A549 cells were suspended in serum-free Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium. A549 cells were seeded to the upper chambers, and the lower chambers were filled with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum or tumor conditioned medium. After incubation for 18 hours at 37°C, cells were fixed, stained, and analyzed under inverted light microscopy (40× magnification). The number of migrated cells was counted using an inverted microscope. (B) Bar graph showing the migrating cell numbers of different treatment groups. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. **P<0.01 by one-way analysis of variance. Abbreviation: CDDP, cisplatin.
Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015, 9:2887-910. (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid purchased from Selleck.
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AT-101 acts on Smo to inhibit Hh signaling pathway. F, BODIPYcyclopamine competition analysis. Photographs are representatives from three distinct experiments with identical results.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2015, 76(3):461-9. . (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid purchased from Selleck.
Purity & Quality Control
Choose Selective Bcl-2 Inhibitors
Biological Activity
| Description | (R)-(-)-Gossypol (AT-101) acetic acid, the R-(-) enantiomer of Gossypol acetic acid, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 with Ki of 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM and 0.18 μM in cell-free assays; does not inhibit BIR3 domain and BID. AT-101 simultaneously triggers apoptosis and a cytoprotective type of autophagy. Phase 2. | |||||||||
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| Targets |
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| In vitro |
AT-101 inhibits a panel of different lymphoproliferative malignancies with IC50 ranged from 1.2 μM to 7.4 μM. AT-101 (10 μM) disrupts the Δψm in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in a diffuse large B-cell and in mantle cell lymphoma lines. AT-101 (1 μM or 2 μM) combined with carfilzomib (6 nM or 10 nM) induces apoptosis in HBL-2 and Granta cell lines. [2] AT-101 (20 μM for 24 hours) results in a median 72% apoptosis and down-regulation of Mcl-1 in CLL lymphocytes in both suspension culture as well as stromal coculture. Stromal cells express undetectable levels of antiapoptotic but high levels of activated ERK and AKT proteins and has low or no apoptosis with AT-101. [3] AT-101 induces apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, with ED50 values of 1.9 mM and 2.4 mM in Jurkat T and U937 cells, respectively. AT-101 (10 μM) combined with radiation (32 Gy) induces more apoptosis than radiation alone and exceeds the sum of the effects caused by the single agent treatments. AT-101 activates SAPK/JNK in a dose- and time-dependent manner. [4] AT-101 (10 µM) induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-9, -3, and -7 in VCaP Cells. AT-101 (10 µM) decreases Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression in VCaP cells. [5] AT-101 (< 20 μM) is able to inhibit the growth of multiple myeloma cells despite the stimulatory growth effects provided by stromal cells in the bone marrow milieu. AT-101 (10 μM) induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells via the activation of caspases 3, caspases 9 and PARP. AT-101 (10 μM) promotes apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by disrupting the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the mitochondrial membrane potential. [6] |
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| Assay |
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| In vivo | AT-101 is still detectable in plasma with average concentrations of 0.49 μM for the 35 mg/kg group and 0.39 μM for the 200 mg/kg group in SCID beige mice bearing RL-DLBCL xenograft. AT-101 peak plasma concentration is observed after 30 minutes of administration of the drug in both the dose levels, with the 200 mg/kg group showing a plasma average concentration almost 4 times greater than the 35 mg/kg group (7.88 μM and 27.78 μM respectively) in SCID beige mice. AT-101 (25 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, orally) indefinitely results in earlier onset of weight loss equivalent to more than 10% of the pretreatment weight and death in SCID beige mice. AT-101 (35 mg/kg, orally per day for 10 days) plus intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide (Cy) and intraperitoneal rituximab (R) show significantitumor volume control compared to any other treatment group. [2] AT-101 (15 mg/kg, p.o., 5 days/week) as a single agent in intact mice significantly reduces the development of VCaP tumor growth compared to untreated tumors at weeks 2 to 6. AT-101 in combination with surgical castration delays the onset of androgen-independent VCaP tumor growth compared to castration-only or AT-101-only groups in mice. [5] |
Protocol
| Kinase Assay:[1] |
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Fluorescence-Polarization-Based Binding Assay: For competitive binding experiments, Bcl-2 protein (40 nM) and FAM-Bid peptide (2.5 nM) are preincubated in the assay buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5; 100 μg/mL bovine gamma globulin; 0.02% sodium azide, 5 μL of a solution in DMSO of AT101 is added to the Bcl-2/FAM-Bid solution in Dynex 96-well, black, round-bottom plates to produce a final volume of 125 μL. For each experiment, a control containing Bcl-2 and Flu-Bid peptide (equivalent to 0% inhibition), and another control containing only FAM-Bid, are included on eachassay plate. After 4 hours incubation, the polarization values in milipolarization units (mP) weremeasured at an excitation wavelength at 485 nm and an emission wavelength at 530 nm using the Ultra plate reader. IC50,the inhibitor concentration at which 50% of bound peptide is displaced, is determined from the plot using nonlinear leastsquares analysis and curve fitting performed using GraphPad Prizm 4 software. The unlabeled Bid BH3 peptide is used as the positive control. PF for Bcl-xL protein, Bak BH3 peptide labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (FAM-Bak) instead of the FAM-Bim to maximize the signal. It is determined that FAM-Bak has a Kd of 6 nM to Bcl-xL protein. The competitive binding assay for Bcl-xL is same as that for Bcl-2 with the following exceptions. 30 nM of Bcl-xL protein and 2.5 nM of FAM-Bak peptide in the following assay buffer: 50 mM Tris-Bis, pH 7.4 and 0.01% bovine gamma globulin. PF for Mcl-1 protein, FAM-Bid peptide and human Mcl-1 protein are used. It is determined that FAM-Bid peptide binds to human Mcl-1 protein with a Kd of 1.71 nM. The competitive binding assays for Mcl-1 are performed in the same manner as that for Bcl-2 with the following exceptions. 5 nM Mcl-1 and 1 nM Flu-Bid peptide in the following assay buffer: 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150 mM NaCl and 0.05% Pluronic acid |
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| Cell Research:[2] |
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| Animal Research:[2] |
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Solubility (25°C)
| In vitro | DMSO | 116 mg/mL (200.48 mM) |
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| Water | Insoluble | |
| Ethanol | ''''89 mg/mL | |
| In vivo | Add solvents to the product individually and in order(Data is from Selleck tests instead of citations): 2% DMSO+30% PEG 300+2% Tween 80+ddH2O For best results, use promptly after mixing. |
4mg/mL |
* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.
Chemical Information
| Molecular Weight | 578.61 |
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| Formula | C30H30O8.C2H4O2 |
| CAS No. | 866541-93-7 |
| Storage |
powder in solvent |
| Synonyms | AT-101 acetic acid, (-)-Gossypol acetic acid, (R)-Gossypol acetic acid |
| Smiles | CC1=CC2=C(C(=C(C(=C2C(C)C)O)O)C=O)C(=C1C3=C(C4=C(C=C3C)C(=C(C(=C4C=O)O)O)C(C)C)O)O.CC(=O)O |
In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)
| Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment) | ||||||||||
| Dosage | mg/kg |  |
Average weight of animals | g | |
Dosing volume per animal | ul | |
Number of animals | |
| Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation () | ||||||||||
| % DMSO % % Tween 80 % ddH2O | ||||||||||
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Calculation results:
Working concentration： mg/ml；
Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL，)
Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
Bio Calculators
Molarity Calculator
Calculate the mass, volume or concentration required for a solution. The Selleck molarity calculator is based on the following equation:
Mass (mg) = Concentration (mM) × Volume (mL) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)
*When preparing stock solutions, please always use the batch-specific molecular weight of the product found on the via label and SDS / COA (available on product pages).
Dilution Calculator
Calculate the dilution required to prepare a stock solution. The Selleck dilution calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2 ( Input Output )
* When preparing stock solutions always use the batch-specific molecular weight of the product found on the vial label and SDS / COA (available online).
Molecular Weight Calculator
Enter the chemical formula of a compound to calculate its molar mass and elemental composition:
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C10H16N2O2 c10h16n2o2
Instructions to calculate molar mass (molecular weight) of a chemical compound:
To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound, please enter its chemical formula and click 'Calculate'.
Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:
Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.
Molarity Calculator
Clinical Trial Information
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
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| NCT00934076 | Withdrawn | Drug: Tarceva plus AT-101 | Carcinoma Non Small Cell Lung | University of Alabama at Birmingham|Ascenta Therapeutics | February 2010 | Phase 1 |
| NCT00561197 | Terminated | Drug: AT-101 | Locally Advanced Esophageal or GE Junction Cancer | Ascenta Therapeutics | August 2007 | Phase 1|Phase 2 |
| NCT00286793 | Completed | Drug: AT-101 | Prostate Cancer | Ascenta Therapeutics | February 2006 | Phase 1|Phase 2 |
Tech Support
Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.
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Frequently Asked Questions
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Question 1:
Is S2812 (-)-gossypol or another enantiomer?
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Answer:
S2812 AT101 is R-(–)-gossypolacetic acid.
