Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362)

Name: Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362)
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S2449
Rating: 5 (94 reviews)

For research use only.

Catalog No.S2449 Synonyms: Coleonol, Colforsin

94 publications

Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362) Chemical Structure

CAS No. 66575-29-9

Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362, Coleonol, Colforsin) is a ubiquitous activator of eukaryotic adenylyl cyclase (AC) in a wide variety of cell types, commonly used to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology. Forskolin also activates PXR and FXR activity. Forskolin stimulates autophagy.

Selleck's Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362) has been cited by 94 publications

Nature, 2020,

PubMed: 32939092 ( click the link to review the publication )

Nat Mater, 2020, 10.1038/s41563-020-00803-5

PubMed: 32958879 ( click the link to review the publication )

Nat Med, 2018, 24(3):271-281

PubMed: 29400712 ( click the link to review the publication )

Adv Sci (Weinh), 2021, e2100190

PubMed: 34151527 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Adv, 2021, 7(33)eabf4416

PubMed: 34380613 ( click the link to review the publication )

Eur Respir J, 2021, 2100908

PubMed: 34413153 ( click the link to review the publication )

Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):3493

PubMed: 34108467 ( click the link to review the publication )

Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):3332

PubMed: 34099697 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Rep, 2021, 36(2):109360

PubMed: 34260922 ( click the link to review the publication )

Adv Healthc Mater, 2021, e2101580

PubMed: 34599859 ( click the link to review the publication )

Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 163:220-233

PubMed: 33359683 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(1):35

PubMed: 33414472 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Chem Biol, 2021, 28(6):788-801.e5

PubMed: 33626323 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Commun Signal, 2021, 19(1):8

PubMed: 33478524 ( click the link to review the publication )

Stem Cell Res Ther, 2021, 12(1):269

PubMed: 33957982 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Biol Sci, 2021, 17(11):2756-2769

PubMed: 34345205 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(19)10512

PubMed: 34638853 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Cyst Fibros, 2021, S1569-1993(21)01304-7

PubMed: 34348870 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:592184

PubMed: 34054511 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12:665145

PubMed: 34512542 ( click the link to review the publication )

Molecules, 2021, 26(19)5858

PubMed: 34641401 ( click the link to review the publication )

STAR Protoc, 2021, 2(1):100346

PubMed: 33665626 ( click the link to review the publication )

Autophagy, 2020, 16(6):1061-1076

PubMed: 32401166 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cancer Res, 2020, 5 pii: canres

PubMed: 32371475 ( click the link to review the publication )
Cell Rep, 2020, 33(11):108514

PubMed: 33326782 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Death Dis, 2020, 6;11(4):221

PubMed: 32251289 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cells, 2020, 9(10)E2288

PubMed: 33066405 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Mol Cell Biol, 2020, 30 pii: mjaa010

PubMed: 32232340 ( click the link to review the publication )

PLoS Genet, 2020, 16(10):e1009100

PubMed: 33085659 ( click the link to review the publication )

Stem Cell Res Ther, 2020, 11(1):415

PubMed: 32967725 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2020, 28;10(1):7129

PubMed: 32346096 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Biol Chem, 2020, 14;jbcRA120013223

PubMed: 32409581 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Cell Biol, 2020, 40(4)

PubMed: 31791978 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mil Med Res, 2020, 7(1):52

PubMed: 33129359 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mil Med Res, 2020, 7(1):42

PubMed: 32892745 ( click the link to review the publication )

Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(3):2166-2172

PubMed: 32765692 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):11828

PubMed: 32678240 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Cell Neurosci, 2020, 14:144

PubMed: 32714149 ( click the link to review the publication )

Plants (Basel), 2020, 9(12)E1672

PubMed: 33260669 ( click the link to review the publication )

Physiol Rep, 2020, 8(13):e14490

PubMed: 32652816 ( click the link to review the publication )

Reprod Biol, 2020, 10.1016

PubMed: 32113856 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Psychiatry, 2020, 10.1038/s41380-020-00866-5

PubMed: 32826963 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Cell Sci, 2020, jcs.254268

PubMed: 33199520 ( click the link to review the publication )

Stem Cell Reports, 2020, 15(2):408-423

PubMed: 32735821 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Res, 2020, 10.1038/s41422-020-0385-7

PubMed: 32737416 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Res, 2019, 29(12):1009-1026

PubMed: 31628434 ( click the link to review the publication )

EMBO J, 2019, 38(4)

PubMed: 30643021 ( click the link to review the publication )

PLoS Biol, 2019, 17(4):e3000228

PubMed: 31039152 ( click the link to review the publication )
Cell Rep, 2019, 29(13):4256-4267.e9

PubMed: 31875537 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Rep, 2019, 29(7):1986-2000

PubMed: 31722212 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Ther, 2019, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.011

PubMed: 31501033 ( click the link to review the publication )

Stem Cell Reports, 2019,

PubMed: 31231022 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cancer Lett, 2019, 442:53-67

PubMed: 30391781 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Ther Nucleic Acids, 2019, 16:73-81

PubMed: 30852378 ( click the link to review the publication )

Stem Cell Res Ther, 2019, 10(1):364

PubMed: 31791391 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Mater Chem B, 2019, 7(47):7525-7539

PubMed: 31720683 ( click the link to review the publication )

Transl Psychiatry, 2019, 9(1):306

PubMed: 31740729 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(17)

PubMed: 31484301 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biomed Pharmacother, 2019, 121:109618

PubMed: 31731189 ( click the link to review the publication )

Am J Transl Res, 2019, 11(8):5122-5133

PubMed: 31497228 ( click the link to review the publication )

Exp Ther Med, 2019, 17(5):3573-3579

PubMed: 30988739 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):10828

PubMed: 31346239 ( click the link to review the publication )

Am J Hum Genet, 2018, 102(6):1062-1077

PubMed: 29805046 ( click the link to review the publication )

EMBO Rep, 2018, 19(2):320-336

PubMed: 29263201 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncogene, 2018, 37(22):2953-2966

PubMed: 29515233 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9(7):747

PubMed: 29970878 ( click the link to review the publication )

PLoS Genet, 2018, 14(11):e1007723

PubMed: 30444886 ( click the link to review the publication )

Reprod Domest Anim, 2018, 10.1111/rda.13304

PubMed: 30098220 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2018, 9:1176

PubMed: 30416443 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Virol, 2018, 92(20)

PubMed: 30068645 ( click the link to review the publication )

JCI Insight, 2018, 3(14)

PubMed: 30046002 ( click the link to review the publication )

Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2912

PubMed: 30504424 ( click the link to review the publication )
Sci China Life Sci, 2018, 10.1007/s11427-018-9359-8

PubMed: 30159682 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 37(1):288

PubMed: 30482227 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 45(3):1023-1033

PubMed: 29439250 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 37(1):114

PubMed: 29866132 ( click the link to review the publication )

Dev Cell, 2017, 43(6):673-688

PubMed: 29103956 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Rep, 2017, 18(2):468-481

PubMed: 28076790 ( click the link to review the publication )

Mol Cancer Res, 2017, 15(12):1792-1802

PubMed: 28851815 ( click the link to review the publication )

Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2017, 240:191-197

PubMed: 27815160 ( click the link to review the publication )

Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2017, 25(11):1868-1879

PubMed: 28716756 ( click the link to review the publication )

PLoS One, 2017, 12(3):e0173240

PubMed: 28253352 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncogene, 2017, 36(41):5668-5680

PubMed: 28581524 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncotarget, 2017, 8(36):60135-60148

PubMed: 28947959 ( click the link to review the publication )

Development, 2016, 143(12):2103-10

PubMed: 27151951 ( click the link to review the publication )

Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2016, 237:98-108

PubMed: 27570060 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2016, 6:26835

PubMed: 27256071 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Cyst Fibros, 2016, 15(3):285-94

PubMed: 26694805 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Signal, 2016, 9(430):ra56

PubMed: 27245613 ( click the link to review the publication )

Sci Rep, 2016, 6:36661

PubMed: 27819350 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncogene, 2016, 35(38):5070-7

PubMed: 26973244 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Biol Chem, 2015, 290(50):30030-41

PubMed: 26499801 ( click the link to review the publication )

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2015, 289(1):109-16

PubMed: 26367767 ( click the link to review the publication )

Eur J Cancer, 2014, 50(7):1310-20

PubMed: 24559688 ( click the link to review the publication )

Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective cAMP Inhibitors

Biological Activity

Description

Targets

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) ^[1]
(A wide variety of cell types)

In vitro

Forskolin increases cAMP levels in preparations of membranes, cells, or tissues. Forskolin not only activates AC but also interacts with certain other proteins, including glucose transporters and ion channels. Forskolin is able to promote activation of nine different transmembrane iso-forms of AC, albeit with somewhat less efficacy for AC9, which could be used to provides a means to identify and quantify high-affinity binding sites, i.e., G-proteins (G_s)–AC complexes. Activation of _s by GPCRs contributes to Forskolin-stimulated cAMP generation in cells because of _s-Forskolin potentiation of AC activity. ^[1] Forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity without interacting with cell surface receptors. Forskolin's potentiation of cAMP in turn inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation and histamine release, lowers blood pressure and intraocular pressure, inhibits platelet aggregation, promotes vasodilation, bronchodilation, and thyroid hormone secretion, and stimulates lipolysis in fat cells. Forskolin inhibits the binding of platelet-activating factor (PAF), independently of cAMP formation, which may be a result of Forskolin's direct effect on PAF or via interference with PAF binding to receptor sites. Forskolin also appears to have an effect on several membrane transport proteins, and inhibits glucose transport in erythrocytes, adipocytes, platelets, and other cells. Forskolin is used to treat with glaucoma. ^[2]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Formulation	Activity Description	PMID
HT-29	M4X4UmFxd3C2b4Ppd{BCe3OjeR?=	NWPX[5lnPDEEoN88US=>	NGPFUmo1QMLiaB?=	MVLEUXNQ	MYDpcoR2[2W\|IHPoZY5o\XNiaX6geIhmKHCqb4PwbI9zgWyjdHnvckB{fGG2dYOgc4YhWFB{QTD0ZZJo\XS\|	M1\keVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUm3OFUyLz5{NEm5O\|Q2OTxxYU6=
SW480	MYnBdI9xfG:\|aYOgRZN{[Xl?	MWi0NOKh\|ryP	NHLwfYc1QMLiaB?=	M{X2SWROW09?	M2TZSIlv\HWlZYOgZ4hidmenczDpckB1cGVicHjvd5Bpd3K7bHH0bY9vKHO2YYT1d{Bw\iCSUELBJJRiemendIO=	M3fNOlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUm3OFUyLz5{NEm5O\|Q2OTxxYU6=
HT-29	MoO1RZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	NEnQ[Gw1OMLizszN	MVG0POKhcA>?	NUnwTVBQTE2VTx?=	NWDjTmtrcW6mdXPld{BidiCjY4TpeoF1cW:wIH;mJINie3Cjc3WgN{84	MXm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDl7N{S1NUc,OjR7OUe0OVE9N2F-
SW480	NXXTPVhzSXCxcITvd4l{KEG\|c3H5	NHLjRW41OMLizszN	MlP4OFjDqGh?	NIT1fXBFVVOR	M1TOUIlv\HWlZYOgZY4h[WO2aY\heIlwdiCxZjDjZZNx[XOnIEOvOy=>	NEnscpA9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEm5O\|Q2OSd-MkS5PVc1PTF:L3G+
HT-29	MnO3SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NUG3fFFEPDEEoN88US=>	MkTvO{Bl	M{LTdWROW09?	MXHy[YR2[2W\|IHPvcI9vd3OyaHXy[UBnd3KvYYTpc44h[2GyYXLpcIl1gcLi	M2HrZ\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUm3OFUyLz5{NEm5O\|Q2OTxxYU6=
SW480	NXTNfJJ7TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M{C2dFQxyqEQvF2=	MYm3JIQ>	MWPEUXNQ	Ml7NdoVlfWOnczDjc4xwdm:\|cHjldoUh\m:{bXH0bY9vKGOjcHHibYxqfHoEoB?=	NFzucmI9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEm5O\|Q2OSd-MkS5PVc1PTF:L3G+
HT-29	MUDHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	M3vZUlQxyqEQvF2=	MYewMVczKGh?	NW\JSFN2TE2VTx?=	Mli5bY5pcWKrdIOgZ4VtdCCpcn;3eIghfGmvZTDk[ZBmdmSnboTsfS=>	NHTPVIo9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEm5O\|Q2OSd-MkS5PVc1PTF:L3G+
SW480	MUHHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	M4\3R\|QxyqEQvF2=	NFTWO40xNTd{IHi=	MoT3SG1UVw>?	MUnpcohq[mm2czDj[YxtKGe{b4f0bEB1cW2nIHTldIVv\GWwdHz5	MlHFQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR7OUe0OVEoRjJ2OUm3OFUyRC:jPh?=
HT-29	MVPGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NEW2NXA1OMLizszN	MUm0POKhcA>?	MYrEUXNQ	NXTBb5A3[WO2aY\heIV{KFCSMlG=	M1;YUVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUm3OFUyLz5{NEm5O\|Q2OTxxYU6=
SW480	MWDGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MkjTOFDDqM7:TR?=	NXLxT5pvPDkEoHi=	MWDEUXNQ	NHexUHVi[3SrdnH0[ZMhWFB{QR?=	MlrHQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR7OUe0OVEoRjJ2OUm3OFUyRC:jPh?=
C6	MkPjSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MVexNEDPxE4EoB?=	MUSyNEBucW5?		NGTzOoJqdmO{ZXHz[ZMh[0GPUDDhZ4N2dXWuYYTpc44>	NIPOPWM9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUC2PVQyPyd-MkWwOlk1OTd:L3G+
Huh-7	M1nv[mZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NV3zT\|JrOC1{MDFOwG0>	MnrHNkBpyqB?		MXXy[ZN2dHS\|IHnuJIEh\G:\|ZT3k[ZBmdmSnboSgbY5kemWjc3WgbY4h[y2PeXOg[ZhxemW\|c3nvckBifCC2aHWgdJJwfGWrbjDhcoQhdVKQQTDs[ZZmdHN?	M1HCSlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3MUC5PFM1Lz5{NUGwPVg{PDxxYU6=
THP-1	Mmn0SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NXXhXJpQOS9zMDFOwG0>	M2LZR\|LDqGh?	NXrQd4pCTE2VT9Mg	MmnMd5VxeHKnc4Pld{BOS1BvMTDwdo9lfWO2aX;uxsA>	NXfhdo5IRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWxOVQ5QDJpPkK1NVU1QDh{PD;hQi=>
BeWo	MVvGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MUKyNEDDvU1?	MnvNOFghcA>?	NFGzUIdFVVORwrC=	M4Prc4lv\HWlZYOgZ4VtdCCodYPpc44>	NVzIU\|BSRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWxPFQ1PzdpPkK1NVg1PDd5PD;hQi=>
ventricular cardiomyocytes	Mn7CSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NELPbVExNjBzLUGwJO69VQ>?			Mkn1[ZZwc2W\|IHHuJIlvd3S{b4DpZ{Bz\XOyb37z[UAyOjEEsUG1KUBi[m:4ZTDiZZNidCC5aYToJIFvKEWFNUFCpI9nKDJwMjFCuW0>	MUK8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTJyM{GxN{c,OjV{MEOxNVM9N2F-
ventricular cardiomyocytes	M1fLTmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MoG1NE4xOS1zMDFOwG0>			Mk\FbY5kemWjc3XzJEBkSU2SIHHjZ5VufWyjdHnvci=>	NHPKWlQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUKwN\|EyOyd-MkWyNFMyOTN:L3G+
MIN6	MnjxSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MWCxNEDPxE4EoB?=	NYqwW5Y2OyCq		MWPpcoNz\WG\|ZYOgSFMhdVKQQTDlfJBz\XO\|aX;u	M17KbVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3MkSxNVI1Lz5{NUK0NVEzPDxxYU6=
L6	NU\EXnh2TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MnrqOFAhyrWP	NWjVOnpIOjRiaB?=		MUPpcohq[mm2czDEUWgyNWmwZIXj[YQhSWu2IHHjeIl3[XSrb36=	MYe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTJ2N{W1NEc,OjV{NEe1OVA9N2F-
HEK‐CFTR	NW\pdY9MTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NH;MUpgz6oDVNUFCpO69VQ>?	NVrPV4NmOC1zMjDtbY4>	M1vXUmROW00EoB?=	MXXpcoR2[2W\|IHGg[I9{\eLCkHTldIVv\GWwdDDpc4Rq\GViZX\mcJV5yqB?	NYC2V3dZRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWyOlMzODdpPkK1NlY{OjB5PD;hQi=>
SK-N-SH	MmnlR4VtdCCYaXHibYxqfHliQYPzZZk>	MUixNEDPxE4EoB?=	MmDBOFghcA>?		MVjlcohidmOnczDTT{1PNVOKIH7leZJw[myjc4TvcYEh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdIm=	MkC5QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV{Nk[wOlMoRjJ3Mk[2NFY{RC:jPh?=
SK-N-AS	Mmi0SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NIHlUnAyOCEQvF5CpC=>	NGG1ZnkyOC9\|MD:2NEBucW5?		NH\INVlqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhdGW4ZXzzJI9nKHBvzsKtZ4F1\W6rbjCod4VzPjd3KTDhcoQhcW6mdXPld{Bi[2O3bYXsZZRqd25ib3[gdE3Pui2lYYTlcolvKCi\|ZYK2O\|UqKGmwIDjw[ZJqMW63Y3zlZZIhemWpaX;udy=>	MYq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTJ4NkC2N{c,OjV{Nk[wOlM9N2F-
SK-N-AS	MXLGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NHL5RZUyOCEQvF5CpC=>	NUnsbYpUOzBibXnu		MXLpcoR2[2W\|IIDoc5NxcG:{eXzheIlwdiCxZjFOtk1k[XSnbnnuJEh{\XJ4N{WpMEBxNUeVS{ROtkApe2W{OTmgZY5lKGOxbnPvcYl1[W62IHjp[4hmeiCuZY\lcJMhd2ZiYXP0bZZmNCC3boDoc5NxcG:{eXzheIVlNCEQsj3jZZRmdmmw	MVq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTJ4NkC2N{c,OjV{Nk[wOlM9N2F-
SK-N-AS	M1HoTWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NWizcYoyOTBizszNxsA>	NUPlW5AyOjRiaB?=		M{PmXYlv[3KnYYPld{B1cGViZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDv[kBkgWOuaX6gSFE>	MWW8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTJ4NkC2N{c,OjV{Nk[wOlM9N2F-
SK-N-AS	MV;GeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MX[xNEDPxE4EoB?=	NVv4WJRpOjRiaB?=		M4mwWIlv[3KnYYPld{B1cGViY1HNVEBt\X[nbIRCpC=>	NX:2[HB7RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWyOlYxPjNpPkK1NlY3ODZ\|PD;hQi=>
SK-N-AS	NFLa[ZlE\WyuIG\pZYJqdGm2eTDBd5NigQ>?	NH7FPVMyOCEQvF5CpC=>	M1\tSFI1NzR6IHi=		Ml7x[Y5p[W6lZYOgeIlu\S2mZYDlcoRmdnSueTDj[YxtfWyjcjD2bYFjcWyrdIpCpC=>	NFL6clg9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUK2OlA3Oyd-MkWyOlYxPjN:L3G+
granulosa cells	M1rYSmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M{\hRVExKM7:TR?=	MXKyOEBp		M2PWV4lv[3KnYYPld{B1cGVibHX2[Yx{KG:oIGLHV\|IheHKxbX;0[ZIh[WO2aY\peJk>	NEHn[pg9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUOzPVExPSd-MkWzN\|kyODV:L3G+
granulosa cells	MlzESpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NGTEZpgyOCEQvF2=	M4i3dlI1KGh?		MkTEbY5kemWjc3XzJJRp\SCrboTlcpNqfHlib3[gSG5CN3C{b4TlbY4h[2:vcHzlfC=>	MlHBQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV\|M{mxNFUoRjJ3M{O5NVA2RC:jPh?=
granulosa cells	MmPQSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M13sVlExKM7:TR?=	M2[1bFEzNzJ2IHi=		NX3reVA4cW6lcnXhd4V{KHSqZTDs[ZZmdHNib3[gdoVxd3K2ZYKgZYN1cX[rdImg[o9zKHSqZTDsc45o\XO2IH\yZYdu\W62IDlijLI5PTRxK{G4VmdUOi6OVVOp	M2\CdFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3M{O5NVA2Lz5{NUOzPVExPTxxYU6=
granulosa cells	M1XLNWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MXOxNEDPxE1?	M{\CclEzNzJ2IHi=		Ml31bY5kemWjc3XzJJRp\SCuZY\lcJMhd2cEoGLHV\|LDqG2UTlG=	NF71OVM9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUOzPVExPSd-MkWzN\|kyODV:L3G+
BeWo	MVHGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NVz4RWViOjEEoNM1US=>	MnPBOFjDqGkEoB?=	M3PwdGROW00EoB?=	NVnFN4h1\G:5boLl[5Vt[XSnczD0bIUhdGW4ZXygc4YhT0OPLUG=	NH;jb5c9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUO2NlI3OCd-MkWzOlIzPjB:L3G+
BeWo	MVzGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MWOyNOKhyrWP	NXTJUVd1PDkEoHlCpC=>	MUHEUXNQyqB?	NF21VGtld3ewcnXneYxifGW\|IITo[UBt\X[nbDDv[kBVVUWPRkG2	M4PTT\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3M{[yNlYxLz5{NUO2NlI3ODxxYU6=
BeWo	NYDyZnJ7TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NVzadoxwOjEEoNM1US=>	NFq3OIY1QMLiaNMg	M2K3N2ROW00EoB?=	MWLpcoNz\WG\|ZYOgeIhmKGKndHGtbGNIKHKnbHXhd4U>	NVOzV4p7RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWzOlIzPjBpPkK1N\|YzOjZyPD;hQi=>
EM1	MkXWSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	Ml3mNVXjiIsQvF2=	NYjHVm5QPDhiaB?=		NGWyTIhz\WS3Y3XzJJRp\SCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIH;mxsBNUUcEoH;yxsBRXEeVMtMgbY7DqEODTGKtJI9zyqCHUFHDNk1{cWynbnPl[EBGVTFiY3XscJPDqA>?	NVvKUHVXRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWzO\|g3PjFpPkK1N\|c5PjZzPD;hQi=>
Primary bovine chondrocytes	NETVT4RIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MWe1{txO	M{Dac\|Q5KGh?		MlvHdoV3\XK\|ZYOgeIhmKGmwaHnibZRwenliZX\m[YN1KG:oIHPlcIVkd3irYjDvckBxem:uaX\ldoF1cW:wIHnuJIdzd3e2aDDwcIF1\SClaH;u[JJw[3m2ZYO=	MVe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTRyNkCxOkc,OjV2ME[wNVY9N2F-
RBMECs	M1LNSGZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MV61xsDPxE1?	NXfPfpFuOSCq		MlTCZoxw[2u\|IITo[UBi[3SrbjDjfZRwe2unbHX0c44hemWjcoLhcodmdWWwdDDz[YVvKHerdHigSW1CWC2LSTD0doVifG2nboVCpC=>	MUi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTRzNk[1NUc,OjV2MU[2OVE9N2F-
RBMECs	MXLGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	M1W3[lXDqM7:TR?=	NUC2XHh5OSCq		MULicI9kc3NidHjlJGVOSVBvSVmtbY5lfWOnZDDjbIFv\2ViaX6gUWxEKHCqb4PwbI9zgWyjdHnvci=>	M1Xj[lxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEG2OlUyLz5{NUSxOlY2OTxxYU6=
RBMECs	MlXzSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NXixTFFMPcLizszN	MYexJIg>		NXLqTmpzemW4ZYLz[ZMhfGinIHPoZY5o\XNiaX6gXm8uOSCmaYP0doljfXSrb36gd4VmdiC5aYToJGVOSVBvSVmgeJJm[XSvZX70	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTRzNk[1NUc,OjV2MU[2OVE9N2F-
RBMECs	NHGz[ZFHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	Ml;aOeKh\|ryP	M1LnTlEhcA>?		NUf5[Gp{cW6qaXLpeJMhfGinIHTlZ5Jm[XOnZDDv[kBidW:3boSgc4YhYk9vMTDpckBOTnNiaX7keYNm\CCkeTDFUWFRNUmL	M3zMWVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEG2OlUyLz5{NUSxOlY2OTxxYU6=
RBMECs	NUXFOHVXTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NV7iXJUxPcLizszN	MX2xJIg>		NVLqVnoxeHKndnXueJMhfGinIHnuZ5Jm[XOnIHnuJGhTWCCobIX4JIFkem:\|czD0bIUhSlSEIHnu[JVk\WRiYomgJGVOSVBvSVm=	Mlu4QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV2MU[2OVEoRjJ3NEG2OlUyRC:jPh?=
RBMECs	NYnVNItyTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NFG3[Y82yqEQvF2=	NF;PcFcyKGh?		M3O3NZBz\X[nboTzJJRp\SCHTVHQMWlKNWmwZIXj[YQhXEWHUjD2ZYx2\SCmZXPy[YF{\Q>?	NIHQTmc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUSxOlY2OSd-MkW0NVY3PTF:L3G+
RBMECs	MWLGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NIH2NZk2yqEQvF2=	NILwW3MyKGh?		MmHmZoxw[2u\|IITo[UBi[3SrdnH0bY9vKG:oIGLoc2EwWk:FSzDpcoR2[2WmIHL5JGVOSVBvSVm=	NWey[FFnRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW0NVY3PTFpPkK1OFE3PjVzPD;hQi=>
RBMECs	M3rYb2Z2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NYnacohmOC5yNT:wMlUwPSEQvF2=	MmfoNE4zPSCq		NXjJV5ZEcW6lcnXhd4V{KGODTWCgZ49v[2WwdILheIlwdg>?	M3fJe\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEG2OlUyLz5{NUSxOlY2OTxxYU6=
ThGCs	MorDSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M3zP[VEx6oDMzszN	NEDoXmY{KGh?		MUDpcohq[mm2czD0bIUh\W[oZXP0JI9nKEh{T{Kgc44hTUSQMjDtVm5C	NITQVXc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUSzN\|AzPyd-MkW0N\|MxOjd:L3G+
ThGCs	M2\yN2Z2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MXGxNQKBks7:TR?=	MVu05qCLcA>?		NVLHXYw3cW6lcnXhd4V{KEOxQ3yyMYlv\HWlZXSgSWRPOsLiZ3Xu[UBmgHC{ZYPzbY9v	M4r6SlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEOzNFI4Lz5{NUSzN\|AzPzxxYU6=
ThGCs	NG\lbmpHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MXixNQKBks7:TR?=	NXTKfnFDPOLCini=		M37kS4F2\22nboTzJGhKTjGDIHzleoVteyC2aHH0JJdmemVic4TpcZVt[XSnZDDifUBEd0OuMh?=	M4X4[VxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEOzNFI4Lz5{NUSzN\|AzPzxxYU6=
LNCaP	MVnGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MX2xNOKh\|ryP	NV7lUW5JOTJiaNMg	NX2yWYpWTE2VTx?=	MlKzbY5lfWOnczDhJIRz[W2jdHnjJIlv[3KnYYPlJI9nKEOURVKxJIFkfGm4aYT5	MmHPQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3NEiwPVkoRjJ3NUS4NFk6RC:jPh?=
BeWo	NYrNSmF2TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M33K[\|IxyqEEtV2=	MWe0POKhcA>?	NHu0OXhFVVOR	MX;pcoNz\WG\|ZYOgeIhmKGGmaHXzbY9vKG:oIGTIVE0yKG2xbn;jfZRmew>?	M2\tNlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NU[2O\|QxLz5{NUW2Olc1ODxxYU6=
BeWo	MXnGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MmrPNlDDqML3TR?=	NWHaO4lVPDkEoHi=	NWDJNGxRTE2VTx?=	M1PsXolv[3KnYYPld{B1cGViZHnm[oVz\W62aXH0bY9vKG:oIFLlW48h[2WubIO=	MUK8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTV4Nke0NEc,OjV3Nk[3OFA9N2F-
OCI-Ly18	NFPQcpNHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NIjQUlg1OMLizszN	NF\5bJQyyqCqwrC=	NG\ObW9FVVOR	NVLXN41IcW6mdXPld{B1cGViaX7jdoVu\W62IH;mJINCVVBiY3;uZ4VvfHKjdHnvcpM>	M4TpbVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NUe2NlIxLz5{NUW3OlIzODxxYU6=
OCI-Ly1	M3\RTWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M1\FV\|QxyqEQvF2=	MYixxsBpyqB?	M2rBU2ROW09?	NIW2[GlqdmS3Y3XzJJRp\SCrbnPy[Y1mdnRib3[gZ2FOWCClb37j[Y51emG2aX;udy=>	MVy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTV5NkKyNEc,OjV3N{[yNlA9N2F-
3T3-L1	MlnkSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NEHSVJczNjVxNTFOwG0>	NUHJZ29COjRiaNMg		MULzbYdvcW[rY3HueIx6KGSnY4LlZZNmeyCDVFfMJJBzd3SnaX6g[ZhxemW\|c3nvckBifCCjbHyg[I9{\XNidHXzeIVl	NYnVeoMxRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW1PVA2QTdpPkK1OVkxPTl5PD;hQi=>
HEK293	NFz4UJBHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NHGwbmY26oDLwsXN	NWj3fHZyOzBibXnu		M3vkeolv[3KnYYPld{BkSU2SIHzleoVtew>?	NYPRPGlZRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW1PVE6ODhpPkK1OVkyQTB6PD;hQi=>
hADSCs	M1LETWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MmjKOgKBkcL3TR?=	M3PzV\|MxKG2rbh?=		MnPQbY5kemWjc3XzJINCVVBibHX2[Yx{	NU\YO3Q3RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW1PVE6ODhpPkK1OVkyQTB6PD;hQi=>
SH-SY5Y	Mlu5SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NX\VVlI6OTEEoN88US=>	MorENeKhcMLi		NGPEPVVqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhSUeFMTDtVm5CKGyndnXs	MnrUQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3OUe0N\|MoRjJ3NUm3OFM{RC:jPh?=
SH-SY5Y	Mn3lSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MlP4NVDDqM7:TR?=	MXKxxsBpyqB?		M{DzbYlv[3KnYYPld{BNXUNiYXP0bZZqfHl?	NELodVk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUW5O\|Q{Oyd-MkW1PVc1OzN:L3G+
UACC-647	NG\WeVJHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	M4nvOFExyqEQvF2=	NGLYcXEyPSCvaX6=	MYnEUXNQ	NG[0W5BqdmO{ZXHz[ZMh\UWIMjDwbI9{eGixconsZZRqd25ibHX2[Yx{yqB?	NF7JXFU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUewN\|AzPSd-MkW3NFMxOjV:L3G+
UACC-647	NIf1bG5HfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NXOw[lYyOTEEoN88US=>	NHzSdZMyPSCvaX6=	MXXEUXNQ	NWPQZlNMcW6qaXLpeJMhTVKNIIDoc5NxcG:{eXzheIlwdg>?	MV68ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTdyM{CyOUc,OjV5MEOwNlU9N2F-
UACC-647	NWDTZ4ViTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=			MojBSG1UVw>?	MUHs[YFleyC2bzDhJJJqe2ViaX6gZ2FOWCCuZY\lcJMhMEWFNUFCpF3DqDJyLkO5xsDPxE1r	NWHyc3lWRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW3NFMxOjVpPkK1O\|A{ODJ3PD;hQi=>
SC	NELZcHhHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NWrHSlVmOC53IN88US=>	NWfWUmtuPzJiaB?=		NFLoNnJqdmO{ZXHz[ZMh[m:2aDDLdo95NTJyIHHu[EBQOSCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIHnuJIF5d25vcnXsZZRm\CCVQ4OgZpV1KG:wbImgT5JwgC1{MNMg	MlvpQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV5MEW4O\|QoRjJ3N{C1PFc1RC:jPh?=
SC	MYXGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MU[wMlUh\|ryP	MUSyOEBp		M1vUeI1qdWmla4OgeIhmKGWoZnXjeEBw\iClQV3QJIFv[WyxZ4Ogc44hVzFiYX7kJG1DWCCneIDy[ZN{cW:w	MUS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTdyNUi3OEc,OjV5MEW4O\|Q9N2F-
oocytes	NEC5TIRHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MVO1JO69VQ>?	MnLVNlQhcA>?		NHmxS4pifHSnboXheIV{KHKqLXnud5VtcW5iYXP0bY9vKG:wIH;vZ5l1\SCJVlLEJJNq\26rZnnjZY51dHoEoB?=	NUT5WJc2RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW3NFc5PTRpPkK1O\|A4QDV2PD;hQi=>
BeWo	NV;tNYFHTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MnK4NVDjiIsQvF5CpC=>	Mkm1O\|IhcA>?	NUP4V4VQTE2VTx?=	MVvt[YRq[XSnczDC[XdwKGOnbHyg[Iln\mW{ZX70bYF1cW:w	MoO0QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV5MUO0NlUoRjJ3N{GzOFI2RC:jPh?=
GH3	NH3kSIRHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MlXnNeKh\|ryP	NH;4[o03NWh?		MknubY5lfWOnczDQVmwh[W6mIFLtZYwyNCCkdYSgco91KEOub3PrMEBuWk6DIHX4dJJme3Orb36=	MXu8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTd{N{CxPEc,OjV5MkewNVg9N2F-
GH3	Mk\6SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MX6xxsDPxE1?	NXHEPVduPi2q		NFzrVmtifHSnboXheIV{KHSqZTDjc5Jz\WyjdHnvckBj\XS5ZXXuJHBTVCCjbnSgRo1idDFiZYjwdoV{e2mxbh?=	M3yycVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3N{K3NFE5Lz5{NUeyO\|AyQDxxYU6=
PC12	M2XsPWZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NXSzPVRMOjYEoN88US=>	M1GyPVQ5KGh?		MYrhZ5RqfmG2ZYOgZ2FOWA>?	M2HYbFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3N{[5N\|A2Lz5{NUe2PVMxPTxxYU6=
BAECs	NEPrTVFHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NXjteGt4OjVizszN	NWPhNYRzOjRiaB?=		MWflcohidmOnczD0bIUh[WO2aY\heIlwdiCxZjDQVGFT\|rFiYomgOUDPxE1icnXzeoVz[XS{b3ysJHQ1UFNuIH;yJFQuWEGS	M3Gz[FxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3N{m4PFI3Lz5{NUe5PFgzPjxxYU6=
GLUTag	MXLGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NIny[lAyOOLCidM1US=>	NHfofGQ1KGh?		NFLY[3RqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhfGinIIDDVmVDKGyndnXsd{B4cXSqIITo[UBKSk2[	MUG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTh\|Mk[zNUc,OjV6M{K2N\|E9N2F-
GLUTag	MWHGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	Mk\KNVDjiIoEtV2=	M4DpSVAwOi92IHi=		M3i3e5N1cW23bHH0[ZMhT0ySLUGgd4VkemW2aX;uJINwfHKnYYTl[EB4cXSqIFnCUXg>	Mnz3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV6M{K2N\|EoRjJ3OEOyOlMyRC:jPh?=
PBMC	MmfZSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NEfxO3A2OMLizszN	M1X1UFI1yqCqwrC=		MlLJbY5pcWKrdIOgeIhmKGmwY4LlZZNm\CC\|ZXPy[ZRqd25ib3[gWG5HKGmwZIXj[YQh[nlidHjlJGRRTQ>?	NFP6U5M9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUi2OlA4QSd-MkW4OlYxPzl:L3G+
H295R	MVfGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NH7RdGwyOMLizszN	MmriOFjDqGh?		NHPmNlVqdmO{ZXHz[ZMhe3Sncn;p[EBu\XSjYn;sbZRmeyCrbjD0bIUh[W6mcn;n[Y4tKG2rbnXyZYxwNSCjbnSg[4x2[2:lb4L0bYNwcWRicHH0bJdigXN?	M{m1N\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3OE[5OVU3Lz5{NUi2PVU2PjxxYU6=
3T3-L1 preadipocytes	MlHWSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NFr6OlIyOCEQvF5CpC=>	MXqxNkBp		NVTaRoVxcW6mdXPld{BEWkWEIIDoc5NxcG:{eXzheIlwdiCjbnSgR{9GSlEQsjDlfJBz\XO\|aX;u	MlvjQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV7MkiwOVgoRjJ3OUK4NFU5RC:jPh?=
PCCL3	NIDIOIxHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NXXrOJdUOTBiwsXN	Mn\5NlQhcA>?		NFHTNopmdmijbnPld{BFfU:6MjDwdo9ud3SncjD0doFve2O{aYD0bY9vKGGldHn2bZR6yqEkgJu=	MnzrQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV7NkC5OVYoRjJ3OU[wPVU3RC:jPh?=
SCG	M1Hy[WZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M3;NdFExOCEQvF5CpC=>		NEHIOGFFVVOR	M1n2UZJm\HWlZYOgeIhmKGW6Y3n0ZYJqdGm2eTDv[kBUS0dibnX1do9vew>?	NVThXZd7RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW5OlIyOzJpPkK1PVYzOTN{PD;hQi=>
HEK-293	Mk[2SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M1\ZZVM2KM7:TdMg		Ml3wSG1UVw>?	MmPBbY5lfWOnczDhJINwdnOyaXP1c5V{KOLCnHnuZYN1cX[jdHnvcwKBpSCxZjD0bIUhU3Z{LkGgZ5VzemWwdB?=	MWS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTl4MkGzNkc,OjV7NkKxN\|I9N2F-
SCG	M2XhcmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NWHoToltOjBizszNxsA>		MXHEUXNQ	MmXndoV3\XK\|aXLsfUB{fXCycnXzd4V{KEmNVjD3bZRpKGFiSVO1NEBw\iB{ND60JO69VQ>?	NYDLPYc5RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW5OlIyOzJpPkK1PVYzOTN{PD;hQi=>
PC-3	MkHYR4VtdCCYaXHibYxqfHliQYPzZZk>	NVHv[FZCPDBiwsXN	MUmyOE81QC95MjDo	NIrYRZVFVVOR	NGC5ZnVl\WO{ZXHz[ZMh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgeIlu\SCmZYDlcoRmdnSueR?=	MlzBQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyMkO4N\|YoRjJ4MEKzPFM3RC:jPh?=
PC-3	NIDZSYRHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MlGyOFAhyrWP	MY[yJIg>	Mo\TSG1UVw>?	NWHUOndQdGWjZIOgeI8hWFB{QTDhZ5RqfmG2aX;u	NWSyZ2dPRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[wNlM5OzZpPkK2NFI{QDN4PD;hQi=>
SH-SY5Y	M{XLXmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M3vXUVMxKM7:TR?=	M4jmeVMxKG2rbh?=	NYfLV4hPTE2VTx?=	M2TXRpNq\26rZnnjZY51dHliaX7jdoVie2W\|IITo[UBi[3SrdnH0bY9vKG:oIGDLRS=>	MX68ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPjB{NUGzO{c,OjZyMkWxN\|c9N2F-
EndoC-βH1	M{fIXmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MorGOeKh\|ryP	M2PCV\|EhcA>?		MW\s[YFleyC2bzDhJJN1em:wZzDjRW1RKGmwY4LlZZNm	NYjmUnpDRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[wNlg2PjJpPkK2NFI5PTZ{PD;hQi=>
EndoC-βH1	MXLGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MmXEOeKh\|ryP	MoW0NUBp		NVLk[G0{eG:2ZX70bYF1\XNiZ3z1Z49{\S2rbnT1Z4VlKGmwc4XsbY4he2WlcnX0bY9vKGmwIITo[UBxemW\|ZX7j[UBw\iCpbIXjc5Nm	NV7vXFl4RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[wNlg2PjJpPkK2NFI5PTZ{PD;hQi=>
RBMECs	NGXpUYVHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MYO1xsDPxE1?	Mlu3NUBp		NX[3UW5wcW6qaXLpeJMhTU2DUD3JTU1qdmS3Y3XkJIlv[WO2aY\heIlwdiCxZjDSZZAyyqB?	NGHhSWg9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkC0OFY3Oyd-Mk[wOFQ3PjN:L3G+
AML-12	NIexcVlHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	M3rp[\|IxKM7:TR?=	NXHTPZJ{OyCq		MXXpcoR2[2W\|IITo[UBl\XCqb4PwbI9zgWyjdHnvckBw\iCFUmTDNuKh	MmjKQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyNEi5PFUoRjJ4MES4PVg2RC:jPh?=
AML-12	M4LXWGZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	Mkm5NlAh\|ryP	NVuyTnplOyCq		MYP1dE1z\We3bHH0[ZPDqFCpY{HhMOKhWGWyY3usJIFv\MLiR{\wZ:KhdVKQQTDs[ZZmdHN?	NFvjXIY9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkC0PFk5PSd-Mk[wOFg6QDV:L3G+
AML-12	MUjGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MoS1NlAh\|ryP	MWexMVghcA>?		NU[4OYI6cW6lcnXhd4V{KGeudXPvd4UheHKxZIXjeIlwdg>?	MkTPQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyNEi5PFUoRjJ4MES4PVg2RC:jPh?=
AML-12	Ml6xSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MnfjNlAh\|ryP	M33qRVMhcA>?		NInGbXd2eHKnZ4XsZZRmeyC2aHWgdIhwe3Cqb4L5cIF1cW:wIHzleoVteyCjdDDUbJIuPDFzIHHu[EBU\XJvNEmz	MnXHQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyNEi5PFUoRjJ4MES4PVg2RC:jPh?=
Caco-2	M3v3c2Z2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MXywMlEwOS9zMDFOwG0>	NUfGN2R5OjRiaB?=		MV3pcoNz\WG\|ZYOgUXJROiCycn;0[YlvKGyndnXs	MoLnQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyNEmxNFIoRjJ4MES5NVAzRC:jPh?=
Caco-2	NViwdphoTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NIHCRWkxNjFxMT:xNEDPxE1?	MkjCNlDDqG2rbh?=		NYOx[3A6cW6mdXPld{BiKGSxc3Wt[IVx\W6mZX70JIlv[3KnYYPlJIlvKGmwdILhZ4VtdHWuYYKgZ2FOWCCuZY\lcJM>	NYLZS2ZbRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[wOFkyODJpPkK2NFQ6OTB{PD;hQi=>
bovine oocytes	MVvGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	MlnhNVAxyqEQvF2=	NIrDUm4yOsLiaB?=		MW\pcohq[mm2czD0bIUh\W[oZXP0JI9nKE6SUFGgZY5lN2:{IF7QVGMhfG9ic4TpcZVt[XSnIILld5VueHSrb36gc4YhdWWrb4Ppdy=>	MlnsQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZyNUG2NVEoRjJ4MEWxOlEyRC:jPh?=
BeWo	NX\SNYdkTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M3rjTlI26oDLzszN	NX;pc2FTOjRxNEivO\|IhcA>?		MULs[YFleyC2bzDhckBqdmO{ZXHz[UBqdiC2aHWg[ZhxemW\|c3nvckBw\iCxdHjldkBnfXOrb36gcYFzc2W{cx?=	NUDKR5NNRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[wOVM2PDlpPkK2NFU{PTR7PD;hQi=>
Spinal cords	NXzIc5N6TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M3nHOlHDqM7:TR?=	MWOzNEBucW5?		NFfuNld{fGmvdXzheIV{KGODTWCgcIV3\Wy\|	M{[5R\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4MUK2PVI3Lz5{NkGyOlkzPjxxYU6=
MDCK	MlX6SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NV3ve3BYOTBiwsXN	NYX2UGFsOjRiaB?=	MXvEUXNQ	M{n4SYlvcGmkaYTzJJRp\SCrbnPy[YF{\WRiZYjwdoV{e2mxbjDv[kBHViClYYXz[YQh[nliVFfGMe6zOQ>?	NETyVpo9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkKwNlM2Oid-Mk[yNFI{PTJ:L3G+
MDCK	NWqySm9MTnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MkXFNVAhyrWP	M4rhNVI1KGh?	NYW2XnRVTE2VTx?=	M1TnO5VxemWpdXzheIV{KHSqZTDlfJBz\XO\|aX;uJI9nKFSJRj5OtlEh[W6mIFPUS2bDqA>?	NUO0OmdnRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[yNFI{PTJpPkK2NlAzOzV{PD;hQi=>
RPMI 8226	NX;RXZc6S2WubDDWbYFjcWyrdImgRZN{[Xl?	NVW1U3l5OC1zMECg{txO	MWC3NwKBkWh?		NETuW5FqdmS3Y3XzJINmdGxiZHXheIgh\G:\|ZTDk[ZBmdmSnboTsfS=>	MVm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPjNyNk[yOEc,OjZ\|ME[2NlQ9N2F-
H929	NIP5[YZE\WyuIG\pZYJqdGm2eTDBd5NigQ>?	M1TEe\|AuOTByIN88US=>	M2PkTVcz6oDLaB?=		MlPMbY5lfWOnczDj[YxtKGSnYYToJIRwe2ViZHXw[Y5l\W62bIm=	NXmzb5hCRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[zNFY3OjRpPkK2N\|A3PjJ2PD;hQi=>
U266	MnnwR4VtdCCYaXHibYxqfHliQYPzZZk>	M{PmfFAuOTByIN88US=>	Moe3O\|LjiImq		NGjQTZRqdmS3Y3XzJINmdGxiZHXheIgh\G:\|ZTDk[ZBmdmSnboTsfS=>	Mmm3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZ\|ME[2NlQoRjJ4M{C2OlI1RC:jPh?=
OPM-2	NV\WPZlXS2WubDDWbYFjcWyrdImgRZN{[Xl?	M1vKWlAuOTByIN88US=>	M1;0d\|cz6oDLaB?=		MUPpcoR2[2W\|IHPlcIwh\GWjdHig[I9{\SCmZYDlcoRmdnSueR?=	M3XPV\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4M{C2OlI1Lz5{NkOwOlYzPDxxYU6=
INA-6	MkHSR4VtdCCYaXHibYxqfHliQYPzZZk>	MlnSNE0yODBizszN	M1PL[Fcz6oDLaB?=		MX;pcoR2[2W\|IHPlcIwh\GWjdHig[I9{\SCmZYDlcoRmdnSueR?=	M3:2NFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4M{C2OlI1Lz5{NkOwOlYzPDxxYU6=
RBMECs	NHLMcpVHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NYTOZYg2PcLizszN	NHLPcYoyyqCq		M12w[IJtd2OtczD0bIUhWmGlMTDpcoFkfGm4YYTpc44hcW6mdXPl[EBjgSCHTVHQMWlK	MmXlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZ\|NUiwN\|koRjJ4M{W4NFM6RC:jPh?=
Mo-DCs	MmPGSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M3jwb\|UxKM7:TR?=	MWeyOQKBkWh?		NXGzbItleHKxbX;0[ZMhUUxvMkOgdJJw\HWldHnvckBqdiC2aHWgd5Vx\XKwYYThcpQhd2Zieontc5NidiC\|dHnteYxifGWmIF3vMWREe8Li	MnHZQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjZ2MUK5OFgoRjJ4NEGyPVQ5RC:jPh?=
HEK293	NGjUfZpHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NWD4N2pUOTBizszN	M4HPPVYhcA>?		MYfpcoNz\WG\|ZYOgdIhwe3Cqb4L5cIF1cW:wIH;mJI93\XKneIDy[ZN{\WRiS1zIUFMh[XRiU{SzNy=>	NX7DO4Z3RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[0N\|U1QThpPkK2OFM2PDl6PD;hQi=>
ASK	NE\pRYZHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=		NVPkVIE4OSCqch?=			MUG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQDR7NkSxK\|4zQDR7NkSxQE9iRg>?
Vero E6	NGLadZhCdnSrdnnyZYwh[XO\|YYm=					NIfQN\|k9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zN{[2N\|U{QSd-MUe2OlM2Ozl:L3G+
epithelial cells	MVHGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NWrWSo5uOSC3TR?=	NUHvO4Y{PCxiNjygZY5lKDhiZHH5dy=>			NVe4b5AzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUm5OlY4QDlpPkG5PVY3Pzh7PD;hQi=>
HepG2 (DPX-2)	Mne0SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		NGXPbYUzPCCqcoO=			MV28ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zODl4NkC0N{c,OjB7Nk[wOFM9N2F-
HepG2	MmfSSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		MnH0NlQhcHK\|			M1;D[FxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJyOU[2NFQ{Lz5{MEm2OlA1OzxxYU6=
HepG2 (DPX-2)	NFfafYVHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=		NEfpN3IzPCCqcoO=			M3r6clxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJyOU[2NFQ{Lz5{MEm2OlA1OzxxYU6=
HEK293T	MXHGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	M4TLeVExKHWP				NWflcmlmRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkSzPFc{OjVpPkK0N\|g4OzJ3PD;hQi=>
HEK293	NUnrZ45STnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	M3nGZ\|ExKHWP	Ml\mNVYhcHK\|			M1jQWVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4NEO1OVEzLz5{NkSzOVUyOjxxYU6=
MCF7	MXTDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		NIHHRYw1QCCqcoO=			M3OyeFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ6OEO4OlkzLz5{OEizPFY6OjxxYU6=
HEK293	M3rMRmZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7		NGP5N5k{OCCvaX7z			NWjyTms1RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{CwNFYyPzZpPkOwNFA3OTd4PD;hQi=>

... Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID
Western blot	cleaved caspase-3 / caspase-3; PubMed: 30863177 Cancer Manag Res Toledo, NK-92, RL, and Farage cells were treated with 30 μM of forskolin for 48 hours, then the cells were harvested for Western blotting to assess the expression of total or cleaved caspase-3 cleaved caspase-9 / caspase-9 ; PubMed: 30863177 Cancer Manag Res Toledo, NK-92, RL, and Farage cells were treated with 30 μM of forskolin for 48 hours, then the cells were harvested for Western blotting to assess the expression of total or cleaved caspase-9. β-catenin; PubMed: 30863177 Cancer Manag Res (A, B) The protein expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin in Toledo and NK-92 cells in the presence of 0, 10, 20, or 40 μM forskolin was detected by Western blotting. c-myc / Cyclin D1; PubMed: 30863177 Cancer Manag Res (C, D) Western blotting analysis of the total protein expression of c-myc and cyclin D1 influenced by 0, 10, 20, or 40 μM of forskolin in Toledo and NK-92 cells (n=3, *P<0.05, forskolin group vs control group). pS6K1 / S6K1 / pCREB / CREB; PubMed: 31112131 eLife Forskolin inhibits mTORC1 in multiple cell lines. PC3, LNcap/AR, H1299, H1944, MDA-MB-231, MEF, HAP1, COS7, HeLa, MIA Paca-2, and PANC-1 were treated with or without 10 μM forskolin for 1 h and mTORC1 activity, CREB phosphorylation, and loading controls were analyzed. p-JNK / JNK / P-p38 / p38; PubMed: 20070884 Mol Cancer L929 cells were pretreated with forskolin (10 μM) for various times as indicated, followed by stimulation with or without 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 15 min.	30863177 31112131 20070884
Immunofluorescence	5hmC; PubMed: 29239726 eLife Schwann cells were treated with forskolin (10 μM) for 3 hr followed by washout. 5hmC induction was detected at of 0, 3, and 24 hr time points following treatment. Cells continuously treated with forskolin (5, 10 μM) for 24 hr showed comparable 5hmC levels. Scale bar = 20 μm. Fe(II); PubMed: 29239726 eLife AMP (100 mM) treatment for 4 hr did not induce labile Fe(II) while AC activators (forskolin (100 mM), bicarbonate (50 mM)) and PDE inhibitors (caffeine (100 mM), IBMX (100 mM)) increased labile Fe(II) detected by Trx-Puro probes. CYP17A1 / CYP21A2; PubMed: 25334044 PLoS One H295R cells were treated with 8-Br-cAMP or forskolin for 48 h under growth conditions, and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. (A) Immunostaining for CYP17A1. Red staining shows the anti-CYP17A1 antibody and blue staining shows DAPI (cell nuclei). (B) Immunostaining for CYP21A2. Red staining shows the anti-CYP21A2 antibody and blue staining shows DAPI (cell nuclei). Scale bars represent 100 µm.	29239726 25334044
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability; PubMed: 30863177 Cancer Manag Res (C) MTT assay was conducted to test the cell growth after Toledo cells were administered 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 μM of forskolin for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days. (D) Toledo cells were administered 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 μM of forskolin for 48 hours, then MTT assay was used to evaluate the IC50 of forskolin. (F) MTT assay was conducted to test the cell growth after NK-92 cells were administered 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 μM of forskolin for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days. (G) NK-92 cells were administered 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 μM of forskolin for 48 hours, then MTT assay was used to evaluate the IC50of forskolin.	30863177

Protocol

References

Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	DMSO	82 mg/mL (199.75 mM)
	Water	Insoluble
	Ethanol	''37 mg/mL

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information Download Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362) SDF

Molecular Weight	410.5
Formula	C₂₂H₃₄O₇
CAS No.	66575-29-9
Storage	3 years-20°C powder 2 years-80°C in solvent
Synonyms	Coleonol, Colforsin
Smiles	CC(=O)OC1C(C2C(CCC(C2(C3(C1(OC(CC3=O)(C)C=C)C)O)C)O)(C)C)O

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

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Working concentration： mg/ml；

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL， Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note：1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Bio Calculators

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Calculate the dilution required to prepare a stock solution. The Selleck dilution calculator is based on the following equation:

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The Serial Dilution Calculator Equation

Serial Dilutions
Concertration (start):
Dilution-folds:

Computed Result

C1=C0/X	C1:	LOG(C1):
C2=C1/X	C2:	LOG(C2):
C3=C2/X	C3:	LOG(C3):
C4=C3/X	C4:	LOG(C4):
C5=C4/X	C5:	LOG(C5):
C6=C5/X	C6:	LOG(C6):
C7=C6/X	C7:	LOG(C7):
C8=C7/X	C8:	LOG(C8):

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Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.

Molarity Calculator

Clinical Trial Information (data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2021-09-06)

NCT Number	Recruitment	interventions	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT04254705	Not yet recruiting	Procedure: Rectal Biopsy	Cystic Fibrosis	Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven\|Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated\|KU Leuven\|University of Lisbon	March 1 2020	Not Applicable
NCT02807415	Completed	Drug: Lumacaftor plus Ivacaftor	Cystic Fibrosis	Hannover Medical School\|Heidelberg University\|University of Giessen	June 1 2016	--
NCT02586883	Completed	Other: bronchial ddp test	Idiopathic Dilation of the Bronchi	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	March 29 2016	Not Applicable
NCT03652090	Completed	Procedure: cell sampling	Cystic Fibrosis	Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale France\|ABCF2	September 1 2010	--

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Colforsin (Forskolin, HL 362)