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VPA (Valproic acid) HDAC inhibitor

Name: VPA (Valproic acid)
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S3944
Availability: InStock
Rating: 5 (46 reviews)

Cat.No.S3944

Valproic acid (VPA) is a fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. This compound induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α. Additionally, it activates Notch-1 signaling.

Chemical Structure

Molecular Weight: 144.21

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Quality Control

Batch: Purity: 99.04%

99.04

Related Targets	JAK BET Histone Methyltransferase PKC PARP HIF PRMT EZH2 AMPK Histone Acetyltransferase
Other HDAC Inhibitors	ITF-2357 (Givinostat) Hydrochloride Monohydrate Fimepinostat (CUDC-907) Trichostatin A (TSA) Entinostat (MS-275) RGFP966 Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585) Dihydrochloride Tubastatin A Hydrochloride Tubastatin A Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) Ricolinostat (ACY-1215)

Cell Culture, Treatment & Working Concentration

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
HEK293	Function assay	1 mM		Increase in protein disulfide isomerase level in HEK293 cells at 1 mM by immunoblot	17566732
HEK293	Function assay	1 mM		Increase in GRP78 protein level in HEK293 cells at 1 mM by immunoblot	17566732
A549	Function assay	150 uM	24 hrs	Inhibition of human HDAC in A549 cells assessed as increase in histone-H4 acetylation at 150 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot	18294844
GM15850	Function assay	400 uM	12 hrs	Inhibition of HDAC in human GM15850 cells assessed as increase in total acetylated histone level at 400 uM after 12 hrs by Western blot analysis	16921367
PC12	Function assay	1 uM	24 hrs	Induction of autophagy in rat stable inducible PC12 cells expressing A53T alpha-synuclein assessed as A53T alpha-synuclein clearance at 1 uM after 24 hrs by densitometric analysis	18391949
PC12	Function assay	1 uM	96 hrs	Induction of autophagy in rat stable inducible PC12 cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 assessed as soluble EGFP-HDQ74 clearance at 1 uM after 96 hrs by densitometric analysis	18391949
SK-N-MC	Function assay	1 mM	48 hrs	Induction of autophagy in human SK-N-MC cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 assessed as reduction in EGFP-HDQ74 aggregation at 1 uM after 48 hrs by densitometric analysis	18391949
HL60	Function assay	1 mM	24 hrs	Inhibition of HDAC in human HL60 cells assessed as increase in histone H3 acetylation at 1 mM after 24 hrs by Western blotting method	25304896
Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Solubility

In vitro
Batch:

DMSO : 29 mg/mL (201.09 mM)
(Moisture-contaminated DMSO may reduce solubility. Use fresh, anhydrous DMSO.)

Water : 29 mg/mL

Ethanol : 29 mg/mL

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (693.43 mM)
(Moisture-contaminated DMSO may reduce solubility. Use fresh, anhydrous DMSO.)

Ethanol : 100 mg/mL

Water : 2 mg/mL (超声加热五分钟)

Molarity Calculator

Mass	Concentration	Volume	Molecular Weight
Mass value Mass unit	Concentration value Concentration unit	Volume value Volume unit	Molecular weight (g/mol)

Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

In vivo batch selection In vivo Batch:
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	5.000mg/ml (34.67mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 100 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to clarify; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	5.000mg/ml (34.67mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 100 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to make it clear; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage: mg/kg

Average weight of animals: g

Dosing volume per animal: μL

Number of animals:

Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO

% Tween 80

% ddH₂O

% DMSO

Calculation results:

Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such
as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Chemical Information, Storage & Stability

Molecular Weight	144.21	Formula	C₈H₁₆O₂	Storage (From the date of receipt)	2 years -20°C liquid
CAS No.	99-66-1	--		Storage (From the date of receipt)	2 years -20°C liquid
Synonyms	2-Propylvaleric Acid, Valproate			SMILES	CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O

Read more about storage stability stock solution CAS number SMILES

Mechanism of Action

Targets/IC₅₀/Ki	HDAC HDAC1 (Cell-free assay) 0.4 mM
In vitro	Like lithium, valproic acid (VPA) activates Wnt-dependent gene expression, but unlike lithium, it does not inhibit GSK-3β in vivo. This compound can inhibit GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation of a CREB peptide in vitro. It may activate Wnt-dependent gene expression through inhibition of HDAC, which in turn leads to both increased expression of β-catenin and de-repression of Tcf/Lef (as well as activation of other HDAC-regulated genes). In vitro, VPA can stimulate glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is involved in GABA biosynthesis, and inhibit GABA transaminase, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, enzymes involved in GABA degradation. It relieves HDAC-dependent transcriptional repression and causes hyperacetylation of histones in cultured cells and in vivo. VPA induces differentiation and/or apoptosis of carcinoma cells, PML-RAR-transformed hematopoietic progenitor cells and leukemic blasts from AML patients. In addition to selectively inhibiting the catalytic activity of class I HDACs, it also induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2.
In vivo	Valproic acid (VPA) increases the level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), with acute administration causing a 15-45% increase in GABA in the brains of rodents. It also inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in animal experiments, and is a well-tolerated drug even during long-term treatment.
References	[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11473107/ [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11742974/ [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840003/

Applications

Methods	Biomarkers	Images	PMID
Western blot	acetyl-H4 Acetyl-H3 p-IKKα/β / IKKα/β / NF-κB p65 / IκBα		20025549
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability		28101176

Clinical Trial Information

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2026-08-13)

NCT Number	Recruitment	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT07166393	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI); Severe Traumatic Brain Injury	Northwestern University	2027-05	PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT05367037	RECRUITING	Sinus Node Disease; Atrioventricular; Block, Second Degree (Types I and II)	Quovadis Associazione	2022-07-27
NCT03048084	RECRUITING	Glioma	Leiden University Medical Center	2018-02-01	PHASE4
NCT02068586	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Ciliary Body and Choroid Melanoma, Medium/Large Size; Ciliary Body and Choroid Melanoma, Small Size; Iris Melanoma; Stage I Intraocular Melanoma; Stage IIA Intraocular Melanoma; Stage IIB Intraocular Melanoma; Stage IIIA Intraocular Melanoma; Stage IIIB Intraocular Melanoma; Stage IIIC Intraocular Melanoma; Stage I Uveal Melanoma AJCC V7; Stage II Uveal Melanoma AJCC V7; Stage III Uveal Melanoma AJCC V7	Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University	2014-11-19	PHASE2
NCT06714357	RECRUITING	Colorectal Cancer Metastatic	National Cancer Institute, Naples	2025-03-12	PHASE2
NCT05821556	RECRUITING	Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas	National Cancer Institute, Naples	2023-06-12	PHASE2

Tech Support

Handling Instructions

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