Choose Your Country or Region

3-Methyladenine (3-MA)

Name: 3-Methyladenine (3-MA)
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S2767
Rating: 5 (649 reviews)

Catalog No.S2767 Synonyms: NSC 66389

For research use only.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA, NSC 66389) is a selective PI3K inhibitor for Vps34 and PI3Kγ with IC50 of 25 μM and 60 μM in HeLa cells; blocks class I PI3K consistently, whereas suppression of class III PI3K is transient, and also blocks autophagosome formation. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is successfully used to suppress mitophagy. Solutions of 3-MA are best fresh-prepared by heating.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) Chemical Structure

CAS No. 5142-23-4

Selleck's 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) has been cited by 649 publications

Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective PI3K Inhibitors

Related Compound Libraries

Other PI3K Products

Taselisib (GDC 0032)^New

Taselisib (GDC 0032, RG7604) is a potent, next-generation β isoform-sparing PI3K inhibitor targeting PI3Kα/δ/γ with K_i of 0.29 nM/0.12 nM/0.97nM, >10 fold selective over PI3Kβ.
Pilaralisib (XL147)^New

Pilaralisib (XL147) is a selective and reversible class I PI3K inhibitor for PI3Kα/δ/γ with IC50 of 39 nM/36 nM/23 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to PI3Kβ. Phase 1/2.
LY294002

LY294002 (SF 1101, NSC 697286) is the first synthetic molecule known to inhibit PI3Kα/δ/β with IC50 of 0.5 μM/0.57 μM/0.97 μM, respectively; more stable in solution than Wortmannin, and also blocks autophagosome formation. It not only binds to class I PI3Ks and other PI3K-related kinases, but also to novel targets seemingly unrelated to the PI3K family. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with IC50 of 98 nM. LY294002 is a non-specific DNA-PKcs inhibitor and activates autophagy and apoptosis.
Idelalisib (CAL-101, GS-1101)

Idelalisib (CAL-101, GS-1101) is a selective p110δ inhibitor with IC50 of 2.5 nM in cell-free assays; shown to have 40- to 300-fold greater selectivity for p110δ than p110α/β/γ, and 400- to 4000-fold more selectivity to p110δ than C2β, hVPS34, DNA-PK and mTOR. Idelalisib also stimulates autophagy.
Wortmannin (KY 12420)

Wortmannin (KY 12420, SL-2052, BRN 0067676, NSC 627609) is the first described PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 3 nM in a cell-free assay, with little selectivity within the PI3K family. Wortmannin blocks autophagosome formation and potently inhibits DNA-PK/ATM with IC50 of 16 nM and 150 nM in cell-free assays. Wortmannin also inhibits PLK1 activity.
Dactolisib (BEZ235)

Dactolisib (BEZ235, NVP-BEZ235) is a dual ATP-competitive PI3K and mTOR inhibitor for p110α/γ/δ/β and mTOR(p70S6K) with IC50 of 4 nM /5 nM /7 nM /75 nM /6 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Inhibits ATR with IC50 of 21 nM in 3T3^TopBP1-ER cell. Dactolisib induces autophagy and suppresses HIV-1 replication. Phase 2.
Buparlisib (BKM120)

Buparlisib (BKM120, NVP-BKM120) is a selective PI3K inhibitor of p110α/β/δ/γ with IC50 of 52 nM/166 nM/116 nM/262 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Reduced potency against VPS34, mTOR, DNAPK, with little activity to PI4Kβ. Buparlisib induces apoptosis. Phase 2.
Pictilisib (GDC-0941)

Pictilisib (GDC-0941, RG7321) is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα/δ with IC50 of 3 nM in cell-free assays, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold). Pictilisib (GDC-0941) induces autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 2.
Alpelisib (BYL719)

Alpelisib (BYL719) is a potent and selective PI3Kα inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, and minimal effect on PI3Kβ/γ/δ. Phase 2.

Download Inhibitor Catalog

PI3K Signaling Pathway Map

Biological Activity

Description

Targets

Vps34 ^[1] (HeLa cells)	PI3Kγ ^[1] (HeLa cells)
25 μM	60 μM

In vitro

The slight preference for Vps34 prevention by 3-Methyladenine probably arises from a hydrophobic ring specific to Vps34, which encircles the 3-methyl group of 3-Methyladenine. ^[1] 3-Methyladenine has been reported to cause cancer cell death under both normal and starvation conditions. 3-Methyladenine could also suppress cell migration and invasion independently of its ability to inhibit autophagy, implying that 3-Methyladenine possesses functions other than autophagy suppression. 3-Methyladenine elicits caspase-dependent cell death that is independent of autophagy inhibition. Treatment with 5 mM 3-Methyladenine reduces the percentage of glucose-starved HeLa cells displaying GFP-LC3 puncta to 23%. The levels of LC3-I are increasing and the levels of LC3-II are decreasing between 12 and 48 hours in cells that are treated with 3-Methyladenine. Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II is suppressed by 3-Methyladenine. Treatment of HeLa cells with 3-Methyladenine at 2.5 mM or 5 mM for one day does not affect cell viability, whereas treatment with 10 mM 3-Methyladenine for one day causes a 25.0% decrease in cell viability. Treatment of cells with 2.5, 5 or 10 mM 3-Methyladenine for two days causes 11.5%, 38.0% and 79.4% decrease in viability, respectively. 3-Methyladenine decreases cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. 3-Methyladenine significantly shortens the duration of nocodazole-induced-prometaphase arrest. ^[2] Suppression of autophagy by 3-Methyladenine inhibits SU11274-induced cell death. ^[3] Prolonged treatment with 3-Methyladenine (up to 9 hours) induces significant LC3 I to II conversion in wild type MEFs. Prolonged treatment with 3-Methyladenine, but not wortmannin, markedly increases GFP-LC3 punctuation/aggregation. 3-Methyladenine-induced LC3 conversion and free GFP liberation are ATG7-dependent. 3-Methyladenine treatment leads to evident increase of p62 protein level. 3-Methyladenine increases the p62 level even in Atg5−/− MEFs as well as in cells with DOX-mediated deletion of ATG5. 3-Methyladenine inhibits class I and class III PI3K in different temporal patterns. 3-Methyladenine-induced LC3 I to LC3 II conversion is dramatically compromised in Tsc2−/− cells compared with wild type cells.3-Methyladenine disrupts the anti-autophagic function of mTOR complex 1. ^[4]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Formulation	Activity Description	PMID

K562	MWXGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	Mki0NVBuVQ>?	M1XBT\|Fp		M3z2UoRm[3KnYYPld{B1cGViZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDv[kBNSzNvSVmgZY5lKHSqZTDmc5Ju[XSrb36gc4Yh[XW2b4DoZYdwe2:vZYO=	Mk\yQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjF6NkSwN\|coRjJzOE[0NFM4RC:jPh?=
Jurkat	MVvGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NXruPIgxOTCvTR?=	MYKxbC=>		MWjk[YNz\WG\|ZYOgeIhmKGW6cILld5Nqd25ib3[gUGM{NUmLIHHu[EB1cGViZn;ycYF1cW:wIH;mJIF2fG:yaHHnc5NwdWW\|	MoTTQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjF6NkSwN\|coRjJzOE[0NFM4RC:jPh?=
HeLa	NUDrfmRHS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IFHzd4F6	MkXjNo1O	NIq4UJkzPGh?		NWXIO\|N2cW6qaXLpeIV{KHSqZTDjfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkhd2Zic3nsbYJqdmmwIITvJGhmVGFiY3XscJMv	MnnFQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjF6N{WzPFUoRjJzOEe1N\|g2RC:jPh?=
PC12/TetOn	Ml;6SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M37oOFAvOS9zbV2=	NFLPVYgyQGh?		NXzNT41FdGWjZIOgeI8h\|rFvc4nuLHdVMSCjY3P1cZVt[XSrb36sJJRwgGmlaYT5MEBidmRib3zp[49u\XJiZn;ycYF1cW:wwrC=	NH\yfog9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MUmwOlY2QSd-MkG5NFY3PTl:L3G+
RMPI8226	NIjDd2hHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NYi2OINmPW2P	M{Wyc\|Fp		NG\v[mF{fXCycnXzd4V{KHSqZTDs[ZZmdCCxZjDheZRweGijZ4mgeY5l\XJiboX0dolmdnRiZHXwcIV1cW:w	M3GxSlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJzOUG1OlIxLz5{MUmxOVYzODxxYU6=
MCF-7	MVXGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MUexNI1O	MV60PIg>		NHPNe4RjdG:la4OgZZV1d3CqYXf5JIlv\HWlZXSgZpkh[m:{dHX6c41q[g>?	M2L5WVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJzOUOxPVM4Lz5{MUmzNVk{PzxxYU6=
HBx	NIrTNpZCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	MVWxNI1O	MV60PIg>	M1WzWmROW09?	NXGxRpdEcW6lcnXhd4V{KGOnbHyg[IVifGh?	M1TEdVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ{MEKwNFc5Lz5{MkCyNFA4QDxxYU6=
Marc-145	MlO2SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NV3q[YNIPW2P	MnHWNVIwOjRxM{\o		NYTXXWtJemWmdXPld{B1cGViUGLSV3YhfGm2ZYLzJIFv\CC2aHWgdJJwfGWrbjDlfJBz\XO\|aX;u	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOjFzOUmwNEc,OjJzMUm5NFA9N2F-
U937	MVjGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MmLKNo1O	MnX4NVJp		MW\k[YNz\WG\|ZYOgeIhmKGG3dH;wbIFogSC{YYTpc:Kh	MW[8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOjF3NUG1NEc,OjJzNUWxOVA9N2F-
BGC-823	NXnEe2RITnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MUC1cW0>	NHrPWoYzcA>?		NX\hWHdtcW6qaXLpeJMhfGinIILheIUhd2ZiYYX0c5Bp[WerYzDj[Yxtew>?	NGf1dXQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MkOyNlE2Oid-MkKzNlIyPTJ:L3G+
A549	NF\ke2dHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NGHj[2IxNjGvTR?=	NYC0N49VOjSq		MXHzeZBxemW\|c3XzJHNWOTF{N{StbY5lfWOnZDDj[YxtKGSnYYTo	NEixc3Q9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MkS2Olk3OCd-MkK0OlY6PjB:L3G+
pDCs	MYnGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	Ml\DNVBuVQ>?	NV;ZeWJOOC53aB?=		M{i5UeKhemWmdXPld{B1cGViaX7keYN1cW:wIH;mJGlHVi4QsTDifUB{e1KQQUSw	NGHZZ\|c9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MkO5OlU6QSd-MkKzPVY2QTl:L3G+
HeLa	MVPBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	MX61cW0>	M2nJdFI1cA>?		NHL4PY1qdmS3Y3XzJINie3Cjc3Wt[IVx\W6mZX70JINmdGxiZHXheIg>	M4HYW\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ{NUS1NVI5Lz5{MkW0OVEzQDxxYU6=
U251	MXjBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M1rmUVVuVQ>?	NELDfY0zPGh?		NFHW[3lqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhWzFvaX7keYNm\CClZXzsJIRm[XSq	MnnLQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjJ3N{m3PFgoRjJ{NUe5O\|g5RC:jPh?=
MCF-7	MVjBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	MYmwMlFuVQ>?	M4e4U\|Zp		MVTlcohidmOnczDzbZJ1cW6xbD3pcoR2[2WmIHHwc5B1d3Orcx?=	MnTxQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjJ5NUG5PFkoRjJ{N{WxPVg6RC:jPh?=
PC-3	MXjBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M3fHcVJuVQ>?	MXuybC=>		Mn;kbY5kemWjc3XzJG9TUS2rbnT1Z4VlKGOnbHyg[IVifGh?	M{D6XVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ{N{S1OVgxLz5{Mke0OVU5ODxxYU6=
HCT116	MUTBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M4D3d\|VuVQ>?	NWXXXnVTOjSq	NHLY[WtFVVOR	MULlcohidmOnczDhdIlo\W6rbj3pcoR2[2WmIHPlcIwh\GWjdHi=	MYG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDZ{NkWyNkc,OjR4Mk[1NlI9N2F-
U2OS	NGX3O\|ZIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MVGxNI1O	MofmNlRp		MWfpcpRmdnOrZnnld{B1cGViZ4Lve5RpKGmwaHnibZRqd25iaX7keYNm\CCkeTDEc5g>	MYS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDZ\|OUCxN{c,OjR4M{mwNVM9N2F-
A2780cp	NXPERVFFSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	M2TMXFIvPW2P	Ml3ENYg>	NYPETZU5\GSKMl:=	NUPtTZRY\W6qYX7j[ZMh[2m\|cHzheIlvNWmwZIXj[YQh[2WubDDk[YF1cA>?	NFjTcpQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEixO\|k1Pid-MkS4NVc6PDZ:L3G+
HepG2	NEPQTVZHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MmTCOY1O	M1P6SlRp		NVzYZ4RocW6lcnXhd4V{KGOnbHz1cIFzKGyndnXsd{Bw\iCKTNMg	M1TyTFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2N{GzOVg4Lz5{NEexN\|U5PzxxYU6=
Microglia	MWfBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	MUe1cW0>	M2O0[VI1cA>?		MWnk[YNz\WG\|ZYOgbJlxd3irYT3pcoR2[2WmIHPlcIwh\GWjdHi=	MWq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDhzOE[wNUc,OjR6MUi2NFE9N2F-
MDA-MB 231	NU[zToVmSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	M3W3SVVuVQ>?	NYnZZnF3OC53aB?=		NXrHUVdGdW:mdXzheIV{KFSxY3;tbY7DtsLiaX7keYNm\CCjcH;weI9{cXN?	NVXGfVRIRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS4N\|A4QDFpPkK0PFMxPzhzPD;hQi=>
PANC-1	MmCxRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	NXqwR\|NPOW2P	Mn;tOFhp	M1nsPWROW09?	NHG1OmdmdmijbnPld{Bjd3K2ZYrvcYljNWmwZIXj[YQh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgcI9{ew>?	NFLneG49[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEi0NlE2QCd-MkS4OFIyPTh:L3G+
MDA-MB-231	NIn6bGZHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MkfSNo1O	Ml7aOFhp		MlzndJJwdW:2ZYOgWG0ucW6mdXPl[EBk\WyuIHTlZZRp	M3XwTlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUewOlc3Lz5{NEm3NFY4PjxxYU6=
MDA-MB-231	NUTHcmZFTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MXyycW0>	MlLENlRp		MXvpcohq[mm2czDheZRweGijZ4mgbY5lfWOnZDDifUBVVcLi	NUjLb4t3RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS5O\|A3PzZpPkK0PVcxPjd4PD;hQi=>
MCF-7	NVTTcXpQTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MXmycW0>	M4fDXFQ5cA>?		NITI[Hpxem:vb4Tld{BVVS2rbnT1Z4VlKGOnbHyg[IVifGh?	MYi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDl5ME[3Okc,OjR7N{C2O\|Y9N2F-
MCF-7	MnTHSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	Ml3FNo1O	NHLRTG0zPGh?		M2\kdIlvcGmkaYTzJIF2fG:yaHHnfUBqdmS3Y3XkJIJ6KFSPwrC=	M{TWUlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUewOlc3Lz5{NEm3NFY4PjxxYU6=
HepG2	MVrBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	NXrXfodpO22P	MVW1bC=>		NG\2TWlz\WS3Y3XzJINmdGxiYYDvdJRwe2m\|IHnu[JVk\WRiYomgVWR{	NHPaRWE9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MkizOlU6PSd-MkK4N\|Y2QTV:L3G+
HeLa	NFna[5lCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	NWe4SpIyOTCvTR?=	M1H6b\|Jp		Mmqz[IVkemWjc3XzJINmdGxidnnhZoltcXS7IHPvMZRz\WG2bXXueEB4cXSqIGDFTS=>	M3fP[VxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|MECwNVM2Lz5{M{CwNFE{PTxxYU6=
SK-HEP-1	MXjBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M4DzOVExdU1?	M33UdVFp		NIfYPVhxem:2ZXP0d{Bi\2GrboP0JIF2fG:yaHHnfUBidmRiaX7keYNmeyCjcH;weI9{cXNiaX6gZpVn[Wyrbj30doVifGWmIHPlcIx{	MV:8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOjh3OE[0PUc,OjJ6NUi2OFk9N2F-
MDA-MB231	NVvlTZBSTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NEfBN3c2dU1?	NX3N[HcxOWh?		MWjpcoNz\WG\|ZYOgdoV{fmW{YYTyc4wudWWmaXH0[YQh[2G\|cHHz[UBi[3SrdnH0bY9vKGGwZDDj[YxtKGSnYYTo	M4W4bFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|MEi4PFUxLz5{M{C4PFg2ODxxYU6=
PaCa44	MYPBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	NYjtO2tPOi53bV2=	MYixbC=>		M1\EU5Jm\HWlZYRCpIdmdmmyaX6tcYVlcWG2ZXSgZZBweHSxc3nz	MoS0QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjNzMkSxNVIoRjJ\|MUK0NVEzRC:jPh?=
T-47D	M3vBVWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M1TDUlExdU1?	NY[4XnpEOmh?		MWDpcohq[mm2czDheZRweGijZ4mgdJJw[2W\|czDhcoQhcW6lcnXhd4V{KHKjcHHtfYNqdiCrbnT1Z4VlKGGyb4D0c5Nqew>?	NFT1TlU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{OwNFAzPid-MkOzNFAxOjZ:L3G+
GTL-16	NFTFb41CeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	NFzyZYs2dU1?	M13NSVI1cA>?		MkPRdoVlfWOnczDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCjczDjc41x[XKnZDD0c{Bk\WyuczD0doVifGWmIIfpeIghVUWWIHnubIljcXSxcoO=	M13HbVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|M{GzOFkxLz5{M{OxN\|Q6ODxxYU6=
U251MG	MWjGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NEXSO3k{dU1?	NWTTdlVZOWh?		MmXvd5VxeHKnc4Pld{BNSzNvSVmgdJJwfGWrbjDlfJBz\XO\|aX;u	NWL4ZY1iRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkOzN\|g3OThpPkKzN\|M5PjF6PD;hQi=>
T24	MV;GeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	Ml7iNVBuVQ>?	M3m0OVFp		Mo\pdoVlfWOnczD0bIUh[2ynYY\h[4Uhd2ZiTFOzJIFnfGW{IHLhbYNidGmwIITy[YF1dWWwdB?=	NF3QfWE9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{O1OFA5OCd-MkOzOVQxQDB:L3G+
HUVECs	NV7NNmtiTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MmThN41O	MnrXNlRp		MYHicI9kc3NidHjlJJBzd3SnY4TpeoUh\W[oZXP0JI9nKHKnc4\ldoF1em:uIHL5JIlvcGmkaYTpcoch[XW2b4DoZYd6	NWjWbIVwRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkOzOVg6OjhpPkKzN\|U5QTJ6PD;hQi=>
MCF-7	MkLISpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MVW1cW0>	NHixTGEzPGh?		NWXHd3dWcW6qaXLpeJMhe3Sjco\heIlwdi2rbnT1Z4VlKGG3dH;wbIFogQ>?	MWK8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOzN7NU[3PUc,OjN\|OUW2O\|k9N2F-
Hela	NEfDRlhHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NYfqTIExPW2P	MoXpNlRp		MWTpcohq[mm2czDzeIFzfmG2aX;uMYlv\HWlZXSgZZV1d3CqYXf5	M2nkU\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|M{m1Olc6Lz5{M{O5OVY4QTxxYU6=
OR6	MlG3SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M3r0c\|ExdU1?	NV:wZlhWPzKq		MX\zeZBxemW\|c3XzJGhEXiC{ZYDsbYNifGmxbjDhcoQh\m:{bXH0bY9vKG:oIHH1eI9xcGGpb4PvcYV{	NU\RPXc{RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkOzPVU5PzVpPkKzN\|k2QDd3PD;hQi=>
HT-29	MVzGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NWTBdFBsOW2P	NH3VS4Q1QC97Nni=		NVPaN5lucW6qaXLpeJMhSU2SSzDpcoR2[2W\|IHH1eI9xcGGpaXOgZ4VtdCCmZXH0bC=>	M3v4WlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|NUC4NlczLz5{M{WwPFI4OjxxYU6=
SH-SY5Y	MlTPR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KEG\|c3H5	NGTzRpM2dU1?	NHLMUIczPGh?		Mn;sbY5kemWjc3XzJHBEViC2b4jpZ4l1gQ>?	MonrQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjN3MkWyOlUoRjJ\|NUK1NlY2RC:jPh?=
Saos-2	NUTTdopYSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	NIradWwydU1?	NF;6W\|g6Pmh?		M1i4dolv[3KnYYPld{Bk\WyuIHTlZZRpKGmwZIXj[YQh[nliUFPY	MWq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOzV4M{G3NUc,OjN3NkOxO\|E9N2F-
1321N1	NGjDc3hEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliQYPzZZk>	NITZVYo2dU1?	M3;0XlI1cA>?		M2nmc5Bzd3SnY4TzJINmdGxiYXfhbY5{fCCSQ16tbY5lfWOnZDD0c5hq[2m2eR?=	MlrIQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjN3MkWyOlUoRjJ\|NUK1NlY2RC:jPh?=
A2780	M33kWWFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NEW3[5M2dU1?	M2XWfFI1cA>?		M3TH[4Nwdn[ncoTzJGZVYTd{MDD3bZRpKEOGRGCgbY51dyCjbjDh[IRqfGm4ZTDl[oZm[3RidH;3ZZJleyCtaXzsbY5oKG:4YYLpZY4h[2GwY3XyJINmdGy\|	M3KwUVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|NUmyNlgyLz5{M{W5NlI5OTxxYU6=
OV2008	MnfoRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	NEHUc3g2dU1?	NHrw[ZEzPGh?		MV7jc453\XK2czDGWHk4OjBid3n0bEBETESSIHnueI8h[W5iYXTkbZRqfmViZX\m[YN1KHSxd3Hy[JMhc2mubHnu[{BwfmG{aXHuJINidmOncjDj[Yxtew>?	NIHRbIw9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{W5NlI5OSd-MkO1PVIzQDF:L3G+
PC12	M1LkOWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	Mmr5NVBuVQ>?	MnPtNlRp	NIOxclR4[XSnch?=	MoXDxsBqdmirYnn0d{BkcHmvb4TyfZB{cW5vbHnr[UBxem:2ZXHzc41idCCjY4Tpeol1gS5?	Mo\jQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjN4MEO5O\|koRjJ\|NkCzPVc6RC:jPh?=
SH-SY5Y	NEXJZYlCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	M3;leFVuVQ>?	M2nreVFp		NIO2Umpi[m:uaYPo[ZMh[2WuYYP0do9tKG6ndYLvdJJwfGWldHn2[UBm\m[nY4S=	NHy4WIs9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{[xPVM6PSd-MkO2NVk{QTV:L3G+
SH-SY5Y	NVPBWXA6TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MorsNY1O	MWWyOIg>		NXnQZ\|J6cW6qaXLpeJMhfGinIHH1eI9xcGGpeTDpcoR2[2WmIHL5JHRQS1B?	MYq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOzd2M{G0PEc,OjN5NEOxOFg9N2F-
HepG2	M3\0TWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MnzwNVBuVQ>?	NH\XfGczPGh?		M4nBdYlvcGmkaYTzJJNqXEmJQWKtJIFv\CCKQmPTMYlv\HWlZXSgZZV1d3CqYXf5	Moi1QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjN6MUewOFAoRjJ\|OEG3NFQxRC:jPh?=
HeLa	NEfxS41HfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MXOxNI1O	M3zJW\|Jp		NHjTbWd{fXCycnXzd4V{KEyFMzDJTUBmgHC{ZYPzbZNwdg>?	M4rxVlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|OE[0O\|M5Lz5{M{i2OFc{QDxxYU6=
HONE-1	MmfGSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NVjESW9NPW2P	NY\zS4dsOWh?		M3X2O5JmeHKnc4Pld{A3ei2vZXTpZZRm\CCUT2OgdJJw\HWldHnvci=>	M1nXZ\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|OEmyN\|U5Lz5{M{i5NlM2QDxxYU6=
MCF7	M1juOmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MlvWOY1O	NXjIZ21XOjSq		NV33[2hzcW6lcnXhd4V{KEO3TzDpcoR2[2WmIHPlcIwh\GWjdHi=	MkP3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjN7NkK2NlkoRjJ\|OU[yOlI6RC:jPh?=
HO8910	NFfiepdCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	MknsNVBuVQ>?	MlzZNVJp		Mn;I[Y5p[W6lZYOgRlE6NWmwZIXj[YQh[XCxcITvd4k>	MUe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zOzl6M{[xNEc,OjN7OEO2NVA9N2F-
SMMC-7721	M{DmWmFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	MXi1cW0>	NVHDcms{OjSq		NWfQVGRK[XS2ZX71ZZRmeyCWTl[t{tEheHKxdHXjeIlwdiCjZ3HpcpN1KHOncoXtJJN1[XK4YYTpc44udWWmaXH0[YQh[XCxcITvd4l{	NVHHbYxRRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkSwOlY3QTNpPkK0NFY3Pjl\|PD;hQi=>
Hep3B	NILxWXZCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	NYezSopyPW2P	MlLsNlRp		MkO5ZZR1\W63YYTld{BVVkZvzsGgdJJwfGWldHnvckBi\2GrboP0JJNmenWvIIP0ZZJ3[XSrb36tcYVlcWG2ZXSgZZBweHSxc3nz	NFfoeFA9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEC2OlY6Oyd-MkSwOlY3QTN:L3G+
H460	NWf1fHJtTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MWSxNI1O	MWO0bC=>		M{Xzc4lv[3KnYYPld{BkcXOybHH0bY4ucW6mdXPl[EBk\WyuIHTlZZRp	NYXndFVzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkSxO\|MzODhpPkK0NVc{OjB6PD;hQi=>
A549	NUTqVHA3TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NX\SbpdQOTCvTR?=	Ml31OIg>		NW\5d2tKcW6qaXLpeJMh[XW2b4DoZYd6KGmwZIXj[YQh[nliaYLyZYRq[XSrb36=	MXm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDF2MkezOUc,OjRzNEK3N\|U9N2F-
H1299	NIXQUW5HfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MW[xNI1O	NGLSVoQ1cA>?		M17KVYlv[3KnYYPld{BkcXOybHH0bY4ucW6mdXPl[EBk\WyuIHTlZZRp	NFLjb5c9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEG3N\|IxQCd-MkSxO\|MzODh:L3G+
WiDr	NHjkZ4ZHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	M4\tVlExdU1?	MVGxbC=>		MXLpcohq[mm2czDQR2JNNWmwZIXj[YQhVEN\|IFnJJIV5eHKnc4Ppc44>	MlTQQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjRzOUC0PFkoRjJ2MUmwOFg6RC:jPh?=
LoVo	NVPtS4U6SXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	NEjjXIw2dU1?	MWC0PIg>		M2nDUYVvcGGwY3XzJGRESS2rbnT1Z4VlKGGyb4D0c5Nqey5?	NWr5V3pNRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkSyNFE5OTJpPkK0NlAyQDF{PD;hQi=>
HepG2 E47	MWXGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NHzEZmUzNjWvTR?=	MkXDOFhp		NHH6VYtqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhfGinIITvfIlkcXS7IH;mJGFCNCCEU1:sJIFv\CCFQ3y0	NIDBd5U9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEK3N\|c{QCd-MkSyO\|M4Ozh:L3G+
RKO	NX7L[XY4TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MojsNo1O	MWqxbC=>	NXPZWYttTE2VTx?=	M2ridIVvcGGwY3XzJINmdGxiZHXheIgh[nliZ3Xs[IFv[W27Y3nu	NIfpVnQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEK5NVc4Pyd-MkSyPVE4Pzd:L3G+
Hep3B	NHTHOodCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	M3PU[VJuVQ>?	M2DKPFEzcA>?	MYXEUXNQ	NVTCZphocW6qaXLpeJMhSVqGOEC1OU1qdmS3Y3XkJINmdGxiZHXheIg>	NFjzblY9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEK5O\|MxOCd-MkSyPVc{ODB:L3G+
ACHN-5968	MkDzRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	MVW1cW0>	MXqzbC=>		MVvlcohidmOnczDwZYNtcXSjeHXsMY1m\GmjdHXkJIFxd3C2b4Ppd:Kh	NFTLN4Q9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEOwOVYxPCd-MkSzNFU3ODR:L3G+
Huh7	M1GwemFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NX;iT2FsOm2P	M3PKS\|EzcA>?	NX7EZVgyTE2VTx?=	M1PXe4lvcGmkaYTzJGFbTDhyNUWtbY5lfWOnZDDj[YxtKGSnYYTo	NHjtO5M9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEK5O\|MxOCd-MkSyPVc{ODB:L3G+
UOK257	NXHvNWNCSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	M1fRPFVuVQ>?	MYSzbC=>		NWXwWmJt\W6qYX7j[ZMheGGlbHn0ZZhmdC2vZXTpZZRm\CCjcH;weI9{cXQEoB?=	NIHuSXI9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEOwOVYxPCd-MkSzNFU3ODR:L3G+
ECSCs	NVP4cIViSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	MkHkNVBuVQ>?	M4nFTlRp		Mlq2[IVkemWjc3XzJJJieGGveXPpck11emWjdHXkJIFxd3C2b4Ppdy=>	MmrrQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR\|MUmxNFkoRjJ2M{G5NVA6RC:jPh?=
MCF-7	NVHBN21ZTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NVfKWmxIOTCvTR?=	NGf2S2MzPGh?		MljtbY5pcWKrdIOgeIhmKGG3dH;wbIFogSCrbnT1Z4VlKGK7IHPo[Y1wfGincnHwfUBlenWpcx?=	M1z0fFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{G1OVc5Lz5{NEOxOVU4QDxxYU6=
SGC-7901	NGi0Z\|ZCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	M2nrfFJuVQ>?	NHP6NJoycA>?		M3PSO4lv[3KnYYPld{BESS12IHnu[JVk\WRiYYDvdJRwe2m\|	NFrWOWk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEOyNVM1OCd-MkSzNlE{PDB:L3G+
SMMC-7721	M2nme2Fxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NVjFUpZ1Om2P	MV6xbC=>		M{\2TYlv[3KnYYPld{BESS12IHnu[JVk\WRiYYDvdJRwe2m\|	M4\FWlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{KxN\|QxLz5{NEOyNVM1ODxxYU6=
T24	MoLyRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	MY[1cW0>	M{HaRlEvPWh?		MWHwc5RmdnSrYYTld{Bk\WynY3;4bYIucW6mdXPl[EBieG:ydH;zbZM>	M3zCWVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{S5NVc3Lz5{NEO0PVE4PjxxYU6=
NTUB1	MmDqRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	NFnI[ZA2dU1?	MY[xMlVp		NW\zPJJ7eG:2ZX70bYF1\XNiY3Xs[YNwgGmkLXnu[JVk\WRiYYDvdJRwe2m\|	M{Cz[FxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{S5NVc3Lz5{NEO0PVE4PjxxYU6=
MG-63	NFnqW4tCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	Ml7kNVBuVQ>?	NFzwbpIyOmh?		NX;CbZdQ\W6qYX7j[ZMhTFBvaX7keYNm\CCjcH;weI9{cXN?	M4P1OVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{W4N\|AyLz5{NEO1PFMxOTxxYU6=
MG-63	MYHBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M4XwSlAvPS9zbV2=	NHLqUms{Omh?		MlPH[Y5p[W6lZYOgd4FtcW6xbYnjbY4ucW6mdXPl[EBk\WyuIHHwc5B1d3Orcx?=	MXy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDN3OEO0Nkc,OjR\|NUizOFI9N2F-
MG-63	M3n6dGZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MYqwMlUwOW2P	NV;IfIZGPDiq		NXv3dGp[cW6mdXPld{B{[Wyrbn;tfYNqdi2rbnT1Z4VlKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIxwe3N?	NGfM[ZU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEO1PFM1Oid-MkSzOVg{PDJ:L3G+
U2OS	MXXGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NFnjRmMxNjVxMX3N	MWW0PIg>		NXKyd5JjcW6mdXPld{B{[Wyrbn;tfYNqdi2rbnT1Z4VlKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIxwe3N?	M2TqT\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2M{W4N\|QzLz5{NEO1PFM1OjxxYU6=
HGC-27	NE\zWpJHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NHLMdpMyOG2P	M{j0blFp		MkjRbY5pcWKrdIOgeIhmKGOnbHygeoli[mmuaYT5JIxwe3NiYomgVmFFODBzIH;yJG1MNTJ{ME[=	MoHFQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR2MU[zOFkoRjJ2NEG2N\|Q6RC:jPh?=
HCT116	NFvxZ3RCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	M1z5ZVVuVQ>?	NWjK[4J{OjSq		NH:zSoNmdmijbnPld{B1cGViYYDvdJRwe2m\|IHnu[JVk\WRiYomgZZBq\2WwaX6=	MWq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDZ{NkWyNkc,OjR4Mk[1NlI9N2F-
A549	NIKxbWFCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	MVOxNI1O	MUO0PIg>		M4XINIFk[2WuZYLheIV{KHSqZTDy[YR2[3Srb36gc4Yh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgbY5lfWOnZDDifUBRXFh?	NGXWfoQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NE[yOlczOid-MkS2NlY4OjJ:L3G+
Saos-2	NX7iNVk1SXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	M3L4SVExdU1?	M4DiZ\|I1cA>?		M3yzSolvfGWwc3nmbYV{KHSqZTDndo94fGhiaX7obYJqfGmxbjDv[kB1cGViVULPV{Bk\WyuczDpcoR2[2WmIHL5JGRwgA>?	M1S4clxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2NkO5NFE{Lz5{NE[zPVAyOzxxYU6=
U2OS	NV:y[21USXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	M4jjS\|ExdU1?	NH\mZmYzPGh?		MV7pcpRmdnOrZnnld{B1cGViZ4Lve5RpKGmwaHnibZRqd25ib3[geIhmKFV{T2OgZ4VtdHNiaX7keYNm\CCkeTDEc5g>	MlfLQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR4M{mwNVMoRjJ2NkO5NFE{RC:jPh?=
HepG2	NYT3e243TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NEexUGo2dU1?	NV;uR4VTPGh?		NEfoUI9qdmO{ZXHz[ZMhUExicnXs[YF{\Q>?	M{jIUFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2N{GzOVg4Lz5{NEexN\|U5PzxxYU6=
A549	MUTBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	M3zLTVVuVQ>?	NWT6cnN6PDiq		NUO5W4Vl\GWlcnXhd4V{KHSqZTDw[ZJk\W62YXflJI9nKGOnbHyg[IVifGhiYX7kJIV5eHKnc4Ppc44hdGW4ZXzzJI9nKGOjc4Dhd4UuOyxiQnXjcIlvNTFiYX7kJGxEOy2LSR?=	MVe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDdyNkOwN{c,OjR5ME[zNFM9N2F-
A2780cp	M{n3c2Fxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NVf2WIZIOi53bV2=	M{S1RVFp	M3L6cIRlUDKR	NXrxe3Rp\W6qYX7j[ZMh[2m\|cHzheIlvNWmwZIXj[YQh[2WubDDk[YF1cA>?	MYS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDhzN{m0Okc,OjR6MUe5OFY9N2F-
Microglia	NWrid4hSSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	NVfCdldLPW2P	MXWyOIg>		MlS1[IVkemWjc3XzJIh6eG:6aXGtbY5lfWOnZDDj[YxtKGSnYYTo	M3nOcVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OEG4OlAyLz5{NEixPFYxOTxxYU6=
HT-29	NHjhSHZCeG:ydH;zbZMhSXO\|YYm=	NH3reHMydU1?	MlnaOFhp	M4PzNmROW09?	NH;zbnFmdmijbnPld{Bjd3K2ZYrvcYljNWmwZIXj[YQh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgcI9{ew>?	MmH5QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR6NEKxOVgoRjJ2OESyNVU5RC:jPh?=
MDR	NXH0[lN5SXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	NYX2Nlk1OTCvTR?=	NXrLSGFFPmh?		MWrzeJJmdme2aHXud{B1cGVicH;3[ZIhd2ZiYX70bYNidmOncjDkdpVoew>?	MWG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTBzOUewNUc,OjVyMUm3NFE9N2F-
H157	M4S4PGZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MYO1cW0>	MYWybC=>		M1TId5N2eHC{ZYPz[ZMhW1CFIHnu[JVk\WRiYXPjeY12dGG2aX;uJI9nKEyFMz3JTS=>	M3jyVVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3Mki1OlI5Lz5{NUK4OVYzQDxxYU6=
A549	M{Xa[mZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NHPyNnM2dU1?	NVTsd\|ZDOmh?		NWTK[lg3e3WycILld5NmeyCVUFOgbY5lfWOnZDDhZ4N2dXWuYYTpc44hd2ZiTFOzMWlK	NGXHZmQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUK4OVYzQCd-MkWyPFU3Ojh:L3G+
A2780cp	NYG3emN3T3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MWixcW0>	NXHtXlR5OWh?		MUjpcoNz\WG\|ZYOgZ4l{eGyjdHnuMYlv\HWlZXSgZ4VtdCCmZXH0bC=>	M37NSlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3M{KyOlk1Lz5{NUOyNlY6PDxxYU6=
NBL-W-S	M4P2SmFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	M3THeFFuVQ>?	NV34XXJMPmh?		NEP3XZpqdmO{ZXHz[ZMh[2WubDDhdI9xfG:\|aYOgbY5lfWOnZDDifUBISU6WLU[x	NWO0[nNQRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWzNlMzOjJpPkK1N\|I{OjJ{PD;hQi=>
NBL-W-S	NWm3XJZWT3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M1vVelFuVQ>?	MkK5Oog>		Ml;n[Y5p[W6lZYOgS2FPXC14MTD0c5hq[2m2eR?=	M{D5XFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3M{KzNlIzLz5{NUOyN\|IzOjxxYU6=
A549	M1\jSmFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NGnzeo82dU1?	MYSybC=>	M4fK[2ROW09?	MkDwbY5pcWKrdIOgRmROSy2rbnT1Z4VlKGGyb4D0c5Rq[yClZXzsJIRm[XSq	NV3QO5ByRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW3NVY2PjFpPkK1O\|E3PTZzPD;hQi=>
95D	MVTBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	NY\WUo1xPW2P	MV6ybC=>	NUnQXXN4TE2VTx?=	NIXZcHlqdmirYnn0d{BDTE2FLXnu[JVk\WRiYYDvdJRwfGmlIHPlcIwh\GWjdHi=	MUi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTdzNkW2NUc,OjV5MU[1OlE9N2F-
A549	M33kR2dzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	Mnu5N41O	M1nreVJp	M1\pOGROW09?	NV;pe4pvemWmdXPld{Boem:5dHigbY5pcWKrdH;yfUBm\m[nY4Sgc4YhSkSPQx?=	NYHF[lI5RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW3NVY2PjFpPkK1O\|E3PTZzPD;hQi=>
95D	M3fLSWdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NFzSbWM{dU1?	MVSybC=>	NUPrNmdTTE2VTx?=	MnzadoVlfWOnczDndo94fGhiaX7obYJqfG:{eTDl[oZm[3Rib3[gRmROSw>?	MYO8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTdzNkW2NUc,OjV5MU[1OlE9N2F-
Nara-H	Mn7PS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	NHrDepc2dU1?	NH;CXnY1QGh?		Mkfl[Y5p[W6lZYOgeIVue2m{b3zpcZV{dWWmaXH0[YQhe3WycILld5Nqd25ib3[gUoFz[S2KIHPlcIwheHKxbHnm[ZJifGmxbh?=	MkPlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjF6MEWwN\|MoRjJzOEC1NFM{RC:jPh?=
HUVECs	MlvkSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NHXD[2kyOG2P	NVzPPJFQOC53aB?=		NIHwfldl\WO{ZXHz[ZMhfGinIFHHSU1DW0GrbnT1Z4VlKGG3dH;wbIFogSCuZY\l	NIDYPFk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{MUS2PFU6Oid-MkG0Olg2QTJ:L3G+
HepG2	MV;BdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	NIXSWGQzdU1?	NGOxdWgycA>?		M2TaboVvcGGwY3XzJJJi\GmjdHnvck1qdmS3Y3XkJINmdGxiZHXheIg>	MoOzQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjF2NUO2PVEoRjJzNEWzOlkyRC:jPh?=
U-2 OS	MXHxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				M1\4S5FJXFNib3[gdIVlcWG2cnnjJINidmOncjDj[YxtKGyrbnXzJJRwKGmmZX70bYZ6KG23bITpdIxmKG:ycH;yeJVvcXSrZYOg[o9zKGS{dXegdoVxfXKyb4Ppcoc7KFC{aX3hdpkhe2O{ZXXuJIZweiCXLUKgU3Mh[2WubIO=	M2[4PFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7NEO1NVM6Lz5{OUSzOVE{QTxxYU6=
A673	NUSxUHVLeUiWUzDhd5NigQ>?				MmXQdWhVWyCxZjDw[YRq[XS{aXOgZ4Fv[2W{IHPlcIwhdGmwZYOgeI8hcWSnboTp[pkhdXWudHnwcIUhd3Cyb4L0eY5qfGmnczDmc5Ih\HK3ZzDy[ZB2enCxc3nu[\|ohWHKrbXHyfUB{[3KnZX6g[o9zKEF4N{OgZ4VtdHN?	NXX3e5JzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
DAOY	Mn7wdWhVWyCjc4PhfS=>				MnPtdWhVWyCxZjDw[YRq[XS{aXOgZ4Fv[2W{IHPlcIwhdGmwZYOgeI8hcWSnboTp[pkhdXWudHnwcIUhd3Cyb4L0eY5qfGmnczDmc5Ih\HK3ZzDy[ZB2enCxc3nu[\|ohWHKrbXHyfUB{[3KnZX6g[o9zKESDT2mgZ4VtdHN?	Ml3HQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl2M{WxN\|koRjJ7NEO1NVM6RC:jPh?=
Saos-2	MonOdWhVWyCjc4PhfS=>				MWTxTHRUKG:oIIDl[IlifHKrYzDjZY5k\XJiY3XscEBtcW6nczD0c{Bq\GWwdHnmfUBufWy2aYDs[UBweHCxcoT1col1cWW\|IH\vdkBlenWpIILldJVzeG:\|aX7nPkBRemmvYYL5JJNkemWnbjDmc5IhW2Gxcz2yJINmdGy\|	M2PZfVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7NEO1NVM6Lz5{OUSzOVE{QTxxYU6=
BT-37	MojZdWhVWyCjc4PhfS=>				MYPxTHRUKG:oIIDl[IlifHKrYzDjZY5k\XJiY3XscEBtcW6nczD0c{Bq\GWwdHnmfUBufWy2aYDs[UBweHCxcoT1col1cWW\|IH\vdkBlenWpIILldJVzeG:\|aX7nPkBRemmvYYL5JJNkemWnbjDmc5IhSlRvM{egZ4VtdHN?	NU\s[WpMRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
RD	NFXBW2hyUFSVIHHzd4F6				MVrxTHRUKG:oIIDl[IlifHKrYzDjZY5k\XJiY3XscEBtcW6nczD0c{Bq\GWwdHnmfUBufWy2aYDs[UBweHCxcoT1col1cWW\|IH\vdkBlenWpIILldJVzeG:\|aX7nPkBRemmvYYL5JJNkemWnbjDmc5IhWkRiY3XscJM>	MXG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTR\|NUGzPUc,Ojl2M{WxN\|k9N2F-
SK-N-SH	NEDzW3ByUFSVIHHzd4F6				MYjxTHRUKG:oIIDl[IlifHKrYzDjZY5k\XJiY3XscEBtcW6nczD0c{Bq\GWwdHnmfUBufWy2aYDs[UBweHCxcoT1col1cWW\|IH\vdkBlenWpIILldJVzeG:\|aX7nPkBRemmvYYL5JJNkemWnbjDmc5IhW0tvTj3TTEBk\Wyucx?=	MUS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTR\|NUGzPUc,Ojl2M{WxN\|k9N2F-
BT-12	M1j6VJFJXFNiYYPzZZk>				NFXrUWNyUFSVIH;mJJBm\GmjdILpZ{Bk[W6lZYKgZ4VtdCCuaX7ld{B1dyCrZHXueIlngSCvdXz0bZBt\SCxcIDvdpR2dmm2aXXzJIZweiCmcoXnJJJmeHW{cH;zbY5oQiCScnntZZJ6KHOlcnXlckBnd3JiQmStNVIh[2WubIO=	MUS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTR\|NUGzPUc,Ojl2M{WxN\|k9N2F-
MG 63 (6-TG R)	MVrxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				NV[3TldmeUiWUzDv[kBx\WSrYYTybYMh[2GwY3XyJINmdGxibHnu[ZMhfG9iaXTlcpRq\nlibYXseIlxdGVib4Dwc5J1fW6rdHnld{Bnd3JiZIL1[{Bz\XC3coDvd4lv\zpiUILpcYFzgSC\|Y4Ll[Y4h\m:{IF3HJFY{KCh4LWTHJHIqKGOnbHzz	NXq1N2JSRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
NB1643	MVXxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				MmSxdWhVWyCxZjDw[YRq[XS{aXOgZ4Fv[2W{IHPlcIwhdGmwZYOgeI8hcWSnboTp[pkhdXWudHnwcIUhd3Cyb4L0eY5qfGmnczDmc5Ih\HK3ZzDy[ZB2enCxc3nu[\|ohWHKrbXHyfUB{[3KnZX6g[o9zKE6EMU[0N{Bk\Wyucx?=	NEPrU5E9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{OUSzOVE{QSd-Mkm0N\|UyOzl:L3G+
OHS-50	MoPrdWhVWyCjc4PhfS=>				NHfjW2ZyUFSVIH;mJJBm\GmjdILpZ{Bk[W6lZYKgZ4VtdCCuaX7ld{B1dyCrZHXueIlngSCvdXz0bZBt\SCxcIDvdpR2dmm2aXXzJIZweiCmcoXnJJJmeHW{cH;zbY5oQiCScnntZZJ6KHOlcnXlckBnd3JiT1jTMVUxKGOnbHzz	NVvYeWpRRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
Rh41	MWXxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				M4XzSJFJXFNib3[gdIVlcWG2cnnjJINidmOncjDj[YxtKGyrbnXzJJRwKGmmZX70bYZ6KG23bITpdIxmKG:ycH;yeJVvcXSrZYOg[o9zKGS{dXegdoVxfXKyb4Ppcoc7KFC{aX3hdpkhe2O{ZXXuJIZweiCUaESxJINmdGy\|	M4HFRVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7NEO1NVM6Lz5{OUSzOVE{QTxxYU6=
Rh30	M{\T[pFJXFNiYYPzZZk>				NFrmTndyUFSVIH;mJJBm\GmjdILpZ{Bk[W6lZYKgZ4VtdCCuaX7ld{B1dyCrZHXueIlngSCvdXz0bZBt\SCxcIDvdpR2dmm2aXXzJIZweiCmcoXnJJJmeHW{cH;zbY5oQiCScnntZZJ6KHOlcnXlckBnd3JiUnizNEBk\Wyucx?=	Mnr1QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl2M{WxN\|koRjJ7NEO1NVM6RC:jPh?=
SJ-GBM2	MYPxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				M4PafpFJXFNib3[gdIVlcWG2cnnjJINidmOncjDj[YxtKGyrbnXzJJRwKGmmZX70bYZ6KG23bITpdIxmKG:ycH;yeJVvcXSrZYOg[o9zKGS{dXegdoVxfXKyb4Ppcoc7KFC{aX3hdpkhe2O{ZXXuJIZweiCVSj3HRm0zKGOnbHzz	NWPoPHpwRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
SK-N-MC	M{XVUZFJXFNiYYPzZZk>				M1ni[5FJXFNib3[gdIVlcWG2cnnjJINidmOncjDj[YxtKGyrbnXzJJRwKGmmZX70bYZ6KG23bITpdIxmKG:ycH;yeJVvcXSrZYOg[o9zKGS{dXegdoVxfXKyb4Ppcoc7KFC{aX3hdpkhe2O{ZXXuJIZweiCVSz3OMW1EKGOnbHzz	NYHMdJZURGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
NB-EBc1	NU[3[HRseUiWUzDhd5NigQ>?				MnL6dWhVWyCxZjDw[YRq[XS{aXOgZ4Fv[2W{IHPlcIwhdGmwZYOgeI8hcWSnboTp[pkhdXWudHnwcIUhd3Cyb4L0eY5qfGmnczDmc5Ih\HK3ZzDy[ZB2enCxc3nu[\|ohWHKrbXHyfUB{[3KnZX6g[o9zKE6ELVXCZ\|Eh[2WubIO=	MV28ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTR\|NUGzPUc,Ojl2M{WxN\|k9N2F-
LAN-5	MYXxTHRUKGG\|c3H5				MUfxTHRUKG:oIIDl[IlifHKrYzDjZY5k\XJiY3XscEBtcW6nczD0c{Bq\GWwdHnmfUBufWy2aYDs[UBweHCxcoT1col1cWW\|IH\vdkBlenWpIILldJVzeG:\|aX7nPkBRemmvYYL5JJNkemWnbjDmc5IhVEGQLUWgZ4VtdHN?	NV;mNXhURGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm0N\|UyOzlpPkK5OFM2OTN7PD;hQi=>
Rh18	M2LxcpFJXFNiYYPzZZk>				Ml\EdWhVWyCxZjDw[YRq[XS{aXOgZ4Fv[2W{IHPlcIwhdGmwZYOgeI8hcWSnboTp[pkhdXWudHnwcIUhd3Cyb4L0eY5qfGmnczDmc5Ih\HK3ZzDy[ZB2enCxc3nu[\|ohWHKrbXHyfUB{[3KnZX6g[o9zKFKqMUigZ4VtdHN?	M4e2RVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7NEO1NVM6Lz5{OUSzOVE{QTxxYU6=

Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID

Western blot	α-SMA / TGF-β / LC-3BI / LC-3B II / Beclin-1 / NF-κB p65 ; caspase-3 / caspase-9 / PARP ; VEGF ; APP / BACE1 / ADAM17 / Presenilin 1 / Presenilin 2 / Nicastrin / APH-1 / Pen-2 / LC3-1 / LC3-2	29296191 25891159 26316755
Immunofluorescence	LC3 / Hif-α / COX2	29039446
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability	26934124

In vivo

3-Methyladenine blocks autophagy through its effect on class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). 3-Methyladenine treatment does not alter the degree of hemorrhage compared with the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) group. 3-Methyladenine pretreatment significantly aggravates neurological symptoms when compared with the SAH + vehicle group. Autophagy is decreased when 3-Methyladenine treatment is applied. Conversely, cleaved caspase-3 is markedly up-regulated in the SAH + 3-Methyladenine group. In line with the up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 expression, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the right cortex is significantly increased in the SAH + 3-Methyladenine group compared with the SAH + vehicle group. ^[5]

Protocol (from reference)

Kinase Assay:^[4]	Protein degradation assay: HeLa cells are radiolabeled for 24 hours with 0.05 mCi/mL l-[U-¹⁴C]valine. At the end of the labeling period, cells are rinsed three times with PBS. Cells are incubated for the designated times in either full medium or EBSS with or without the presence of 10 mM 3-Methyladenine.
Cell Research:^[2]	Cell lines: HeLa cell line Concentrations: 1-10 mM Incubation Time: 24, 48 or 72 hours Method: Cell (such as HeLa cell) viability is determined by a trypan blue exclusion assay. Briefly, after treated with 3-Methyladenine, both adherent and floating cells are collected and suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at a final density of 1-2 × 10⁶/mL. An equal volume of 0.4% trypan blue solution (w/v, in PBS) is added to the cell suspension and mixed thoroughly. After incubation at room temperature for 3 min, cell counting is performed using a hemacytometer. (Only for Reference)
Animal Research:^[5]	Animal Models: Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g Dosages: 400 nM Administration: Intracerebral ventricular (Only for Reference)

References

+ Expand

Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	Water	10 mg/mL warmed (67.04 mM)
	Ethanol	4 mg/mL (26.81 mM)
	DMSO	3 mg/mL warmed (20.11 mM)

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information

Molecular Weight	149.15
Formula	C₆H₇N₅
CAS No.	5142-23-4
Storage	3 years -20°C powder
Smiles	CN1C=NC(=N)C2=C1N=CN2

Download 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) SDF

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage: mg/kg Average weight of animals: g Dosing volume per animal:μL Number of animals:

Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO + % + % Tween 80 + % ddH₂O

%DMSO+ %

Calculation results:

Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such
as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

Tech Support

Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.

Handling Instructions

Tel: +1-832-582-8158 Ext:3
If you have any other enquiries, please leave a message.

* Indicates a Required Field

Frequently Asked Questions

Question 1:
I'm also wondering whether it can be dissolved in water,or maybe something like culture medium,normal saline solution to form 10mM solution

Answer:
As the reference (http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal. pone.0035665), 3-MA, which was found to inhibit autophagy at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM was directly dissolved into the culture medium at the indicated concentrations. And we tested the solubility of S2767, and found the solubility of 3-MA in DMEM is 31 mg/mL at about 40°C.

C1=C0/X	C1:	LOG(C1):
C2=C1/X	C2:	LOG(C2):
C3=C2/X	C3:	LOG(C3):
C4=C3/X	C4:	LOG(C4):
C5=C4/X	C5:	LOG(C5):
C6=C5/X	C6:	LOG(C6):
C7=C6/X	C7:	LOG(C7):
C8=C7/X	C8:	LOG(C8):