Autophagy

Type I IFNs induce ISG expression in a serine phosphorylation-independent manner. Cells were treated with kinase inhibitors (SB203580, rottlerin, Ly294002, PD98059, and SP600125) before stimulation with IFN-a and IFN-b for 6 hours. Cell lysates were used in western blotting and probed for serine phosphorylation.The relative amounts of pSTAT1 S727 in (up-graph) were quantied and normalized to an untreated control (below-graph).

(F) Kaplan-Meier curves are shown for all groups described: no hydrogel, a hydrogel loaded with paclitaxel, or a hydrogel loaded with doxorubicin. The number of mice per group (n) and median survival (ms) are listed. The experiment was performed at least three times.

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

AURKA and PRL-3's time-scaled distributions in HCT116 were assessed by synchronization and released after serum starvation (SS) for 24 hours or NOC treatment for 12 hours. Arrows, mitotic cells.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.

RA FLSs were pretreated with DMSO (as the control) or various concentrations of a specific PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK15, for 4 h (A). The expression of IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2 and CXCL-10 was measured by real-time qPCR. The data are representative of independent experiments (means ± SEM) from10 RA patients. *P < 0.05, significantly different from control or SiC; #P < 0.05, significantly different from treatment with TNF-α alone

Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.

C, SA-beta gal staining results of A549-LKB1 cells treated by trametinib (30 nmol/L), radiotherapy (2 Gy), and HCQ (50 μmol/L). Cells were treated by HCQ and/or trametinib 4 hours prior to radiotherapy. Drugs were washed out 24 hours after radiotherapy. Cells were incubated for additional 48 hours before staining. D, Clonogenic survival assay of A549-LKB1 cells treated with trametinib (30 nmol/L) and HCQ (50 μmol/L).

LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm

Activity of vorinostat in Jurkat and Peer T-ALL cell lines in an MTT cell viability assay. Cells were treated with increasing drug concentrations for 72 h. The data are plotted as the mean % of DMSO-treated control cells against the corresponding drug concentration. The error bars are the standard error. For each drug and cell line, 3-4 independent experiments were performed with 6 replicates at each drug concentration.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

Protein blots showing MYC expression in naive and persister cells after 3 d of treatment with 2 uM AKT inhibitor MK-2206 (AKTi) or 10 nM mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (Rapa).

Erlotinib IC50 in HCC827 cell lines measured 48h after treatment with vehicle (control) or with erlotinib. Erlotinib IC50 is shown in parentheses. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. Effects of treatment for 48h with a vehicle or the indicated doses of MP-470 in parental or ER1 and ER2 cell lines in the absence and presence of erlotinib on the indicated biomarkers.

In vivo antitumor efficacies of AZD2281 and GX15-070 alone or in combination in a BxPC-3 xenograft model. Tumor specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4 lm-thick slides for H&E, PCNA, and CD34 staining.

(D) IGROV parental, shControl (two independent clones) and ShPKCiota (two independent clones) were treated with 5 μM GDC-0941 and 1.5 μM PI-103 for 24 hours and subjected to western blot analysis with the indicated antibodies. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

MTORC1 regulates the subcellular distribution of TFEB. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showing nuclear localization of recombinant TFEB-Flag in ARPE-19 cells incubated with MTORC1 inhibitors (PP242, LY294002, Wortmannin).

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

Effects of DPN, LY500307, Raloxifene and Tamoxifen on cell viability in BSO-treated FRDA fibroblasts. BSO concentration was 1 mM and all steroid concentrations were 100 nM. Depicted are mean ± SD for n= 8 per group. * indicated p<0.05 versus BSO alone-treated cells.

Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.

PC-9 and A549 cells were treated with 100 nM siRNA against PUMA and 100 nM negative control (NC) siRNA for 12 h, and treated with the indicated concentrations of RV and ERL in combination for an additional 48 h. The knockdown effects on PUMA were confirmed by Western blot analysis.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 protein expression of U2OS cells treated with DMSO (negative control), Rap (positive control, 500 nM), Tha (1 μM), Tun (2 μg/mL), BFA (10 μg/mL), and DTT (4 mM) for 8 h. Immunoblot of ER-phagy-related proteins of U2OS cells treated with four ER stress inducers.

Phenotypic effect of Genetic or Pharmacologic Compromise of the 477 Hsp70-StiA-Hsp90 Complex. The impact of each genetic modification on radial growth, conidiation, and response to various stress conditions was assessed after inoculation of a suspension of 104 conidia on glucose minimal medium (GMM) agar plates and incubation at 37ºC for 5 days.

Using the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α (PFTα), the ability of migration were determined by transwell assay.

Effects of some confirmed hits on IRF7 transcription level in response to IFN-α2a treatment (1 h) in SH-SY5Y cells. Data represent mean expression fold±SEM relative to GAPDH, measured from three independent experiments, each in triplicates. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared to IFN-α2a treated cells.

Drugs across therapeutic indications induce lipid formation in hiPS-CM. Lipid accumulation was detected in cardiac cells using the LipidTox plate-based fluorescent assay on the Thermo Scientific CellInsight High Content platform. A) Ten drugs increased lipid levels in hiPS-CM following 48 h treatment. The lowest drug dose that induced a N1.5-fold increase in lipid formation is shown. B) Representative images (20×) from the assay are shown to the right. All drugs had >55% cell viability at 48 h at these tested concentrations. C) Of these 10 drugs, 8 significantly increased lipid accumulation following only 24 h treatment (images not shown). All drugs had >80% cell viability at 24 h at these drug doses. The graphs represent the mean fold-change of the lowest concentration of drug that significantly induced lipid formation >1.5-fold more than vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.0001.

Low-micromolar amounts of loperamide inhibit MERS-CoV-induced cytopathology. Huh7 cells in 96-well plates were infected with MERS-CoV isolate EMC/2012 (MOI, 0.005) in the presence of 0 to 8 μM LPM (C). Cells were incubated for 2 days, and cell viability was monitored using an MTS assay. In addition, the potential toxicity of compound treatment only was monitored in parallel mock-infected Huh7 cell cultures. Graphs show the results (averages and standard deviations [SD]) of a representative experiment that was performed in quadruplicate. All experiments were repeated at least twice. For each compound, the calculated EC50, CC50, and SI values are given.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

Inhibitory curves and IC50 values for the reference compound flubendazole (B) against VEGFR2.

Assessment of the role of Ca2+ channels during RSV replication. HEp-2 cells were infected with RSV strain long at an MOI of 0.1, and treated with calcium channel blockers nifedipine, nimodipine, and tetrandrine (A), at indicated concentrations. Supernatants were collected at 48 h postinfection and viral titers were determined by immunoplaque assay. Grey bars represent cytotoxicity of the compounds. The data presented were obtained from two independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations from two independent experiments. NS, no differences at a significance level of 0.05.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

E, Analysis of BrCSC viability upon treatment with tamoxifen (tam) and fulvestrant (fulv) at the indicated doses. The experiments were performed in triplicates. ** P<0.01.

Plk inhibitor cooperates with chemotherapeutic agents. Conditional patched mutant tumor cells were treated with increasing concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine alone or in combination with 10 nMol/L BI-2536. Cells were cultured for 48 hours, pulsed with 3H-Td, and harvested for analysis of 3H-Td incorporation at 66 hours.

(A,B) Wild-type C57BL/6 male mice were treated with vehicle (saline) or 10 mg/kg of paraquat (PQ) for 3 days, and mice received VPA (3.5 mg/kg) or anacardic acid (5 mg/kg) starting 24 and 1 h before PQ injection. IL-6 mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR.

Columns depict relative densitometric values that were obtained by comparing with (β-actin. Presenilin 1, Nicastrin, and Pen-2 were increased with the 3-MA treatment (*P<0.001) while the other component of the γ-secretase complex (APH-1 and Presenilin 2) has no difference, compared with the STF-62247 treatment. Moreover, Bace1 and ADAM17 respectively had no difference between 3-MA and STF-62247 treatments. Both autophagy inhibitor and inducer activated α-, β-, and γ-secretases (*P<0.005). Abbreviations: Aβ, beta-amyloid; ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17; APH-1, anterior pharynx-defective 1; APP, amyloid protein precursor; Bace1, beta-site APP cleavage enzyme; 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; Con, control, LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3.

Type I IFNs induce ISG expression in a serine phosphorylation-independent manner. Cells were treated with kinase inhibitors (SB203580, rottlerin, Ly294002, PD98059, and SP600125) before stimulation with IFN-a and IFN-b for 6 hours. Cell lysates were used in western blotting and probed for serine phosphorylation.The relative amounts of pSTAT1 S727 in (up-graph) were quantied and normalized to an untreated control (below-graph).

(F) Kaplan-Meier curves are shown for all groups described: no hydrogel, a hydrogel loaded with paclitaxel, or a hydrogel loaded with doxorubicin. The number of mice per group (n) and median survival (ms) are listed. The experiment was performed at least three times.

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

AURKA and PRL-3's time-scaled distributions in HCT116 were assessed by synchronization and released after serum starvation (SS) for 24 hours or NOC treatment for 12 hours. Arrows, mitotic cells.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.

RA FLSs were pretreated with DMSO (as the control) or various concentrations of a specific PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK15, for 4 h (A). The expression of IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2 and CXCL-10 was measured by real-time qPCR. The data are representative of independent experiments (means ± SEM) from10 RA patients. *P < 0.05, significantly different from control or SiC; #P < 0.05, significantly different from treatment with TNF-α alone

Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.

C, SA-beta gal staining results of A549-LKB1 cells treated by trametinib (30 nmol/L), radiotherapy (2 Gy), and HCQ (50 μmol/L). Cells were treated by HCQ and/or trametinib 4 hours prior to radiotherapy. Drugs were washed out 24 hours after radiotherapy. Cells were incubated for additional 48 hours before staining. D, Clonogenic survival assay of A549-LKB1 cells treated with trametinib (30 nmol/L) and HCQ (50 μmol/L).

LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm

Activity of vorinostat in Jurkat and Peer T-ALL cell lines in an MTT cell viability assay. Cells were treated with increasing drug concentrations for 72 h. The data are plotted as the mean % of DMSO-treated control cells against the corresponding drug concentration. The error bars are the standard error. For each drug and cell line, 3-4 independent experiments were performed with 6 replicates at each drug concentration.

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

Protein blots showing MYC expression in naive and persister cells after 3 d of treatment with 2 uM AKT inhibitor MK-2206 (AKTi) or 10 nM mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (Rapa).

Erlotinib IC50 in HCC827 cell lines measured 48h after treatment with vehicle (control) or with erlotinib. Erlotinib IC50 is shown in parentheses. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. Effects of treatment for 48h with a vehicle or the indicated doses of MP-470 in parental or ER1 and ER2 cell lines in the absence and presence of erlotinib on the indicated biomarkers.

In vivo antitumor efficacies of AZD2281 and GX15-070 alone or in combination in a BxPC-3 xenograft model. Tumor specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4 lm-thick slides for H&E, PCNA, and CD34 staining.

(D) IGROV parental, shControl (two independent clones) and ShPKCiota (two independent clones) were treated with 5 μM GDC-0941 and 1.5 μM PI-103 for 24 hours and subjected to western blot analysis with the indicated antibodies. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

MTORC1 regulates the subcellular distribution of TFEB. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showing nuclear localization of recombinant TFEB-Flag in ARPE-19 cells incubated with MTORC1 inhibitors (PP242, LY294002, Wortmannin).

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

Effects of DPN, LY500307, Raloxifene and Tamoxifen on cell viability in BSO-treated FRDA fibroblasts. BSO concentration was 1 mM and all steroid concentrations were 100 nM. Depicted are mean ± SD for n= 8 per group. * indicated p<0.05 versus BSO alone-treated cells.

Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.

PC-9 and A549 cells were treated with 100 nM siRNA against PUMA and 100 nM negative control (NC) siRNA for 12 h, and treated with the indicated concentrations of RV and ERL in combination for an additional 48 h. The knockdown effects on PUMA were confirmed by Western blot analysis.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 protein expression of U2OS cells treated with DMSO (negative control), Rap (positive control, 500 nM), Tha (1 μM), Tun (2 μg/mL), BFA (10 μg/mL), and DTT (4 mM) for 8 h. Immunoblot of ER-phagy-related proteins of U2OS cells treated with four ER stress inducers.

Phenotypic effect of Genetic or Pharmacologic Compromise of the 477 Hsp70-StiA-Hsp90 Complex. The impact of each genetic modification on radial growth, conidiation, and response to various stress conditions was assessed after inoculation of a suspension of 104 conidia on glucose minimal medium (GMM) agar plates and incubation at 37ºC for 5 days.

Using the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α (PFTα), the ability of migration were determined by transwell assay.

Effects of some confirmed hits on IRF7 transcription level in response to IFN-α2a treatment (1 h) in SH-SY5Y cells. Data represent mean expression fold±SEM relative to GAPDH, measured from three independent experiments, each in triplicates. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared to IFN-α2a treated cells.

Drugs across therapeutic indications induce lipid formation in hiPS-CM. Lipid accumulation was detected in cardiac cells using the LipidTox plate-based fluorescent assay on the Thermo Scientific CellInsight High Content platform. A) Ten drugs increased lipid levels in hiPS-CM following 48 h treatment. The lowest drug dose that induced a N1.5-fold increase in lipid formation is shown. B) Representative images (20×) from the assay are shown to the right. All drugs had >55% cell viability at 48 h at these tested concentrations. C) Of these 10 drugs, 8 significantly increased lipid accumulation following only 24 h treatment (images not shown). All drugs had >80% cell viability at 24 h at these drug doses. The graphs represent the mean fold-change of the lowest concentration of drug that significantly induced lipid formation >1.5-fold more than vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.0001.

Low-micromolar amounts of loperamide inhibit MERS-CoV-induced cytopathology. Huh7 cells in 96-well plates were infected with MERS-CoV isolate EMC/2012 (MOI, 0.005) in the presence of 0 to 8 μM LPM (C). Cells were incubated for 2 days, and cell viability was monitored using an MTS assay. In addition, the potential toxicity of compound treatment only was monitored in parallel mock-infected Huh7 cell cultures. Graphs show the results (averages and standard deviations [SD]) of a representative experiment that was performed in quadruplicate. All experiments were repeated at least twice. For each compound, the calculated EC50, CC50, and SI values are given.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

Inhibitory curves and IC50 values for the reference compound flubendazole (B) against VEGFR2.

Assessment of the role of Ca2+ channels during RSV replication. HEp-2 cells were infected with RSV strain long at an MOI of 0.1, and treated with calcium channel blockers nifedipine, nimodipine, and tetrandrine (A), at indicated concentrations. Supernatants were collected at 48 h postinfection and viral titers were determined by immunoplaque assay. Grey bars represent cytotoxicity of the compounds. The data presented were obtained from two independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations from two independent experiments. NS, no differences at a significance level of 0.05.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

E, Analysis of BrCSC viability upon treatment with tamoxifen (tam) and fulvestrant (fulv) at the indicated doses. The experiments were performed in triplicates. ** P<0.01.

Plk inhibitor cooperates with chemotherapeutic agents. Conditional patched mutant tumor cells were treated with increasing concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine alone or in combination with 10 nMol/L BI-2536. Cells were cultured for 48 hours, pulsed with 3H-Td, and harvested for analysis of 3H-Td incorporation at 66 hours.

(A,B) Wild-type C57BL/6 male mice were treated with vehicle (saline) or 10 mg/kg of paraquat (PQ) for 3 days, and mice received VPA (3.5 mg/kg) or anacardic acid (5 mg/kg) starting 24 and 1 h before PQ injection. IL-6 mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR.

Columns depict relative densitometric values that were obtained by comparing with (β-actin. Presenilin 1, Nicastrin, and Pen-2 were increased with the 3-MA treatment (*P<0.001) while the other component of the γ-secretase complex (APH-1 and Presenilin 2) has no difference, compared with the STF-62247 treatment. Moreover, Bace1 and ADAM17 respectively had no difference between 3-MA and STF-62247 treatments. Both autophagy inhibitor and inducer activated α-, β-, and γ-secretases (*P<0.005). Abbreviations: Aβ, beta-amyloid; ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17; APH-1, anterior pharynx-defective 1; APP, amyloid protein precursor; Bace1, beta-site APP cleavage enzyme; 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; Con, control, LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3.