Autophagy

Effect of different proteasome inhibitors on dysferlin expression and on membrane resealing in cultured primary myoblasts. Primary myoblasts from patient 2 harboring a homozygous Arg555Trp DYSF mutation that were treated with the indicated amounts of bortezomib for 24 hours. Western blots of protein extracts were stained with anti-dysferlin antibodies and with anti–a-tubulin antibody as loading control.

Inhibition of PI3K, ERK and mTOR prevents the activation of S6K1 and S6 induced by suppression of PKD1 activity. A549 cells were incubated in the absence (-) or presence of either 5 uM Kb or 5 uM Kb and 20 uM LY294002 or 5 uM Kb and 10 uM BKM120 (as indicated) for 1 h prior to stimulation of cells with 50 nM PMA for 30 min and 1 h.

 

Effects of NVP-BKM120 and KU-55933 and their combination on the DNA damage response. A, HCC1937 cells were treated for 18 hours with NVP-BKM120 at 2.5 μmol/L, KU-55933 at 10 μmol/L, or their combination, subjected to ionizing radiation(IR) with 10 Gy or mock, lysed 6 hours later, and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated.

Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.

Microscope image (406) magnification of U937 cells after exposure to SM-TNs. a) Untreated U937 cells. b) U937 cells treated with 200 nM, and 35 nM ODS empty shells. c) U937 cells treated with microcrystalline (free) Taxol prepared by sonicating Taxol in 20%H3PO4/0.8% SDS solution. d) U937 cells treated with 200 nM SM-TN. A SM-TN is seen in the middle of the picture. e) U937 cells treated with 35 nM SMTN.The nanowires are too small to see at this magnification, but their effect on the cells is clearly visible. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Loss of DUSP4 function upregulates IL-6 and IL-8 and enhances mammosphere growth. Immunoblot analysis of MDA-231 cells after treatment of 24 hours with 1 umol/L selumetinib (MEKi) or 10 umol/L SP600125 (JNKi). I, MDA-231 mammosphere formation quantitated by GelCount software 7 days after siRNA transfection. Where indicated, selumetinib (MEKi) or SP600125 (JNK1) or the combination was added to the mammosphere cultures.

 

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

The inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways suppressed EBV-mediated EMT, and prevented the activation of Syk and Src signaling. The EBV-infected HCECs were treated with 100 nM of the dual TGF-β receptor I and II kinase inhibitor, LY2109761, for 48 hours. The EBV-infected HCECs were cultured with anti-TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody (5 ug/mL) or mouse IgG1 antibody (5 ug/mL) for 48 hours. Photographs were taken at x100 magnification by a digital camera.

granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. *P < 0.05 (**P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.

Protein expression by western blot analysis of cell lysates from MCF-7, TAM^R-4 and 164^R-7 cells treated for 3 days with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 1 uM or 1.5 uM WP1130.

Verteporfin treatment inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Tsc1-null cells in vivo. Mice were administered i.p. with vehicle or verteporfin at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day for 10 d before sacrifice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 wk of age. Three independent experiments were performed and mice in different treatments were pooled for analysis. Percentage of Ki67 and αSMA double-positive cells in α-SMA+ mesenchymal lesions in the indicated kidneys. Immunofluorescence staining and counting were performed on three sagittal sections from different kidney regions for each mouse.

Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.

Cytosolic extracts or nuclear extracts were examined by Western blot analysis using Abs against p105/p50, p100/p52 and phospho-p65. Solid arrowhead indicates a non-specific band. A nuclear marker, PARP, and cytosolic marker, b-tubulin, were used to assess the purity of each fraction.

A, HeLa cells were treated with DMSO, Taxol (100 nM for 16 h), or Nocodazole (Noco, 100 ng/ml for 16 h). Total cell lysates were probed with the indicated antibodies against Hippo components on Phos-tag SDS-polyacrylamide gels. O and * mark the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins, respectively.

a-d) LoVo cells were separately or simultaneously treated with 1 μM purmorphamine and 1 μM thiostrepton for the indicated time. a The Gli1, FoxM1, and CCNB1 protein expression levels were examined by immunoblotting after drug treatment for 48 h. b Cell viability was detected after 6 days using an MTT assay. c LoVo cells treated with indicated drugs were cultured for 2 weeks, and outgrowth colonies were stained with crystal violet. d The matched colony count of (c). Error bars represent the mean and S.D. of three independent experiments. **, p < 0.01.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.

GSK2656157 inhibits excessive autophagy in kri1lcas002 HSPCs. Representative confocal images of mCherry-Lc3 puncta (autophagosomes) in kri1lcas002 mutant embryos in Tg (cmyb: egfp) transgenic background are shown. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Motor disturbances of the rat hindlimbs after SCI, using an inclined plane test. Key: ◇ = PBS group; ■ = Sal B group; ▲ = methylprednisolone group.

Mitochondrial depolarization mediated relocation of mitochondrial RC-TPP into lysosomes and the ensuing lysosomal acidity triggered rhodamine fluorescence. RC-TPP-loaded Tom20-GFP+ HeLa cells were treated without or with CCCP (20 μM) in the presence or absence of BFA (200 nM). Colocalization of Tom20-GFP (in green) and mitochondrial RC-TPP (in blue) is shown in cyan. Scale bar: 10 μm.

Effect of pifithrin-μ (the inhibitor of mitochondrial translocation of p53) on MEG3-induced apoptosis in TGF-β1-treated LX-2 cells. The inhibitor pifithrin-μ attenuated cleavage of caspase 3 which blocked apoptosis. The results are expressed as relative expression against control expression without treatment.

b EdU incorporation assays indicated PFK15 inhibited the cell proliferation of Cal27 cells. c The quantitative data of the EdU incorporation assays.

Inhibition of autophagy advances LPS-induced accumulation of G-MDSCs in vivo and in vitro. (A-E) C57BL/6 mice were treated with SBI-0206965 (5 μg/g) or vehicle for 2 h followed by LPS challenge (10 μg/g). Percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (A, C), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (B, D) and CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (B, E) in spleens of these mice were analyzed with FACS at 12, 24 and 36 hours. The data are shown as the means ± SEM (n=5 replicates/group) and are representative of three independent experiments. (F, G) Bone marrow cells were pretreated with SBI-0206965 (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 2 h and then cultured with GM-CSF (40 ng/ml) and IL-6 (40 ng/ml). Four days later, the percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs (F), CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow G-MDSCs (G) and CD11b+Ly6G- Ly6Chigh M-MDSCs (G) were analyzed with FACS. Data are representative from one out of three biological replicates, each with three technical replicates. Error bars represent S.E.M. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, as determined by ANOVA tests; ns denotes p > 0.05.

Western blot analyses show significant inhibition of autophagy-related gene expression in Spautin-1 treated OCI-AML2 cells after Ara-C treatment.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.

Paeoniflorin (PF) protects the heart against MI-induced injury in DM mice. Heart function was analyzed by measuring fractional shortening {FS = [LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD)-LVend systolic diameter (LVESD)]×100/LVEDD} and LV ejection fraction [LVEF = (LVEDD2−LVESD2)/LVEDD2].

(c) Functional bile canaliculi or lack thereof in PHHs within MPTCs (12 d of drug treatment) as visualized by transport of fluorescent (green) dye into the canaliculi between PHHs. DMSO-treated MPCC control image is shown to the far right. (d) Neutral lipid (Nile red, green) staining of PHHs within MPTCs (12 d of drug treatment). DMSO-treated MPCC control image is shown to the far right. (e) NR1I2 (PXR) gene expression in drug-treated MPTCs relative to DMSOtreated MPTC controls (12 d of treatment). (f) ABCC2 (MRP2) gene expression in drug-treated MPTCs relative to DMSO-treated MPTC controls (12 d of treatment). (g) IL-6 levels in drug-treated MPTC supernatants (6 d of treatment). In all panels, statistical significance is displayed relative to DMSO-treated MPTCs. *p r 0.05, **p r 0.01, ***p r 0.001, and ****p r 0.0001. Scale bars on images represent 80 mm.

The combined treatment with miR-140-5p mimics and some common chemotherapeutics did not have any effect on the SK-MES1 cell line, whereas miR-140-5p and DMH1 and cisplatin decreased the proliferation of the A549 cells. Data are presented as mean±SEM of three individual experiments undertaken in triplicate. t-Test was used to assess significance with *p<0.05.

C, SA-beta gal staining results of A549-LKB1 cells treated by trametinib (30 nmol/L), radiotherapy (2 Gy), and HCQ (50 μmol/L). Cells were treated by HCQ and/or trametinib 4 hours prior to radiotherapy. Drugs were washed out 24 hours after radiotherapy. Cells were incubated for additional 48 hours before staining. D, Clonogenic survival assay of A549-LKB1 cells treated with trametinib (30 nmol/L) and HCQ (50 μmol/L).

(E-F) Images and results from microfluidic devices containing human kidney capillaries from young healthy kidneys (n = 6 per group, 2 donors) (E) or aged hypertensive kidneys (n = 5 per group, 1 donor) (F), stimulated to undergo sprouting angiogenesis with VEGF. In the presence of the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 both healthy capillaries and aged capillaries successfully form new capillaries with tip-stalk structures. FOXO1 inhibition enables angiogenic capacity in kidney MVECs like that seen in HUVECs. Capillaries engineered from aged hypertensive kidneys had a higher tendency to form new vascular structures, although these did not show tip cell morphology (F, lower left images). FOXO1 inhibition enhanced new vessel formation with obvious tip cell morphology. Note bpV was less effective in aged capillary.

RT-112 and RT-112 (CisPt-R) cells were treated with cisplatin, SAR405, and a combination of both in absence and presence of QVD (10 µM). Again, the concentrations used were the IC50 or half IC50 values for RT-112 (CisPt-R) and RT-112, respectively. After 48 hours, the cells were lysed, and cleared cellular lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting for PARP, caspase-3 (Casp3), and Actin. One representative immunoblot is shown.

LC3 and DAPI immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect autophagy in VSC4.1 cells treated with 25 mM HD alone, 25 mM HD + 5 μM PIK-III, 5 μM PIK-III and 0.1% DMSO alone (control group). Scale bar: 20 μm

(D) Microglial cultures treated with 300 μM H2O2 alone or 100 μM SNAP plus 300 μM H2O2 for 24 h in the absence or presence of a chemical inhibitor (20 μM VER-155008 or 20 μM SnPP) were subjected to the determination of cell viability (MTT reduction assay). ∗p < 0.05 vs. H2O2 (300 μM) alone. +p < 0.05 vs. SNAP (100 μM) plus H2O2 (300 μM).

VE-cadherin-induced Akt activation mediates YAP phosphorylation and translocation in ECs. HUVECs were starved for 1h and treated with thrombin (1U) for 1h. Total cell lysates were probed with anti-pAkt, Akt or b-actin antibody. The representative blots of three independent experiments are depicted, and the normalized values for p-Akt are shown. HUVECs were cultured and starved as described as in d and incubated for 8h in complete medium with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 (1 uM). pAkt, Akt, pYAP and YAP were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.

The regressing tumour microenvironment stimulates the outgrowth, infiltration and metastasis of drug-resistant clones. b, Bioluminescent signal of drug-resistant A375RTGL cells in vemurafenib-sensitive, A375 tumours, treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 5 days (vehicle, n = 36; vemurafenib, n = 15 tumours). D, day. c, EdU incorporation in A375R-TGL cells in A375/A375R-TGL tumours treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 4 days, as determined by FACS (vehicle, n = 8; vemurafenib, n = 6 tumours). d, Bioluminescent signal of A375R-TGL tumours alone, treated with vehicle or vemurafenib for 5 days (vehicle, n 5 38; vemurafenib, n = 15 tumours). e, Bioluminescent signal of TGLexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells (A375R, M249R4, PC9 and H2030) in drug-sensitive tumours (Colo800, LOX, UACC62, M249, H3122 and HCC827) treated with vehicle or drugs (vemurafenib, crizotinib and erlotinib) for 5 days (n (from left to right on the graph) = 6, 7, 12, 12, 9, 9, 25, 26, 9, 12, 12, 12, 16 and 11 tumours). f, Spontaneous lung metastasis by A375R cells in mice bearing A375/A375R-TGL tumours treated with vehicle or vemurafenib (10 days), visualized by BLI (n = 4).

Western blot analysis of histone H3 acetylation in the spleen of untreated and vorinostat-treated hNF-E2 tg mice (n = 4 of each genotype).

Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.

The Rho GTPase-JNK pathway is required for the inhibitory effects of vandetanib on Calu-6 cells invasion. Calu-6 cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of vandetanib (1 or 2 uM), SP600125 (50 or 100 uM), and Y27632 (5 or 10 uM). The morphology of the Calu-6 cells was examined under a light microscope. Scale bar: 50 um.

MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 10 uM MG132 and incubated under normoxia or hypoxia for 4 h. Endogenous interaction between LATS2 and SIAH2 was analysed by immunoprecipitation.

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

Combinational treatment of kinase inhibitors induces the similar phenotype produced by PP1. All images are lateral view with dorsal to the top and anterior to the left. The combinational treatment of Dasatinib (D) or U0126 (U) with Sunitinib (SU),PTK787 (PTK), or ZM323881 (Z) resulted in the shrinkage of dorsal aorta.

H4-LC3-GFP cells were treated with 1 nM IFNA2 for the indicated periods in the presence of 200 nM rapamycin. Images of the cells were collected using an ArrayScan HCS 4.0 Reader. Representative cells are shown. The average spot intensity in 500 cells from each indicated sample was determined. Data are displayed as means ?SD of the spot intensity per cell (below). RLU, relative leight unit.

(c) Western blot analyses of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-S6RP (Ser235 and Ser236) in two RCT-E565 transplanted tumors treated with vehicle or PF02341066. Samples were isolated 4 h after the last dose from mice treated with PF02341066 for 3 d. (d) Responses of RCT-E565 transplanted tumors in athymic mice to PF02341066 or vehicle. Data are means ±s.e.m. (each group, n = 6). *P < 0.005, **P < 0.001 (Student^,s t test).

Effects of combined treatment with erlotinib and NPS-1034 in HCC827/ER cells with AXL activation. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with an anti-AXL antibody and immunoblotted with antibodies for phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) and AXL. HCC827/ER cells were treated with erlotinib. E, erlotinib; N, NPS-1034. **, P < 0.001 for the combination of erlotinib plus NPS-1034 versus either the control or drug alone.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

Perturbation of EGFR by its ligand EGF and gefitinib (ZD-1839 Iressat; inhibits EGFR) produces opposite responses in the predicted EGFR target genes SOCS2 and NR2E1.

 

Number of foci detected using laser confocal microscopy and fluorescent Fluor 647 anti-H2A.X-phosphorylated (Ser139) antibody. Double-stranded breaks (red) are clearly augmented in cells incubated with 500 nmol/l of ABT-888 and 500 nmol/l of AZD-2281 compared with PBS and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide controls. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ and the ‘analyze particle’ function.

(A) U87 cells were cultured in the presence of DMSO, 1 uM MS-275 alone, 100 ng/ml IFN-λ1 alone, or both for the course of 4 d. Cell numbers were manually determined by hemacytometer counting at the indicated time points. (B, F) Cell proliferation of U87 cells or U87 spheroids in 3D culture with indicated treatment were performed using the WST-1 assay, which measures active cellular metabolism. (C) U87 spheroid formation in 3D culture was photographed at day 14 in culture (representative images are shown; 200x magnification). (D-E) Quantification of the relative sizes and numbers of U87 spheroids in (C). (G) Cell cycle analysis was performed in U87 cells with indicated treatment using propidium iodide staining. Numbers in the histogram show fractions (percent) of sub-G1, N, 2N, and polyploidy from left to right. (H) U87 cells with indicated treatment were stained with Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD. Numbers indicate the percentage of FITC-positive cells (upper left quadrant). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin. In all panels, data represent the mean and SEM of at least three experiments.

TGF-β induces mTORC2 activation. ( A ) NMuMG cells were treated with TGF-β for the indicated times before lysis and immunoblotting. (B ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-Rictor immunoprecipitation, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assays using kinase-inactive Akt1 as a substrate, before immunoblotting of the kinase reactions, immunoprecipitates and cell lysates. The left panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. ( C ) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β or insulin for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or GDC-0941. The kinase activity of mTORC2 was then assessed as in B. The top panels are from the same gel, without differential exposure. (D) NMuMG cells were treated or not with TGF-β for the indicated times, in the presence or absence of SB431542 or LY294002. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using Rictor antibody, and/or immunoblotted.

ERK phosphorylates FBW7 at T205. PANC-1 cells were pretreated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and trametinib, as indicated, overnight before harvest. Endogenous FBW7 phosphorylation status was examined by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitates (IP).

STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.

LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors exhibit synergistic growth inhibition. Cells were simultaneously treated with pargyline or HDAC inhibitors for 48 h.

 

THOC5 phospho-Y225 levels were assessed in the populations shown by flow cytometry following 24 h treatment with 5 μM imatinib, 150 nM dasatinib or 5 μM nilotinib. Results are displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (n= 4) ±s.e.m.

Alisertib inhibits AURKA and AURKB in a concentration-dependent manner. (a) Alisertib induces G 2 /M delay or genome reduplication. HeLa cells were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. The positions of 2N, 4N and 8N DNA contents are indicated. (b) Alisertib delays mitotic exit or induces slippage. HeLa cells stably expressing histone H2B-GFP were exposed to buffer or the indicated concentrations of Alisertib. Individual cells were then tracked for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. Each horizontal bar represents one cell (n ¼ 50). Key: light gray ¼ interphase; black ¼ mitosis (from DNA condensation to anaphase or mitotic slippage); dark gray ¼ interphase after mitotic slippage; truncated bars ¼ cell death. (c) Different concentrations of Alisertib are involved in delaying mitotic exit and inducing slippage. Live-cell imaging of cells treated with Alisertib was described in panel (b). The duration of mitosis (mean±90% confidence interval) and the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic slippage during the imaging period was quantified. (d) Alisertib promotes apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The cells were then harvested and analyzed with flow cytometry. (e) Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of Alisertib. HeLa cells were cultured in the presence of the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 48 h. The number of live and dead cells was analyzed with trypan blue exclusion assay. (f) Concentration-dependent suppression of long-term survival by Alisertib. HeLa cells were seeded on 60-mm culture plates and grown in the presence of 250 n M or 1 m M of Alisertib. After 24 h, the cells were washed gently and propagated in normal medium for another 10–12 days. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet solution (examples of the plates are shown). Average±s.d. from three independent experiments. (g) Both AURKA and AURKB are inhibited by Alisertib.Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 2 h. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232were detected with immunoblotting. The asterisk indicates the position of an AURKB-like protein (the same throughout this study). Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. In this assay, nocodazole and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) were added to prevent the cells from exiting mitosis. Accordingly, the total AURKA and AURKB levels remained constant throughout the experiment. (h) Alisertib prevents activation of AURKA and AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of Alisertib for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap cells that entered mitosis. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer.

Inhibition of signaling pathway activation in lung tumor cell lines by kinase inhibitors. Lung tumor cells were cultured in 10% FBS until reaching ∼80% confluence and then the cells were starved in serum-free medium for overnight, followed by 4-hour treatment with the inhibitors. Cell lysates were then prepared and used for determination of the pathway activation signals by the CEER assay.

293T cells were transfected with HA-tagged Fbxo45. At 48 h after transfection, cells were treated with AKT inhibitor (CAL-101; 10 uM, 4 h), cell extracts from the cytoplasm or nuclei were subjected to IP with anti-HA resin followed by western blot analysis with indicated antibodies.

Senescence induction upon PKCι depletion combined with aurora kinase inhibition. ( a) MCF7 cells were transfected as above to deplete PKCι . Two days after transfection, cells were treated for the indicated time period with 400 n M VX-680. Medium with VX-680 was then removed and fresh medium was added. Cells were stained for SA-b -gal activity 5 days after the start of transfection.* indicates a P value <0.05. ( b) MCF7 cells were treated as above. Five days after transfection, cells were fixed and assessed for the presence of gH2AX foci by immunofluorescence microscopy. (c, d) MCF7 cells were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control or 400 n M VX-680 for the indicated time periods. Total cell lysates were then analyzed by western blotting for levels of p21 and GAPDH (as loading control). A representative blot is shown in panel c. Quantitation of changes in p21 levels (normalized to vehicle-treated controls) is shown in panel d. The data shown are the means ±s.e. of three independent experiments.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

C and D, in vivo subcutaneous tumor growth curves (C) and tumor weight quantification of intersected subcutaneous tumor tissues (D) of Huh7 cells after stable LHBs expression under saracatinib treatment (25 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 weeks; n =18). *, P < 0.05. E and F,in vivo subcutaneous tumor growth curves (E) and tumor weight quantification of intersected subcutaneous tumor tissues (F) of SK-Hep1 cells after stable LHBs expression under saracatinib treatment (25 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 weeks; n = 18). *, P < 0.05.

In vivo antitumor efficacies of AZD2281 and GX15-070 alone or in combination in a BxPC-3 xenograft model. Tumor specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4 lm-thick slides for H&E, PCNA, and CD34 staining.

SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.

MM cell lines UM9 (left panel) or U266 (right panel) were cultured in presence or absence of accessory cells prior to incubation with CTLs alone, YM155 alone or the combination. Survival of UM9 and U266 MM cells was assessed by CS-BLI. Results show % lysis of MM cells after 24 hour incubation and are depicted for three doses.

Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.

 

Inhibition of thymidine (a and b) and cytarabine (c and d) uptake with imatinib. K562 cells (a and c) and MEG-01 cells (b and d) were incubated at 37 ◦C for 15 min with imatinib transport buffer, and then incubated with 0.5 Ci of [3H] thymidine or [3H] cytarabine for an additional 5 min in presence of imatinib. Cells were then washed 3 times, lysed and radioactivity associated to cell pellets was quantified. DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPD, dipyridamole.

Effect of nilotinib on Bcr-Abl kinase activity in ABCB1- and ABCG2- overexpressing CD34⁺CD38^- cells. K562 parental cells and CD34⁺CD38^- subpopulation isolated from K562 cells were treated with nilotinib at 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 umol/L for 12 h. Equal amount of protein was loaded for western blot analysis as described in the Experimental section. The experiments were repeated at least three times independently, and a representative experiment is shown.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Vandetanib increases membrane localization of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). MS1 endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with 1 μmol/L of vandetanib or matched vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]). Western blotting analysis showed that vandetanib increases membrane localization of eNOS compared with control (*P<0.04; n=4 per group, studies done in triplicate). These findings show that vandetanib increased the membrane localization of eNOS compared with control.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

 

Comparison of MCAS ovarian cancer cells harboring control and CtBP2 knockdown shRNAs for sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. For each cell line, the MTT reading of the untreated cells was assigned as 100%. HDAC inhibitors: (a) Trichostatin A; (b) Vorinostat; (c) Belinostat; (d) MGCD0103; (e) valproic acid; and (f ) carboplatin, a non-HDAC inhibitor.

Hepatoma cells 24 h after plating were treated with vehicle (DMSO), regorafenib (REGO, 0.5 µM), PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil, 2 µM); or the drugs in combination. 24 hours after treatment cells were isolated and viability determined by trypan blue (n=3, SEM). *P 0.05

PAI-1 expression in HUVECs treated with drugs as indicated.(D) senescent HUVECs were treated with SRT1720, culturing for 24, 48 hours. PAI-1 mRNA and protein (E) levels were analyzed using real-time RT–PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The RNA and protein levels were normalized to the internal control β-actin. Data are presented as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. corresponding control. **P < 0.01 vs. corresponding control ***P < 0.001 vs. corresponding control.

Effect of HDIL-2/TKI on apoptosis of RCC cells. Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of Pazopanib and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

A,IC50 of Bosutinib that block ANDV-induced EC permeability. Endothelial cells were ANDV infected, and 3 days postinfection the permeability of cells in response to VEGF addition was determined in the presence or absence of increasing amounts of kinase inhibitor. The effect of inhibitors is presented as the percentage of ANDV-induced permeability of inhibitor-treated monolayers 3 days postinfection and 30 min post-VEGF and FITC-dextran addition. B, VEGFR2-Src inhibitors block ANDV-induced permeability. Endothelial cells were plated on vitronectin-coated Transwell inserts and infected at an MOI of 0.5 in triplicate with ANDV. Three days postinfection, the permeability of ANDV- and mock-infected endothelial cell monolayers was determined as described for Fig. 1 at indicated times in the presence or absence of Bosutinib .

Western blots of EZH2 expression in A549, HCC461, and HCC4006 cells upon treatment with different doses of VEGFR-2-inhibitor AZD2171 (0, 5 and 10 nM). AZD2171 decreased the expression of EZH2 in HCC4006 and HCC461 cells expressing VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not do so in A549 cells lacking expression of VEGFR-2.

Inhibition of LSD1 activity by HDAC inhibitors. a MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were exposed to indicated HDAC inhibitors for 24 h.

C, Jurkat cells with SB202190 at 1, 5, and 10 μM were tested, and a decreased SRP72 expression was found when using at 10 μM (lanes 8 and 9). D, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 10 μM at 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min (p<0.05).

 

Validation of activity and specificity of chemical inhibitors of; ATM, ATR, and DNAPK. H460 cells were treated with 1 uM camptothecin (CPT) or 20 ug/ml bleomycin for 1 h in the presence of the indicated inhibitors: DNAPK-i1—NU7026, DNAPK-i2—NU7441. MSH6,

PTPH1 confers breast cancer cell sensitivity to fulvestrant. E and F, PTPH1 overexpression increases the growth inhibition by fulvestrant. PTPH1 was overexpressed by a Tet-on system or a stable transfection, and resultant cells were incubated with fulvestrant as indicated for about 2 weeks. Colony formed was stained and counted. Results shown are normalized to its own solvent control of Vector and PTPH1-overexpressed cells, respectively (means ± SD; n = 3–5) with insets showing PTPH1 overexpression. *, versus vector or no Tet cells for E and F.

Effect of crizotinib, tivantinib, and SU11274 on levels of c-MET phosphorylation and downstream signaling pathway in SW1736 and TL3 thyroid cancer cells. Cells were prestarved in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS (24 hour) ?either crizotinib or tivantinib (0.1, 1.0, and 10 umol/L) or SU11274 (10 umol/L), and stimulated with 20 ng/mL recombinant human HGF for 10 minutes before lysates were made for Western blotting. A series of c-MET downstream signaling pathway proteins and phosphor proteins were detected using Western blotting. β-Actin was used as a loading balance control.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. Cells were pretreated ±1 umol/L olaparib (2 hours) then sequentially ±150 nmol/L PTX (24 hours), then ± GMX 12 nmol/L (48 hours). PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A by Western blotting.

Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.

Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.

Mice bearing subcutaneous allografts of conditional patched mutant tumor cells were treated twice weekly with vehicle (saline) or 30 mg/kg PHA-739358. (B)Images of tumors. (C) Tumor weights. Each point represents a single tumor, and grey lines represent mean tumor weights, which were significantly different between vehicle and PHA-739358 treated mice (p < 0.05, based on paired two-tailed t-test).

THP-1 cells were treated with cytarabine alone and in combination with ABT-199 for 8 h. Whole cell lysates were extracted and subjected to Western blotting, and probed with anti-γH2AX or -β-actin antibody. Densitometry for γH2AX expression was measured, normalized to β-actin, and graphed as fold change compared to the no drug control. The data are presented as mean ± standard error from at least 3 independent Western blots. * indicates p < 0.05.

(C) In vivo treatment of Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Pomc-eGFP embryos with small-molecule CDK inhibitors (50 μM) or 0.2% DMSO as control from 18 to 40 hpf. One hundred to one hundred fifty embryos were treated with each compound. Representative images of live embryos are shown with gross morphology (Right) and pituitary Pomc-GFP-positive cells at higher magnification (Left) at 40 hpf. Embryos exposed to flavopiridol developed early developmental defect before pituitary POMC cell ontogeny occurs. (D) Relative expression of pituitary Pomc-eGFP fluorescence analyzed using Volocity 5.2 software (Improvision; mean ±SE of relative expression, n = 7). (E) R-roscovitine specifically suppresses expansion of pituitary POMC cells overexpressing zPttg from 18 to 48 hpf. Double transgenic Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos were generated by breeding Tg:Pomc-Pttg fish with a previously generated PRL-RFP transgenic line, in which RFP was targeted to pituitary lactotrophs by a zebrafish Prolactin promoter (34). Representative fluorescent microscopy of pituitary POMC-eGFP (a and b) and PRL-RFP (c and d) expression in live Tg:Pomc-Pttg; Pomc-eGFP and Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos treated with 0.2% DMSO (a and c) or 50 μM R-roscovitine (b and d). (F) Relative expression of pituitary POMC-eGFP or PRL-RFP fluorescence were analyzed (mean ±SE of relative expression; n = 10). Results represent one of three similar experiments;*P < 0.02 and **P < 0.000005. (Scale bar, 50 μm.)

VCaP cells were steroid starved overnight then treated with 10nM R1881 and PIM kinase inhibitor SGI-1776 as indicated for 4 hours. Total protein lysates were analyzed by Western blot with antibodies against P-AR S213, AR (total), P-4EBP1 Thr 37/46, and tubulin.

Aberrantly activated PI3K/AKT pathway mediates lapatinib resistance in SK-BR-3-LR cells. (A and B) After drug treatment, phosphorylation of HER2, EGFR, AKT, and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies.

C57BL/6 mice were implanted in the striatum with citrine-GL26-Cherry-HMGB1, which were stably transfected to express the YFP citrine and HMGB1 fused to red fluorescent protein cherry. Fourteen days later, they were treated with saline, Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L, or Ad-TK+Ad-Flt3L+TMZ (temozolomide). Five days after treatment, the cellular location of cherry-HMGB1 in these cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. Arrows, tumor cells (green) with cytoplasmic HMGB1 (red).

Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 was performed to determine cell proliferation in the tumors. Each tissue section was counted manually in three different areas to assess the Ki67-positive cell index. Data were then presented as number of Ki67-positive cells per x 400 microscope field. Results are presented as the means s.d. **P < 0.001 by Student 's t-test, compared with control.

Effect of FK506 on cytosolic calcium homeostasis induced by TG and thrombin in human platelets. (A-B) Human platelets were suspended in a Ca 2+-free medium (100 µM of EGTA was added as indicated by arrowhead), and preincubated for 5 min at 37oC in the absence (solid black traces) or presence of increased concentrations (0.01-100 µM) of FK506 (light-doted and dark solid-grey traces, respectively). Cells were then stimulated with TG (200 nM; A) or Thr (0.1 U/mL; B) and 3 min later 300 μM of CaCl2 was added to extracellular medium to visualize calcium entry.

Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.

The ROCK inhibitors fasudil and Y27632 prevented SCP2 cell bone metastasis in nude mice (n = 10 per group). Shown are BLI images of bone metastases, IHC analyses of SMAD3 C-tail phosphorylation and PTHLH, osteoclast TRAP staining, and BLI quantitation.

Immunocytochemical staining of SW620 (metastatic) cells after treatment with 10 uM oxaliplatin (F) or 10 uM ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg 3 (G) and negative staining (H). Cells demonstrated differential expression of histone H4.

MK-1775 and LY2603618 synergize to induce apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary patient samples. U937 and CTS cells were treated for 8 h. Whole cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting and probed with anti-γH2AX, -pCHK1, -p-cdc25c, -p-CDK1, -p-CDK2, -CDK1, or -β-actin antibody. Densitometry measurements, as described in the Materials and methods section, are shown below the corresponding Western blot.

Comparative efficacy of anticancer therapies (Flavopiridol, vincristine, daunorubicin, et al.) in NMC vs non-NMC cell lines. Mean IC50 (± s.e.m.) of the indicated agents in three NMC (PER-403, PER-624, and PER-704) and two non-NMC cell lines (PER-535 and SAOS2), ***P<0.001, unpaired t-test, corrected for multiple testing.

The BET protein inhibitor JQ1 reduces c-Myc expression and attenuates primary MCC cell proliferation. A, decreased c-Myc expression in MCC-3 and MCC-5 treated with JQ1 (800 nmol/L) for 72 hours by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. The mRNA expression of target genes was normalized to that of MRPS2 and a value of 1.0 was assigned to the mRNA expression of target genes in the control group (means+SEM; **, P < 0.01 vs. control); b-actin was used as a loading control for immunoblotting.

Isolation of cd T cells. PBMCs were cultured in the presence of 400 nM ZA and 200 IU/ml IL-2 over 10 days. cd T cells were isolated by negative MACS isolation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed co-expression of CD3 and TCRcd on over 99% of cells of the flow through fraction (A). The T cells expressed the TCRVd2 chain (B) and the CD56 protein (C).

IL-6- supported INA-6 cells were treated with the JAK inhibitors ruxolitinib (Rux; 10 nM) or CYT387 (CYT; 50 nM) for 1 hour and assessed for inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation by immunoblotting.

LAT2 is degraded by proteasomes after treatment with alkylphospholipids. (A): 3-h treatment of NB4 cells before exposure to the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (10 M) prevented the reduction of LAT2 induced by 25 M ODPC. (B)(C): a similar effect was observed after exposure (30 min) of NB4 cells to the proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 (5 M) followed by treatment with 25 M ODPC (B) or 25 M perifosine (C).

Effects of DPN, LY500307, Raloxifene and Tamoxifen on cell viability in BSO-treated FRDA fibroblasts. BSO concentration was 1 mM and all steroid concentrations were 100 nM. Depicted are mean ± SD for n= 8 per group. * indicated p<0.05 versus BSO alone-treated cells.

Uterus from mice treated with Letrozole. (A) 13 weeks old aP2-Cre/ERα^flox/flox mice treated with vehicle have swollen abdomen while littermates treated with Letrozole for 17 days looks normal (B). (C) Uterus from vehicle treated aP2-/ERαflox/flox mice with severe hydrometra. (D) Uterus from Letrozole treated aP2-Cre/ERα^flox/flox mice looks normal.

Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown increases select chemotherapy sensitivities. MTS assay was performed for Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown mouse aRMS tumor cells treated with DNA damaging agents and microtubule inhibitors. Pax3:Foxo1a knockdown reduced the concentration at which viability was impaired by 50% (IC50) of topotecan by 4.8 fold, respectively, yet did not affect the IC50 of mafosfamide.

Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.

Pancreatic cancer cell lines (CFPAC-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with siHIF-1 and 2-ME and then evaluate the expression HIF-1α, CRT and P-eIF2α by Western blotting experiment.

R-2HG treatment or chemotherapeutic treatment, especially their combinations, decrease MYC levels in leukemic cells (using MONOMAC-6 as a representative). AZA:Azacitidine.

Primary myoblasts from patient 2 harboring a homozygous Arg555Trp DYSF mutation that were treated with the indicated amounts of MLN2238 for 24 hours.

Lysates of HCT116p53KO cells were harvested 24 hs after treatment with different GSK3 inhibitors and GSK3A/B activation/inactivation checked by western blot: a mix of pSer21-GSK3A and pSer9-GSK3B antibodies and antibody cross-reacting with both pTyr279-GSK3A and pTyr216-GSK3B were used to assess the specificity of the inhibitor for GSK3A. BIO: 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, TWS: TWS119, SB2: SB216763, SB4: SB415286.

Immunoblots from AR + TNBC cell lines treated with either CDX (25 uM), GDC-0941 (300 nM) or GDC0980 (100 nM) as single agents or CDX in combination with either GDC-0941 or GDC-0980 for 48 h analyzed for AR, p-AKT, AKT, p-S6, S6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein.

Expressions of active forms of all p90RSK isoforms were assessed by immunoblotting in Control vs. GR cells following treatment with increasing concentrations of BI-D1870 for 24 hours. Actin was included as a loading control.

Cellular senescence and SIRT1 phosphorylation was monitored in PAECs (P2) incubated in DMEM containing HDL (50 mg/L), LDL (50 mg/L), or resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hours.

Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.

Viability and CI vs Fa after 24-h exposure to cytarabine alone or in combination with ABT-199 in Riva, U2932 and VavP-Bcl2/c-MYC murine tumor cells. Viability shown at 500 nM (500 ng/ml for cytarabine; quadruplicates±s.e.m.).

Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.

PI3K/AKT were involved in the E2 induced decrease of Caov-3 cell anoikis. Caov-3 cells were pretreated by different signaling pathway inhibitors and Bit1 expression was determined by western blotting.

Sensitivity of AML cells to conventional induction treatment and small-molecule p53 activators. Cell viability in OCI-AML3 cells treated for 24 hours with cytarabin/idarubicin (CI) and Nultin-3A (Nut; A), CI and Leptomycin-B (LMB; B), or Nut and LMB (D), respectively. CI was tested at 0, 100, 200, and 300 nmol/L CI; Nutlin-3A at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5; and LMB at 0, 2, 8, 32 ng/mL in dosages 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cell viability in normal and AML bone marrow cells.

RNA incorporating drugs induce SG assembly. HeLa cells were treated with the RNA incorporating agents 5-azacytidine (50 uM) and 6-thioguanine (10 uM), or the DNA incorporating agents trifluorothymidine (10 uM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h. Subsequently, the cellular localization of the SG marker protein TIAR (green) and the P-body marker protein DCP1 (red) was analyzed. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst. Scale bars represent 20 um.

After treated with PF-4708671 (PF, 10 uM) and 4EGI-1 (50 uM) for 48 h, GRP78 and ATF4 in QBC939, RBE and HCCC-9810 cells were analyzed using western blot.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

Effect of telmisartan and other treatments on (a) nitric oxide, (b) serum cortisol level. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical significances were determined using one way ANOVA followed by dunnetts post hoc test. ###p < 0.001 as compared with normal, *p < 0.05, *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to STZ control. TMS: telmisartan, MET: metformin, FLX: fluoxetine. The figure in parenthesis indicates the dose in mg/kg po.

The effects of H89 on bTSH-induced FASN downregulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with either 20 µmol/L H89 or vehicle for 1 h, then treated with 0.2 µM bTSH for 8 h. Levels of FASN, pCREB, pERK1/2 and pJNK were determined by Western blotting.

Phenotypic effect of Genetic or Pharmacologic Compromise of the 477 Hsp70-StiA-Hsp90 Complex. The impact of each genetic modification on radial growth, conidiation, and response to various stress conditions was assessed after inoculation of a suspension of 104 conidia on glucose minimal medium (GMM) agar plates and incubation at 37ºC for 5 days.

MK-5108 specifically inhibits AURKA and delays mitotic exit. (a) MK-5108 inhibits AURKA but not AURKB. Mitotic HeLa cells were obtained by exposure to nocodazole for 16 h followed by mechanical shake off. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 2 h. Nocodazole and MG132 were included to prevent mitotic exit. Lysates were then prepared and activated phospho-AURKAThr288 and AURKBThr232 were detected with immunoblotting. Uniform loading was confirmed by immunoblotting for actin. (b) MK-5108 prevents activation of AURKA but not AURKB. HeLa cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 8 h. Nocodazole was then added for another 6 h to trap any cells that entered mitosis. Mitotic cells were isolated by mechanical shake off. Lysates were prepared and analyzed with immunoblotting. Actin analysis was included to assess loading and transfer. (c) MK-5108 induces a G 2 /M delay. HeLa cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of MK-5108 for 24 h. DNA contents were analyzed with flow cytometry.

Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.

 

Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.

AMPK inhibition by compound C(Dorsomorphin) inhibited autophagy activation and neuroprotection induced by IPC in PC12 cells. (A) Compound C (Comp C) abolished IPC induced neuroprotection in PC12 cells. Cells were incubated with compound C 5 μM 60 min before the onset of IPC. Twelve hours after IPC, the cells were subjected to OGD for 10 h and cell viability was examined with CCK-8 kit. (B) Compound C reduced LC3II/LC3I ratio. The cells were incubated with compound C 5 μM 60 min before the onset of IPC. Then the cells were harvested 12 h after IPC and subjected to Western blot analysis. Bar represents mean ± SD, n = 3. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 compared with the control group; $$$ P < 0.001 compared with the OGD group; %%% P < 0.001 compared with the IPC + OGD group; # P < 0.05 compared with the IPC group.

To evaluate the role of cell cycle progression in androgen induced DSB formation, LAPC4 cells were either treated with solvent control or 50 μM lovastatin for 36 h prior to stimulation with 100 nM DHT for 6 h. Note that androgen induced γH2A.X foci formation was not different between control and lovastatin pre-treated cells.

Total and phosphorylated Akt were detected by western blot in protein lysates of liver, inguinal WAT and gastrocnemius muscle from mice that were treated with an insulin bolus after an overnight fast.

Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of TKI and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Effect of metabolic inhibitors on SRC-1 protein levels. A549 cells grown in glucose-containing medium were treated with NAM or FK866 at the indicated concentration.

Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates of NCI-H929 cells treated with CLO (5 μM, 3-48 h) GAPDH served as the loading control for each membrane, and data are representative of at least two independent experiments

ABCB1 functional inhibition using elacridar re-sensitizes TaxR and DU145-DTXR cells to cabazitaxel treatment. A. TaxR and DU145-DTXR cells were subjected to cell growth assays using either vehicle (DMSO), elacridar (0.5μM), cabazitaxel (1nM), or a combination of elacridar and cabazitaxel. Cells were counted 72 hours post-treatment. B. TaxR and DU145-DTXR cells were treated with either vehicle (DMSO), elacridar (0.5μM), cabazitaxel (1nM), or a combination of both elacridar and cabazitaxel for 72 hours. Whole cell lysates were then prepared and subjected to western blot analysis using indicated antibodies. Tubulin served as a loading control. c-PARP = cleaved-PARP, C = control (DMSO) treatment, Elac = elacridar, CTX = cabazitaxel. All data is presented as percent of control mean ± standard deviation. * = p-value ≤ 0.05.

Micrographs of hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections from untreated and atorvastatin-treated TO mouse. Results of representative experiment of liver specimens incubated in vitro at 37癈 with and without 1.0 礛 atorvastatin for 6 hr is shown. A liver specimen at 0 hr is also shown. Liver structure and cytology are preserved in treated and untreated specimens. Inflammation and cholestasis are absent. (Hematoxylin and eosin, 10?and 40?.

(B and C) assessment of antimigration capacity in each group by transwell migration assay. Abbreviations: CDDP, cisplatin; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

A, HAECs were per-incubated with PFTα (3 μmol/L) for 60 min followed by transfected with siB-myb or siNC in the presence of PFTα (3 μmol/L) for 7 d. The expression levels of B-myb, p-p53, p53 and p21 proteins were analysed by western blotting. GAPDH was used as a loading control. A typical group of blots is shown from one of three independent experiments.

HCT116 cells were pretreated with tested compounds for 1 hour and then cotreated with 1 μM SN-38 for 2 hours. Cell lysates were then subjected to Western blot analysis. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments. Con, concentration.

Representative confocal microscopy images of oocytes with DZNep or GSK343 treatment. The oocytes presented with a typical barrel-shaped spindle and well-aligned chromosomes on the metaphase plate not only in DZNep or GSK343 treated group but also in the control group. Spindle was recognized by α-tubulin (green) and DNA was recognized by PI (Propidium iodide, red). Scale bar = 4 μm.

The H3K9me2 inhibitor BIX01294 mimics the effects of BPA and DEHP on the expression of meiotic genes and Plzf in cultured testes. (A) representative double IF staining for Mvh (green) and Stra8 (red) and Scp3 (red) and (B) Plzf (red) in histological sections of control and BIX01294-treated testes. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of Stra8, Scp3, Rec8, Spo11 and plzf in testes from the control and BIX01294-treated groups. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. ns, P > 0.05, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Nutlin-3a preserved p53 expression without influencing high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte impairment. A-D: cultured podocytes were pre-treated by nutlin-3a for 2 hrs before subjected to HG treatment. Western blotting gel documents (A) and summarized data (B) showing the expression of p53 and MDM2 in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 4. Western blotting gel documents (C) and summarized data (D) showing the expression of Desmin in podocytes under HG exposure for 24 hrs. n = 3. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, #P < 0.05 vs. Vehl + HG. Ctrl: control; Vehl: vehicle; nutlin-3a: nutlin-3a treatment.

CHX blocked Pim-1 AUG isoform translocation from the cytosol to mitochondria and led to reduced pBADS112. Cox-2 was examined to assess the effect of tigecycline on mitochondrial translation. Cy-Cox-2: cytoplasmic Cox-2; Mt-Cox-2: mitochondrial Cox-2.

Whole-cell lysates from NRAS- or BRAF-mutant melanoma cells treated with encorafenib or/and binimetinib or DMSO as a control for 24 hours were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect pERK, ERK, and b-actin. The experiment shown is a representative of three independent experiments.

Resistance to itraconazole in MA cells. The parental SUM149-Luc cell line and MA1 cells were treated in parallel with 1 mM itraconazole for 9 days (which killed most of the cells in the parental cell line) and were allowed to recover and grow in a drug-free medium for 5 days before being stained. Since itraconazole was ineffective in killing MA1 cells, the cells grew into a continuous monolayer rather than colonies.

Cell survival curves of A549 cells treated with increasing doses of A-674563, PHA-848125, and H89 2HCl for 72 hours. Cells were incubated with cell proliferation reagent WST-1 for 2 hours and absorbance was read at 450nm. Optical density was then normalized to a 1% DMSO control. The data is presented as the percentage of cell survival relative to the DMSO control ± SEM of three independent trials. Statistical significance was determined with multiple T-tests using the Holm-Sidak method without assuming a consistent SD and is represented by *p<0.05.

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Validation study for vacuolin-1 and YM201636. (A) HeLa cells were treated with 3 lM vacuolin-1 or YM201636 in the presence or absence of the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d (10 μg/mL) and pepstatin A (10 μg/mL). After 24 h of treatment, cell lysates (10 μg) were separated by 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and LC3 was detected via immunoblotting.

Phosphorylation of STAT6 in butyrate-treated M2-BMDMs. Western blotting was performed with anti-phospho-STAT6, STAT6, and β-actin. Data are representative of three independent experiments. M2:M2 macrophage; But:butyrate.

Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipient mice were injected with a 1:1 mixture of GFP+JAK2(V671F) and wild-type bone marrow cells. Five weeks later, mice were treated with vehicle (C), hydroxyurea (H; 30 mg/kg twice daily IP), ruxolitinib (R; 30 mg/kg twice daily oral gavage), BMN673 (B; 0.33 mg/kg IV), H+R, H+B, R+B, and H+R+B for 3 weeks. Percentage of GFP+JAK2(V617F) was measured in (panel B) bone marrow cells, (panel C) splenocytes, and (panel D) peripheral blood leukocytes; (panel E) number of GFP+JAK2(V617F) Lin−Sca1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells per 106 bone marrow cells was calculated, too. *P < .05, **P < .05, and ***P < .05 when compared with control, single treatment, and double treatment, respectively, from 6 to 7 mice using the Student t test.

Renal Nrf2 activity was shown in RTA402-treated acFSGS (RTA402 + acFSGS) mice as early as day 7 (RTA402 + acFSGS) and persisted to day 28, compared to vehicle + acFSGS mice. Kidney in situ ROS production demonstrated by DHE detection.

U87 cells were cultured with DMSO or 10 µM 5azadC for 72 h. For the latter, 1 µM Trichostatin A (TSA), 10 mM sodium butyrate (NaBu), 5 mM nicotinamide (NAM), or 0.5 µM apicidin were added in the last 24 h. IFNLR1 expression was determined by RT-qPCR.

Myogenic differentiation assay to determine the GR specificity of DEX by using RU-486 (10 uM). Immunofluorescence detection of MyHC (red) and DAPI counterstaining of nuclei (blue) was used to detect myotubes. The scale bar is 50 um.

Detection of P2X7 receptor and histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) in hippocampus and mPFC. (A–F) CUMS treatment upregulated the protein expression of the purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R) in both hippocampus and mPFC subregions. In the meantime, continuous intraperitoneal administration of clemastine protected mice from stress-induced upregulation of P2X7R in the hippocampus rather than mPFC. There is no statistical alteration of HRH1 expression in both subfields of hippocampus and mPFC, even when the mice were subjected to stress stimulation or clemastine injection (n = 4 for (A–F), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).

Ubiquitination inhibitor PYR-41 and deubiquitination inhibitor PR-619 pretreated macrophages with or without Teuvincenone F (25 μM) for 2 h, following stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 30 min, and then subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-NEMO antibody followed by immunoblot analysis with specific antibodies. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments.

FXR agonist GW4064 reduced the association between β-Catenin/TCF4 complex and the TCF binding sites from Cyclin D1 promoter. ChIP analysis was carried out using antibodies against TCF4, β-Catenin, or normal IgG in lysates from Huh7 cells.

Effect of linagliptin on oxidative stress in rat hearts suffered from 9 h of hypothermic preservation followed by 60 min of reperfusion. (A) Representative image of NOX2 detected by western blotting. (B). Densitometric analysis showing the expression of NOX2 using β‑actin for normalization. Data are mean ± S.E.M. (n = 3) and expressed as fold increase relative to the value of control group. (C-E) Measurement of MnSOD activity, ROS and MDA content. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M., n = 8. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs Celsior group. NOX2: NADPH oxidase 2; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MDA: malondialdehyde.

Effects of some confirmed hits on IRF7 transcription level in response to IFN-α2a treatment (1 h) in SH-SY5Y cells. Data represent mean expression fold±SEM relative to GAPDH, measured from three independent experiments, each in triplicates. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared to IFN-α2a treated cells.

Ex vivo growth of the SCLC PDX LX92 is significantly inhibited by the EZH2 inhibitors EPZ-5687, GSK343 and UNC1999 as measured by resazurin conversion (two-way analysis of variance, adjusted for multiple comparisons by the method of Dunnet).

Immunocytochemistry demonstrates NR4A1 nuclear location at control (non-chymase treated) in HL-1 cells (a). Chymase (2.5 ug/ml) treatment for 2 h induces NR4A1 (red) cytoplasmic translocation in HL-1 cells as well as myosin (green) disruption (panel b). Active chymase enters HL-1 cells and is prevented by Dynasore (c and d). There marked entry into HL-1 cell nuclei and cytoplasm after treatment with chymase (5 ug/ml) for 2 h that is prevented by pre-treatment with Dynasore. Lack of co-staining with caveolin 3 (green) demonstrates that chymase is not transported via caveolae. Dynasore prevents transferrin uptake in HL-1 cells.

SK-BR-3, A549, HCT-116 and BT-474 cells were incubated with or without X66 for 1 h before exposed to GM, celastrol or MG132 for 8 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with indicated antibodies.

(B) Cleaved PARP, Bax and Bcl2 protein expression was evaluated by immunoblotting of KRAS mutant cells lysates after 48 h of honokiol (10, 20, 40, and 60 μM) treatment. ∗∗P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 for comparison between control group and honokiol-treated group.

For MTT assays, cells (2,000 ~ 5,000 cells/well) were subcultured into 96-well plates according to their growth properties. Cell proliferation was assayed at 72 hr after treatment of CHIR-99021 by adding 20 μl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution per 100 μl of growth medium. After incubating for 3-4 h at 37°C, the media were removed and 150 µl/well of MTT solvent (either absolute DMSO or isopropanol containing 4 mM HCl and 0.1% Nonidet-40) was added to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance of each well was measured by ELx808 (BioTek, Winooski, VT) or Wallac Victor2 (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA) Microplate Reader. Viable cells are presented as percent of control, vehicle-treated cells. 

Apoptosis evaluation of UACC62R, SK-MEL-28 R and R3 cells treated with Gant61 (10 μM) for 48 h by flow cytometry detection of Annexin V staining.

Drugs across therapeutic indications induce lipid formation in hiPS-CM. Lipid accumulation was detected in cardiac cells using the LipidTox plate-based fluorescent assay on the Thermo Scientific CellInsight High Content platform. A) Ten drugs increased lipid levels in hiPS-CM following 48 h treatment. The lowest drug dose that induced a N1.5-fold increase in lipid formation is shown. B) Representative images (20×) from the assay are shown to the right. All drugs had >55% cell viability at 48 h at these tested concentrations. C) Of these 10 drugs, 8 significantly increased lipid accumulation following only 24 h treatment (images not shown). All drugs had >80% cell viability at 24 h at these drug doses. The graphs represent the mean fold-change of the lowest concentration of drug that significantly induced lipid formation >1.5-fold more than vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.0001.

Low-micromolar amounts of loperamide inhibit MERS-CoV-induced cytopathology. Huh7 cells in 96-well plates were infected with MERS-CoV isolate EMC/2012 (MOI, 0.005) in the presence of 0 to 8 μM LPM (C). Cells were incubated for 2 days, and cell viability was monitored using an MTS assay. In addition, the potential toxicity of compound treatment only was monitored in parallel mock-infected Huh7 cell cultures. Graphs show the results (averages and standard deviations [SD]) of a representative experiment that was performed in quadruplicate. All experiments were repeated at least twice. For each compound, the calculated EC50, CC50, and SI values are given.

(d) BT549 cells were treated and analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy as in Figure b. (e) BT549 cells were treated as described in Figure b and analyzed for invasion as in Figure 3c. (f) Quantitation of junctional E-cadherin staining of the indicated cell lines treated with DMSO vehicle or Dex.+ Larg. as described in Figure b. Results are presented as the mean of analyses of three different fields of cells for each sample±s.d. Statistical significance was assessed using Student’s t -test.

(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44).

Inhibitory curves and IC50 values for the reference compound flubendazole (B) against VEGFR2.

Assessment of the role of Ca2+ channels during RSV replication. HEp-2 cells were infected with RSV strain long at an MOI of 0.1, and treated with calcium channel blockers nifedipine, nimodipine, and tetrandrine (A), at indicated concentrations. Supernatants were collected at 48 h postinfection and viral titers were determined by immunoplaque assay. Grey bars represent cytotoxicity of the compounds. The data presented were obtained from two independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations from two independent experiments. NS, no differences at a significance level of 0.05.

IU1 treatment increased levels of peIF2a in both WT and S63del L. Sciatic nerves were treated ex vivo with 200 lM IU1 for 16 hr and the levels of p-eIF2a and eIF2a were analyzed by western blot. A Student’s t-test was performed between treated and untreated conditions of the same genotype

Ectopic expression of a RNAi-resistant SMARCE1 cDNA resensitizes SMARCE1-knockdown cells to MET inhibition in MET-amplified NSCLC cells. The above-described cells were grown in the absence or presence of 300 nM Crizotinib, 150 nM EMD1214063, or 150 nM PHA665752. Cells were then fixed, stained and photographed after 12 days (untreated) or 28 days (treated).