CDK

 

Patient tumor cell sensitivity to combinatorial treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors in 3-D culture. The effect of each drug or drug combination was assessed by fluorescent dye to identify live (green) and dead cells (red). Cells from breast reduction patients were used as non-cancer control in the assay.

Inhibition of CDK5 by roscovitine resulted in defective neuronal migration, which was rescued by expression of GFP-Ndel1 (S251E). a, Granular neurons were treated with roscovitine. Western blotting was performed 24 h after start of culture. Aurora-A and NDEL1 displayed similar expression levels with untreated neurons, whereas the levels of phosphorylated Aurora-A and NDEL1 proteins were decreased after treatment with roscovitine. Relative intensities of the bands of Western blotting are shown at the bottom.

HeLa cells were treated for 3h with PIK-75 or SNS-032 at the indicated concentrations. Cells were subsequently lysed and subjected to western blotting. One representative of two independent experiments is shown.

CDK4/6 inhibition has potent cytostatic effect in HER2-positive models. The indicated cells were treated with PD-0332991 (1 uM) or Dinaciclib (1 uM) for 96 hours and plates were stained with crystal violet.

(C) In vivo treatment of Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Pomc-eGFP embryos with small-molecule CDK inhibitors (50 μM) or 0.2% DMSO as control from 18 to 40 hpf. One hundred to one hundred fifty embryos were treated with each compound. Representative images of live embryos are shown with gross morphology (Right) and pituitary Pomc-GFP-positive cells at higher magnification (Left) at 40 hpf. Embryos exposed to flavopiridol developed early developmental defect before pituitary POMC cell ontogeny occurs. (D) Relative expression of pituitary Pomc-eGFP fluorescence analyzed using Volocity 5.2 software (Improvision; mean ±SE of relative expression, n = 7). (E) R-roscovitine specifically suppresses expansion of pituitary POMC cells overexpressing zPttg from 18 to 48 hpf. Double transgenic Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos were generated by breeding Tg:Pomc-Pttg fish with a previously generated PRL-RFP transgenic line, in which RFP was targeted to pituitary lactotrophs by a zebrafish Prolactin promoter (34). Representative fluorescent microscopy of pituitary POMC-eGFP (a and b) and PRL-RFP (c and d) expression in live Tg:Pomc-Pttg; Pomc-eGFP and Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos treated with 0.2% DMSO (a and c) or 50 μM R-roscovitine (b and d). (F) Relative expression of pituitary POMC-eGFP or PRL-RFP fluorescence were analyzed (mean ±SE of relative expression; n = 10). Results represent one of three similar experiments;*P < 0.02 and **P < 0.000005. (Scale bar, 50 μm.)

Lysates of MDM treated with five-fold dilutions of the indicated compounds (starting concentration: AT7519, 0.5 mmol/l, roscovitine 4 mmol/l) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with antiphopho-SAMHD1, anti-SAMHD1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies. MDM, monocyte-derived macrophage; SAMHD1, sterile a motif and HD domain-containing protein-1; SD, standard deviation.

Comparative efficacy of anticancer therapies (Flavopiridol, vincristine, daunorubicin, et al.) in NMC vs non-NMC cell lines. Mean IC50 (± s.e.m.) of the indicated agents in three NMC (PER-403, PER-624, and PER-704) and two non-NMC cell lines (PER-535 and SAOS2), ***P<0.001, unpaired t-test, corrected for multiple testing.

JNJ-7706621 treatment of tamoxifen-resistant cell lines leads to arrest in the G2 cell cycle phase. M phase cells from the upper right quadrants were quantified relative to total G2/M phase cells. Statistical significant differences from vehicle-treated cells are denoted by asterisks; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

(a) HEK-293 cells expressing V5-EXO1 were synchronized in different phases of the cell cycle. EXO1 was immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-V5 antibody and Western blotted with anti-phospho-Ser (p-SP) or anti-phospho-Thr (p-TP) CDK substrate antibodies, as indicated. “+AZD” indicates cells pre-treated with the CDK inhibitor AZD5438 prior to analysis. (b) HEK-293 cells expressing V5-EXO1, synchronized in G2, were pre-treated with CDK inhibitors, AZD5438 or Roscovitine, prior to analysis of EXO1 phosphorylation by IP-Western.

Hela cell was trypsinized and plated at 30% confluence in DMEM. 16 hours later, MK-8776 (SCH900776) was added at final concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 25uM. Another 24 hours later, cells were harvested in RIPA with protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail. Total protein concentration was measured by BCA method. Lysates equivalent to 20ug total protein were subject to Western Blot, using total- CHK1, pS345-CHK1 and beta-actin (internal control) antibodies.

J558 cells were treated with PHA793887 (0.02–5 umol/L) for 6 hours, after which Western blot analysis was performed to monitor XBP-1s expression. Tub, tubulin.

Dose-response inhibition of purified human recombinant cyclin-dependent kinase CDK7/cyclin H by inhibitor BS-181 (left panel). Immunoblotting of RNA polymerase II and its phosphorylated form (at Ser5), physiological substrate of CDK7, in MCF-7 cells treated with different doses of inhibitor BS-181 for 24 h (right panel).

HT29 cells were treated with DMSO control, 1 uM selumetinib (Sel) or 5 uM PD0332991 (991) for 24 or 48 h after which time cells were lysed, subjected to SDS/PAGE and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.

B cells were pre-treated with the indicated concentrations of A-674563 for 1h prior to R848 treatment (500 ng/ml).  Thymidine incorporation was analyzed 24h later.

HT29 cells were treated with DMSO control, 1 uM selumetinib (Sel), 5 uM PD0332991 (991), 0.3 uM LY2835219 (219) or serum-free (SF) medium for 48 h. Whole cell extracts were prepared, fractionated by SDS/PAGE and analysed by Western blotting with the indicated antibodies.

Viability at 250 nM and CI vs. Fa for U2932 following 24 hours exposure to ABT-199, additional drugs with activity against CDK9, or the combinations. Mean of quadruplicates ± SEM.

Cell survival curves of A549 cells treated with increasing doses of A-674563, PHA-848125, and H89 2HCl for 72 hours. Cells were incubated with cell proliferation reagent WST-1 for 2 hours and absorbance was read at 450nm. Optical density was then normalized to a 1% DMSO control. The data is presented as the percentage of cell survival relative to the DMSO control ± SEM of three independent trials. Statistical significance was determined with multiple T-tests using the Holm-Sidak method without assuming a consistent SD and is represented by *p<0.05.

Analysis of apoptosis in leukemia cells induced by LEE011. Annexin V staining of cells following 48-h treatment with LEE011 at 2 or 5 µM compared with DMSO controls. Following 5-µM LEE011 treatment, the K562 apoptotic cell percentage was 5.9 ± 0.75 vs. 1.2 ± 0.66% for the DMSO group, P = 0.001; in MV4-11 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 24.2 ± 3.06 vs. 0.53 ± 0.40% for the DMSO group, P = 0.005; in U937 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 9.9 ± 2.81 vs. 0.57 ± 0.42% for the DMSO group, P = 0.027; in HL-60 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 28.23 ± 6.01 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8% for the DMSO group, P = 0.015; in THP-1 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 1.76 ± 0.4 vs. 1.56 ± 0.45% for the DMSO group, P = 0.59; in CCRF cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 13.77 ± 3.16 vs. 1.2 ± 0.36% for the DMSO group, P = 0.019; in NB4 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 12.1 ± 1.35 vs. 0.86 ± 0.25% for the DMSO group, P = 0.004; and in SHI-1 cells the apoptotic cell percentage was 12.6 ± 2.81 vs. 1.87 ± 0.75% for the DMSO group, P = 0.017. These analyses were repeated three times. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01

Predicted anticancer drugs inhibit the growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib, sunitinib, regorafenib and cabozantinib effectively inhibit GOT1 cell growth with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Inhibitors of AKT (MK-2206), HDAC (vorinostat), HSP90 (alvespimycin) and CDK4/9 (P276-00) also inhibited GOT1 cell growth at micromolar concentrations, whereas inhibition of PARP1 (veliparib) had no effect. GOT1 cells were treated with anticancer drugs at various concentrations for 4 days. Cell viability was estimated using AlamarBlue®. Data points are the mean values of three individual experiments carried out in triplicate (n=9). Fitting of curves was done in GraphPad Prism software v6.04 using log (inhibitor) vs response nonlinear fit with variable slope. IC50 was interpolated at Y=50 and bars denote ±s.d.

One and three days after differentiation induction, protein level of Myh3 and Myogenin were analyzed by western blot.

HeLa cells were untreated or treated with either colcemid (10 μg/ml for 16 h), RO-3306 (9 μM for 16 h), or both colcemid and RO-3306, as indicated. Cells were then lysed, and proteins were detected by Western analysis.

Effect of Wogonin on the translocation and transcriptional activity of NFATc1. U2OS cells stably transfected with EGFP-NFATc1, RANKL (100 ng/ml) and different concentrations of Wogonin (5.0, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.0 mM) were added and incubated for 24 h. The IN Cell™ Analyzer 1000 was used to observe the translocation of NFATc1. (A) DMSO was used as a control. RANKL (100 ng/ml) significantly stimulated the translocation of NFATc1; Wogonin (5 mM) significantly decreased the translocation of NFATc1 induced by RANKL (magnification, x200). (B) Statistics showed that Wogonin could decrease the translocation of NFATc1 into the nucleus induced by RANKL in a concentration-dependent manner. RAW264.7 cells were transfected with pGL3-promoter-NFATc1-RE, and then RANKL (100 ng/ml) and different concentrations of Wogonin (5.0, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.0 mM) were added and incubated for 24 h. (C) RANKL significantly increased the transcriptional activity of NFATc1 and Wogonin decreased the transcriptional activity of NFATc1 induced by RANKL in a concentration-dependent manner. n=3; *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 compared with the RANKL group. NAFTc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide, RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; RE, response element.

After 12 h PAB treatment, cells were treated with PAB in the absence and presence of RO-3306 or purvalanol A for 12 h and 36 h. (A) Expressions of p-histone h3 were detected by western blot.

Effect of Kenpaullone on GSK-3β and CDKs. (A and B) Naïve CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 (TCR), TGF-β (5 ng/ml) and IL-6 (20 ng/ml) in the presence of the indicated Kenpaullone (Kenp) concentrations for 30 min (A) or 24 h (A and B).

Inhibition of CDK9 leads to a decrease in RNApol II activity and repetitive element expression. HEK293T cells were treated with DMSO control and the indicated amounts of LDC000067, a CDK9 inhibitor, for a total of 3 h. (A) Immunoblots showing the levels of phosphorylated RNApol II largest subunit (pRPB1), total RPB1 and GAPDH, in response to different doses of CDK9 inhibitor. (B) Quantification of immunoblots from 2 independent experiments in which each condition was performed in duplicates, and in which pRPB1 and total RPB1 protein levels were normalized to GAPDH or as pRPB1/Total RPB1 ratio. (C, D) qRT-PCR analyses show a significant response to CDK9 inhibition of repetitive elements belonging to the LTR (C) and SINE (D) classes. Statistical analyses were performed to compare all groups using a One-way ANOVA followed by Bonforreoni’s multiple comparison test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, #P < 0.0001.

a, Porcine blastocysts derived from the SU9516-treated group. Scale bar 100 μM. b, An image of a 7 day SU9516- treated parthenogenetically activated porcine embryo stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar 100 μM. c, Tetraploid karyotype from SU9516 treated blastocysts. Scale bar 50 μM. d, Porcine blastocysts derived from the cytochalasin B (CB)-treated group. Scale bar 100 μM. e, An image of a 7 day CB-treated parthenogenetically activated porcine embryo stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar 100 μM. f, diploid karyotype from CB treated blastocysts. Scale bar 50 μM

(c) Effect of AT7519 treatment on RNA pol II occupancy at the PRCC gene. MM1.S cells were treated with either DMSO vehicle (blue) or 2 μM AT7519 (brown) for 6 h, followed by RNA pol II ChIP-seq analysis. Twenty-fold magnifications of the rpm/bp scale of these gene tracks are shown in the right panel to show the difference in reads for elongating RNA pol II. TR, RNA pol II traveling ratio. (d) Genome-wide binding average RNA pol II (ChIP-seq) on active promoters and gene bodies following treatment of MM1.S cells with DMSO vehicle (blue) or 2 μM of AT7519 (brown) for 6 h. Magnification of the rpm/bp scale at gene bodies is shown in the inset. The inset includes RNA polymerase II traveling ratio distributions (TR, mean) derived from MM1.S cells treated with DMSO (blue) or 2 μM AT7519 (red). (e) Chemical structures of the pan-CDK inhibitor AT7519 and its biotinylated counterpart bio-AT7519. (f) In vitro kinase assays with recombinant cyclin T-CDK9 complex in the presence of increasing concentrations of AT7519 or bio-AT7519. The derived IC50 values for each compound are shown. (g) Effect of AT7519 and bio-AT7519 on MM1.S cell proliferation. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of drug for 72 h as indicated. The derived EC50 values for each compound are shown.

The protein levels of p-MCM2 and p-ERK in NOK, HN6 and Cal27 cells treated with 0, 10 and 20 μMXL413 were detected by western blotting.

 

Patient tumor cell sensitivity to combinatorial treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors in 3-D culture. The effect of each drug or drug combination was assessed by fluorescent dye to identify live (green) and dead cells (red). Cells from breast reduction patients were used as non-cancer control in the assay.

Inhibition of CDK5 by roscovitine resulted in defective neuronal migration, which was rescued by expression of GFP-Ndel1 (S251E). a, Granular neurons were treated with roscovitine. Western blotting was performed 24 h after start of culture. Aurora-A and NDEL1 displayed similar expression levels with untreated neurons, whereas the levels of phosphorylated Aurora-A and NDEL1 proteins were decreased after treatment with roscovitine. Relative intensities of the bands of Western blotting are shown at the bottom.

HeLa cells were treated for 3h with PIK-75 or SNS-032 at the indicated concentrations. Cells were subsequently lysed and subjected to western blotting. One representative of two independent experiments is shown.

CDK4/6 inhibition has potent cytostatic effect in HER2-positive models. The indicated cells were treated with PD-0332991 (1 uM) or Dinaciclib (1 uM) for 96 hours and plates were stained with crystal violet.

(C) In vivo treatment of Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Pomc-eGFP embryos with small-molecule CDK inhibitors (50 μM) or 0.2% DMSO as control from 18 to 40 hpf. One hundred to one hundred fifty embryos were treated with each compound. Representative images of live embryos are shown with gross morphology (Right) and pituitary Pomc-GFP-positive cells at higher magnification (Left) at 40 hpf. Embryos exposed to flavopiridol developed early developmental defect before pituitary POMC cell ontogeny occurs. (D) Relative expression of pituitary Pomc-eGFP fluorescence analyzed using Volocity 5.2 software (Improvision; mean ±SE of relative expression, n = 7). (E) R-roscovitine specifically suppresses expansion of pituitary POMC cells overexpressing zPttg from 18 to 48 hpf. Double transgenic Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos were generated by breeding Tg:Pomc-Pttg fish with a previously generated PRL-RFP transgenic line, in which RFP was targeted to pituitary lactotrophs by a zebrafish Prolactin promoter (34). Representative fluorescent microscopy of pituitary POMC-eGFP (a and b) and PRL-RFP (c and d) expression in live Tg:Pomc-Pttg; Pomc-eGFP and Tg:Pomc-Pttg;Prl-RFP embryos treated with 0.2% DMSO (a and c) or 50 μM R-roscovitine (b and d). (F) Relative expression of pituitary POMC-eGFP or PRL-RFP fluorescence were analyzed (mean ±SE of relative expression; n = 10). Results represent one of three similar experiments;*P < 0.02 and **P < 0.000005. (Scale bar, 50 μm.)

Lysates of MDM treated with five-fold dilutions of the indicated compounds (starting concentration: AT7519, 0.5 mmol/l, roscovitine 4 mmol/l) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred, and immunoblotted with antiphopho-SAMHD1, anti-SAMHD1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies. MDM, monocyte-derived macrophage; SAMHD1, sterile a motif and HD domain-containing protein-1; SD, standard deviation.

Comparative efficacy of anticancer therapies (Flavopiridol, vincristine, daunorubicin, et al.) in NMC vs non-NMC cell lines. Mean IC50 (± s.e.m.) of the indicated agents in three NMC (PER-403, PER-624, and PER-704) and two non-NMC cell lines (PER-535 and SAOS2), ***P<0.001, unpaired t-test, corrected for multiple testing.

JNJ-7706621 treatment of tamoxifen-resistant cell lines leads to arrest in the G2 cell cycle phase. M phase cells from the upper right quadrants were quantified relative to total G2/M phase cells. Statistical significant differences from vehicle-treated cells are denoted by asterisks; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

(a) HEK-293 cells expressing V5-EXO1 were synchronized in different phases of the cell cycle. EXO1 was immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-V5 antibody and Western blotted with anti-phospho-Ser (p-SP) or anti-phospho-Thr (p-TP) CDK substrate antibodies, as indicated. “+AZD” indicates cells pre-treated with the CDK inhibitor AZD5438 prior to analysis. (b) HEK-293 cells expressing V5-EXO1, synchronized in G2, were pre-treated with CDK inhibitors, AZD5438 or Roscovitine, prior to analysis of EXO1 phosphorylation by IP-Western.

Hela cell was trypsinized and plated at 30% confluence in DMEM. 16 hours later, MK-8776 (SCH900776) was added at final concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 25uM. Another 24 hours later, cells were harvested in RIPA with protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail. Total protein concentration was measured by BCA method. Lysates equivalent to 20ug total protein were subject to Western Blot, using total- CHK1, pS345-CHK1 and beta-actin (internal control) antibodies.

J558 cells were treated with PHA793887 (0.02–5 umol/L) for 6 hours, after which Western blot analysis was performed to monitor XBP-1s expression. Tub, tubulin.

Dose-response inhibition of purified human recombinant cyclin-dependent kinase CDK7/cyclin H by inhibitor BS-181 (left panel). Immunoblotting of RNA polymerase II and its phosphorylated form (at Ser5), physiological substrate of CDK7, in MCF-7 cells treated with different doses of inhibitor BS-181 for 24 h (right panel).

HT29 cells were treated with DMSO control, 1 uM selumetinib (Sel) or 5 uM PD0332991 (991) for 24 or 48 h after which time cells were lysed, subjected to SDS/PAGE and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.

B cells were pre-treated with the indicated concentrations of A-674563 for 1h prior to R848 treatment (500 ng/ml).  Thymidine incorporation was analyzed 24h later.

HT29 cells were treated with DMSO control, 1 uM selumetinib (Sel), 5 uM PD0332991 (991), 0.3 uM LY2835219 (219) or serum-free (SF) medium for 48 h. Whole cell extracts were prepared, fractionated by SDS/PAGE and analysed by Western blotting with the indicated antibodies.

Viability at 250 nM and CI vs. Fa for U2932 following 24 hours exposure to ABT-199, additional drugs with activity against CDK9, or the combinations. Mean of quadruplicates ± SEM.

Cell survival curves of A549 cells treated with increasing doses of A-674563, PHA-848125, and H89 2HCl for 72 hours. Cells were incubated with cell proliferation reagent WST-1 for 2 hours and absorbance was read at 450nm. Optical density was then normalized to a 1% DMSO control. The data is presented as the percentage of cell survival relative to the DMSO control ± SEM of three independent trials. Statistical significance was determined with multiple T-tests using the Holm-Sidak method without assuming a consistent SD and is represented by *p<0.05.

Analysis of apoptosis in leukemia cells induced by LEE011. Annexin V staining of cells following 48-h treatment with LEE011 at 2 or 5 µM compared with DMSO controls. Following 5-µM LEE011 treatment, the K562 apoptotic cell percentage was 5.9 ± 0.75 vs. 1.2 ± 0.66% for the DMSO group, P = 0.001; in MV4-11 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 24.2 ± 3.06 vs. 0.53 ± 0.40% for the DMSO group, P = 0.005; in U937 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 9.9 ± 2.81 vs. 0.57 ± 0.42% for the DMSO group, P = 0.027; in HL-60 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 28.23 ± 6.01 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8% for the DMSO group, P = 0.015; in THP-1 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 1.76 ± 0.4 vs. 1.56 ± 0.45% for the DMSO group, P = 0.59; in CCRF cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 13.77 ± 3.16 vs. 1.2 ± 0.36% for the DMSO group, P = 0.019; in NB4 cells, the apoptotic cell percentage was 12.1 ± 1.35 vs. 0.86 ± 0.25% for the DMSO group, P = 0.004; and in SHI-1 cells the apoptotic cell percentage was 12.6 ± 2.81 vs. 1.87 ± 0.75% for the DMSO group, P = 0.017. These analyses were repeated three times. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01

Predicted anticancer drugs inhibit the growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib, sunitinib, regorafenib and cabozantinib effectively inhibit GOT1 cell growth with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Inhibitors of AKT (MK-2206), HDAC (vorinostat), HSP90 (alvespimycin) and CDK4/9 (P276-00) also inhibited GOT1 cell growth at micromolar concentrations, whereas inhibition of PARP1 (veliparib) had no effect. GOT1 cells were treated with anticancer drugs at various concentrations for 4 days. Cell viability was estimated using AlamarBlue®. Data points are the mean values of three individual experiments carried out in triplicate (n=9). Fitting of curves was done in GraphPad Prism software v6.04 using log (inhibitor) vs response nonlinear fit with variable slope. IC50 was interpolated at Y=50 and bars denote ±s.d.

One and three days after differentiation induction, protein level of Myh3 and Myogenin were analyzed by western blot.

HeLa cells were untreated or treated with either colcemid (10 μg/ml for 16 h), RO-3306 (9 μM for 16 h), or both colcemid and RO-3306, as indicated. Cells were then lysed, and proteins were detected by Western analysis.

Effect of Wogonin on the translocation and transcriptional activity of NFATc1. U2OS cells stably transfected with EGFP-NFATc1, RANKL (100 ng/ml) and different concentrations of Wogonin (5.0, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.0 mM) were added and incubated for 24 h. The IN Cell™ Analyzer 1000 was used to observe the translocation of NFATc1. (A) DMSO was used as a control. RANKL (100 ng/ml) significantly stimulated the translocation of NFATc1; Wogonin (5 mM) significantly decreased the translocation of NFATc1 induced by RANKL (magnification, x200). (B) Statistics showed that Wogonin could decrease the translocation of NFATc1 into the nucleus induced by RANKL in a concentration-dependent manner. RAW264.7 cells were transfected with pGL3-promoter-NFATc1-RE, and then RANKL (100 ng/ml) and different concentrations of Wogonin (5.0, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.0 mM) were added and incubated for 24 h. (C) RANKL significantly increased the transcriptional activity of NFATc1 and Wogonin decreased the transcriptional activity of NFATc1 induced by RANKL in a concentration-dependent manner. n=3; *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 compared with the RANKL group. NAFTc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide, RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; RE, response element.

After 12 h PAB treatment, cells were treated with PAB in the absence and presence of RO-3306 or purvalanol A for 12 h and 36 h. (A) Expressions of p-histone h3 were detected by western blot.

Effect of Kenpaullone on GSK-3β and CDKs. (A and B) Naïve CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 (TCR), TGF-β (5 ng/ml) and IL-6 (20 ng/ml) in the presence of the indicated Kenpaullone (Kenp) concentrations for 30 min (A) or 24 h (A and B).

Inhibition of CDK9 leads to a decrease in RNApol II activity and repetitive element expression. HEK293T cells were treated with DMSO control and the indicated amounts of LDC000067, a CDK9 inhibitor, for a total of 3 h. (A) Immunoblots showing the levels of phosphorylated RNApol II largest subunit (pRPB1), total RPB1 and GAPDH, in response to different doses of CDK9 inhibitor. (B) Quantification of immunoblots from 2 independent experiments in which each condition was performed in duplicates, and in which pRPB1 and total RPB1 protein levels were normalized to GAPDH or as pRPB1/Total RPB1 ratio. (C, D) qRT-PCR analyses show a significant response to CDK9 inhibition of repetitive elements belonging to the LTR (C) and SINE (D) classes. Statistical analyses were performed to compare all groups using a One-way ANOVA followed by Bonforreoni’s multiple comparison test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, #P < 0.0001.

a, Porcine blastocysts derived from the SU9516-treated group. Scale bar 100 μM. b, An image of a 7 day SU9516- treated parthenogenetically activated porcine embryo stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar 100 μM. c, Tetraploid karyotype from SU9516 treated blastocysts. Scale bar 50 μM. d, Porcine blastocysts derived from the cytochalasin B (CB)-treated group. Scale bar 100 μM. e, An image of a 7 day CB-treated parthenogenetically activated porcine embryo stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar 100 μM. f, diploid karyotype from CB treated blastocysts. Scale bar 50 μM

(c) Effect of AT7519 treatment on RNA pol II occupancy at the PRCC gene. MM1.S cells were treated with either DMSO vehicle (blue) or 2 μM AT7519 (brown) for 6 h, followed by RNA pol II ChIP-seq analysis. Twenty-fold magnifications of the rpm/bp scale of these gene tracks are shown in the right panel to show the difference in reads for elongating RNA pol II. TR, RNA pol II traveling ratio. (d) Genome-wide binding average RNA pol II (ChIP-seq) on active promoters and gene bodies following treatment of MM1.S cells with DMSO vehicle (blue) or 2 μM of AT7519 (brown) for 6 h. Magnification of the rpm/bp scale at gene bodies is shown in the inset. The inset includes RNA polymerase II traveling ratio distributions (TR, mean) derived from MM1.S cells treated with DMSO (blue) or 2 μM AT7519 (red). (e) Chemical structures of the pan-CDK inhibitor AT7519 and its biotinylated counterpart bio-AT7519. (f) In vitro kinase assays with recombinant cyclin T-CDK9 complex in the presence of increasing concentrations of AT7519 or bio-AT7519. The derived IC50 values for each compound are shown. (g) Effect of AT7519 and bio-AT7519 on MM1.S cell proliferation. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of drug for 72 h as indicated. The derived EC50 values for each compound are shown.

The protein levels of p-MCM2 and p-ERK in NOK, HN6 and Cal27 cells treated with 0, 10 and 20 μMXL413 were detected by western blotting.