Interleukins

Immunology & Inflammation

PI3K mTOR GSK-3 DNA-PK ATM/ATR PDK BRAF AMPK screen library kit knockout PTEN MELK PI4K PIKfyve PP2A ETK/BMX Antioxidant ACSS2 SSTR ADC NUDIX PDPK1

Isoform-selective Products

IL-6 IL-1 IL-8 IL-12 IL-10 IL-13 IL-2 IL-3 IL-18

All (73)
Interleukins Inhibitors (61)
Interleukins Activators (5)
Interleukins Antagonist (1)
Interleukins Agonist (1)
Interleukins Modulators (4)
New Interleukins Products

Cat.No.	Product Name	Information	Product Use Citations
S7124	SC144	SC144 is the first-in-class orally active small-molecule gp130 inhibitor that induces gp130 phosphorylation (S782) and deglycosylation, abrogates Stat3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and further inhibits the expression of downstream target genes.	Cell Rep Med, 2025, S2666-3791(25)00102-8 Respir Res, 2025, 26(1):285 bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.01.20.633954
S8301	Ossirene (AS101)	A potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulator, Ossirene (AS101) is a novel inhibitor of IL-1beta converting enzyme.	Mol Neurodegener, 2025, 20(1):5 Cell Biosci, 2025, 15(1):18 Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2025, none
S4267	Diacerein	Diacerein is an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1B (IL-1B) production, prescribed for osteoarthritis and chronic inflammatory arthritis.	MedComm (2020), 2024, 5(8):e668 Oral Dis, 2022, 10.1111/odi.14294 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 165:171-183
S9727	Ac-YVAD-cmk	Ac-YVAD-cmk (Caspase-1 Inhibitor II) is a selective IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, effectively suppresses the expression of IL-1β and IL-18.	Cell Commun Signal, 2024, 22(1):368 J Transl Med, 2024, 22(1):1139 Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(4)2185
S0785	Apilimod mesylate	Apilimod mesylate is a potent and orally-available inhibitor of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) with the potential to treat certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This compound inhibits IL-12 with IC50 of 1 nM, 1 nM and 2 nM, in IFN-γ/SAC-stimulated human PBMCs, human monocytes and mouse PBMCs, respectively. It is also a cell permeable small molecule that specifically inhibits PIKfyve with IC50 of 14 nM.	bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.02.28.582543 Stem Cell Reports, 2022, 17(2):397-412 Hum Mol Genet, 2021, 29(22):3589-3605
S2015	Suplatast Tosylate	Suplatast Tosylate (IPD-1151T, Suplatast Tosilate) is a novel capsular anti-asthmatic agent that suppresses both IgE production, IL-4 and IL-5 synthesis with IC50 above 100 μM.	J Transl Med, 2022, 20(1):615
S6281	Sodium Thiocyanate	Sodium Thiocyanate (NaSCN, Sodium rhodanide, Sodium sulfocyanate, Sodium rhodanate), one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion, is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) reduces IL-6, whereas increases IL-10 levels. Sodium thiocyanate also reduces ROS.	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022, 2022:8315503
S5972	Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate	Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (A-hydrocort, Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate), a physiological glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties, is an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine with IC50 of 6.7 μM and 21.4 μM for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-3, respectively.	J Transl Med, 2023, 21(1):50
S3745	Balsalazide disodium	Balsalazide Disodium is the disodium salt form of balsalazide, an aminosalicylate and oral prodrug that is enzymatically cleaved in the colon to produce the anti-inflammatory agent mesalazine. Balsalazide Disodium suppress colitis-associated carcinogenesis through modulation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway.	Front Microbiol, 2020, 10:2936
S0472	EC330	EC330 is a steroidal inhibitor of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF, an interleukin 6 class cytokine). This compound inhibits the LIF/LIF-R signaling and blocks the promoting effects of LIF on growth and migration of cancer cells.	NPJ Precis Oncol, 2024, 8(1):246 Br J Cancer, 2021, 10.1038/s41416-021-01631-3
S3312	Diethyl phosphate	Diethyl phosphate (DEP, DPF, Diethyl phosphoric acid, diethyl hydrogen phosphate), a non-specific metabolite of organophosphorus pesticides in the gut environment, significantly enriches opportunistic pathogens leading to a decrease in interleukin-6 (IL-6).
S5764	YM 90709	YM 90709 is a novel IL-5 inhibitor which selectively blocks the binding of IL-5 to the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R).
E3568	Natural indigo Extract	Natural Indigo Extract is extracted from Polygonum tinctorium, which suppress sodium dextran sulfate-induced colitis through interleukin-10-related pathway.
E2502	Tamarixetin	Tamarixetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is a natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin and has superior anti-inflammatory properties in bacterial sepsis by increasing the population of IL-10-secreting immune cells.
E0008	Atractylodin	Atractylodin (Atractydin) is one of the major constituents of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea and inhibits N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) activity with an IC50 of 2.81 µM. This compound also inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) by blocking NPM-ALK activation and MAPKs.
S0781	IQ 3	IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. This compound inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. It also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro.	Int J Biol Sci, 2024, 20(6):2323-2338
S6579	RCGD423	RCGD-423 is a modulator of Glycoprotein 130 (gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta, CD130) signalling that regulates cartilage growth and differentiation.
S9054	Pectolinarin	Pectolinarin is a major compound in Cirsium setidens with anti-inflammatory activity. This compound inhibits secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the production of PGE2 and NO. It also induces apoptosis via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
E1153	LMT-28	LMT-28 is a novel synthetic interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor that functions through direct binding to gp130.
S3293	Gardenoside	Gardenoside is a natural compound extracted from Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. It inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NFκB activation. This compound also has an inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. It suppresses the pain in rats model of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors.
E1383	Cp2-SO4	Cp2-SO4 is a phenylalanine derivative which reverses interleukin 4 induced 1 (IL4I1)-dependet inhibition of T-cell proliferation with Ki of 21.2 µM.	Cancers (Basel), 2024, 16(9)1622
E0177	Hydrocortisone sodium succinate	Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt) has significant inhibitory effects on the IL-6 bioactivity with IC50 of 6.7 μM. This compound can bind to glucocorticoid receptor, initiating the transcription of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators.
S3261	Myrislignan	Myrislignan, a lignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt, possesses anti-inflammatory activities. This compound inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). It significantly inhibits the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dose-dependently in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. It also inhibits the NF-κB signalling pathway activation.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2023, 2023:7098313
S0228	SU 5201	SU 5201 (NSC 247030) is an interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibitor.
S7455	Resatorvid (TAK-242)	Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. This compound downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF, and it also inhibits autophagy.	EMBO J, 2025, 10.1038/s44318-025-00515-z Carbohydr Polym, 2025, 350:122980 J Neuroinflammation, 2025, 22(1):38
S1189	Aprepitant	Aprepitant is a potent and selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 nM. This compound reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. It inhibits HIV infection of human macrophages.	Br J Cancer, 2024, 10.1038/s41416-024-02608-8 Inflammation, 2023, 46(1):256-269 Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):4995
S1709	Estradiol	Estradiol (17β-estradiol, β-Estradiol, E2, 17β-Oestradiol) is a human sex hormone and steroid, and the primary female sex hormone. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.	Cancer Cell, 2025, 43(5):891-904.e10 Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):758 Cell Rep Med, 2025, 6(7):102192
S8966	T-5224	T-5224 is a selective inhibitor of transcription factor c-Fos/activator protein (AP)-1 with anti-inflammatory effects. T-5224 specifically inhibits the DNA binding activity of c-Fos/c-Jun and the IL-1β-induced up-regulation of Mmp-3, Mmp-13 and Adamts-5 transcription.	MedComm (2020), 2025, 6(4):e70154 MedComm (2020), 2025, 6(4):e70154 Cells, 2025, 14(7)474
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist, inducing the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. This compound reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Nature, 2025, 644(8078):1058-1068 J Virol, 2025, e0128025. Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605
S6414	Apilimod	Apilimod is a potent and orally-available inhibitor of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) with the potential to treat certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This compound inhibits IL-12 with IC50 of 1 nM, 1 nM and 2 nM, in IFN-γ/SAC-stimulated human PBMCs, human monocytes and mouse PBMCs, respectively. It is also a cell permeable small molecule that specifically inhibits PIKfyve with IC50 of 14 nM.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):8123 J Cell Biol, 2025, 224(6)e202408158 J Biol Chem, 2025, 301(10):110716
S7259	FLLL32	FLLL32 is a potent JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of <5 μM. This compound inhibits the induction of STAT3 phosphorylation by IFNα and IL-6 in breast cancer cells.	Stem Cell Reports, 2025, 20(10):102673 Cancer Commun -Lond), 2023, 43(10):1117-1142 Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480
S1733	Methylprednisolone	Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. This compound activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. It markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis.	Food Chem Toxicol, 2024, 188:114665 Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917 Nat Med, 2017, 23(4):424-428
S8261	GSK583	GSK583 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of RIP2 kinase with IC50 of 5 nM. This compound also inhibits both TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC50 of ~200 nM in explant cultures.	J Invest Dermatol, 2025, S0022-202X(25)00494-4 Cancer Res, 2020, canres.530.2020 J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1):364
S0787	3-Deazaadenosine hydrochloride	3-Deazaadenosine HCl (3-DZA, c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase with Ki of 3.9 µM. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of TNF-α and IL-1β. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, prevents FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and reduces FCS-induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-HIV activities.	Virus Res, 2025, 358:199590 J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2022, 41(1):36 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 168:25-43
S9668	PKR-IN-C16	PKR-IN-C16 (imoxin, C16, Imidazolo-oxindole PKR inhibitor C16) is a specific inhibitor of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, Protein Kinase R, EIF2AK2). This compound prevents apoptosis and IL-1β production in an acute excitotoxic rat model with a neuroinflammatory component.	Immunity, 2025, 58(10):2489-2504.e8 Exp Mol Med, 2024, 56(2):408-421. EMBO J, 2024, 43(5):780-805.
S8879	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165)	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a highly potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of Tyk2 with a Ki value of 0.02 nM for binding to the Tyk2 pseudokinase domain. It is highly selective against a panel of 265 kinases and pseudokinases.	Res Sq, 2025, rs.3.rs-6079043 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1718 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1337
S2979	CU-T12-9	CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. This compound activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):2743 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638 Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S0826	A-740003	A-740003 is a potent, selective and competitive antagonist of P2X7 receptor with IC50 of 18 nM and 40 nM for rat and human P2X7 receptors, respectively. This compound potently blocks agonist-evoked IL-1β release and pore formation with IC50 of 156 nM and 92 nM in differentiated human THP-1 cells.	Am J Cancer Res, 2024, 14(2):585-600 Cell Rep, 2023, 42(7):112696
S6898	RCM-1	RCM-1 is a nontoxic inhibitor of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) that suppresses goblet cell metaplasia and prevents IL-13 and STAT6 signaling in allergen-exposed mice. This compound decreases carcinogenesis and nuclear β-catenin.	Gut, 2025, gutjnl-2025-335163 Parasit Vectors, 2025, 18(1):100 bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.05.25.655133
S0771	BRD6989	BRD6989 is a selective inhibitor of CDK8 and CDK19. This compound upregulates IL-10. It is an analog of the natural product cortistatin A (dCA).	Infect Drug Resist, 2021, 14:3135-3143
S0094	SR 0987	SR 0987, a SR 1078 analog, is an agonist for T cell-specific RORγ (RORγt) with EC50 of 800 nM. This compound represses PD-1, produces IL17 and is potential for the treatment of cancer.	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022, 2022:8315503.
S9052	Auraptene	Auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin) is a natural coumarin derived from citrus plants and possesses valuable pharmacological properties, including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antihelicobacter, antigenotoxic, and neuroprotective effects. This compound inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) as well as key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5(CCL5).	Neuropharmacology, 2025, 269:110352 Plant Physiology, 2012, 81–94
S9374	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP, 2-Acetylhydroquinone, Quinacetophenone) is a mixture of dihydroxyacetophenone isomers is used in food flavouring. This compound significantly inhibits NO production via the suppression of iNOS expression. It significantly decreases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by blocking the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.	Pathol Oncol Res, 2019, 25(1):301-309
S6620	Danirixin (GSK1325756)	GSK1325756 (Danirixin) is a small molecule, non-peptide, high affinity (IC50 for CXCL8 (IL-8) binding = 12.5 nM), selective, and reversible CXCR2 antagonist.	Redox Biol, 2024, 76:103323 Theranostics, 2019, 9(18):5332-5346
S0437	SAR-20347	SAR-20347 is a potent inhibitor of TYK2, JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 with IC50 of 0.6 nM, 23 nM, 26 nM and 41 nM, respectively. This compound inhibits TYK2- and JAK1-mediated IL-12 and IFN-α signaling.	Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431 Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431
S9502	Madecassic acid	Madecassic acid (Brahmic acid), a natural triterpene first isolated from C. asiatica, has diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, blocking NF-κB activation in macrophages and causing by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 inhibition.	Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16:3793-3804
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
S4842	Balsalazide	Balsalazide (Colazal, Giazo), an aminosalicylate and oral prodrug, is enzymatically cleaved in the colon to produce the anti-inflammatory agent mesalazine. This compound suppresses colitis-associated carcinogenesis through modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
S3590	Triolein	Triolein is an inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduces both the expression of IL-6 and ROS generation in irradiated keratinocytes.
E3067	Trionycis Carapax Extract	Trionycis Carapax Extract is obtained from Carapax Trionycis, of which Carapax Trionycis extracts with molecular weight less than 6 KD (CT6) down-regulates TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6, indicating the potential therapeutic effect of these extracts against liver fibrosis.
E0314	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride is a prodrug compound that is converted to an active form by ester hydrolysis. JTE-607 is a multiple cytokine production inhibitor that targets CPSF3 and inhibits pre-mRNA processing. JTE-607 inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, with IC50 values of 11 nM, 5.9 nM, 8.8 nM, 7.3 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively.
S3969	Veratric acid	Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid), a simple benzoic acid derived from plants and fruits, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and blood pressure-lowering effects. This compound reduces upregulated COX-2 expression, and levels of PGE2, IL-6 after UVB irradiation.
S9236	α-Cyperone	α-Cyperone (alpha-cyperone), a major active compound of Cyperus rotundus, exhibits biological activities, such as antivirulence, antigenotoxic, and antibacterial activities. This compound is associated with the down-regulation of COX-2, IL-6, Nck-2, Cdc42 and Rac1.
S0752	AUDA	AUDA (compound 43) is a potent inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) with IC50 of 18 nM and 69 nM for the mouse sEH and human sEH, respectively. This compound has anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the protein expression of MMP-9, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β. It downregulates Smad3 and p38 signaling pathways.
S0777	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base)	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base, Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of pan NADPH oxidase (pan-Nox) with Ki of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, respectively. This compound significantly suppresses the expression of inflammatory molecules including MCP-1/CCL2, IL-6, and TNFα in the diabetic kidney.
S5973	Methylprednisolone Acetate	Methylprednisolone (NSC-19987, Medrol) acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. Methylprednisolone activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. Methylprednisolone markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis.
S4966	4-Methylesculetin	4-methylesculetin is one of the coumarin derivatives with great anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. 4-Methylesculetin inhibits myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reduces IL-6 level.
S3292	(3R,8S)-Falcarindiol	Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules.	Antioxidants (Basel), 2024, 13(12)1533 Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13:1128000 Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:656697
S9660	Remibrutinib	Remibrutinib is a potent, highly selective covalent inhibitor of bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with IC50 of 1.3 nM, 2.5 nM and 18 nM for BTK, FcγR-induced IL8 and anti-IgM/IL4-induced CD69, respectively. This compound exhibits an exquisite kinase selectivity due to binding to an inactive conformation of BTK and has the potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
S0139	MD2-TLR4-IN-1	MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). This compound inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
S3871	Muscone	Muscone (3-Methylcyclopentadecanone, Methylexaltone), a flavouring ingredient, is an organic compound that is the primary contributor to the odor of musk and also a potent anti-inflammatory agent. This compound significantly downregulats the levels of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. It remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6).	Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2025, 292:117961 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(5):21 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2025, 503:117494
S9075	Mulberroside A	Mulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. This compound decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38.
S6850	NE 52-QQ57	NE 52-QQ57 is a selective, and orally available antagonist of G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) with IC50 of 0.07 μM. This compound effectively blocks GPR4-mediated cAMP accumulation with IC50 of 26.8 nM in HEK293 cells. The antagonism of GPR4 with this chemical significantly inhibits the AGE-induced increased expression of several key inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).	Exp Hematol Oncol, 2024, 13(1):13
S9417	Homoplantaginin	Homoplantaginin (Hispidulin-7-glucoside), a main flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. This compound inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.	Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16:1526107
S5579	Chelidonic acid	Chelidonic acid (Jerva acid, Jervaic acid, γ-Pyrone-2,6-dicarboxyl acid) is a secondary metabolite found in several plants with therapeutic potential in allergic disorders in experimental animals. This compound inhibits IL-6 production by blocking NF-κB and caspase-1 in HMC-1 cells. It is also an inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase with Ki of 1.2 μM.
E2630	SKF-86002	SKF-86002 is an orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulate human monocyte IL-1 and TNF-α production with IC50 of 1 μM, also inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid.
S6347	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. It acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway.
S9129	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2, Sanchinoside B2, Sanchinoside Rh1) is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. It exhibits potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
S3138	Methylthiouracil	Methylthiouracil (NSC-193526, NSC-9378,MTU) is an antithyroid agent. This compound suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). This compound also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.	Cell Rep Med, 2025, S2666-3791(25)00231-9
S3304	Stylopine	Stylopine ((R,S)-Stylopine, Tetrahydrocoptisine) reduces nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and the IL-6 production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity caused by the LPS stimulation. This compound is a major component of the leaf of Chelidonium majus L.
S9184	Forsythoside B	Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo, a Chinese folk medicinal plant. This compound has potent neuroprotective effects and has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antisepsis properties. It could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
S3299	Demethyleneberberine	Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC), significantly alleviates the weight loss and diminishes myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. This compound potentially ameliorates NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) by activating AMPK pathways.
S7124	SC144	SC144 is the first-in-class orally active small-molecule gp130 inhibitor that induces gp130 phosphorylation (S782) and deglycosylation, abrogates Stat3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and further inhibits the expression of downstream target genes.	Cell Rep Med, 2025, S2666-3791(25)00102-8 Respir Res, 2025, 26(1):285 bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.01.20.633954
S8301	Ossirene (AS101)	A potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulator, Ossirene (AS101) is a novel inhibitor of IL-1beta converting enzyme.	Mol Neurodegener, 2025, 20(1):5 Cell Biosci, 2025, 15(1):18 Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2025, none
S4267	Diacerein	Diacerein is an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1B (IL-1B) production, prescribed for osteoarthritis and chronic inflammatory arthritis.	MedComm (2020), 2024, 5(8):e668 Oral Dis, 2022, 10.1111/odi.14294 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 165:171-183
S9727	Ac-YVAD-cmk	Ac-YVAD-cmk (Caspase-1 Inhibitor II) is a selective IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, effectively suppresses the expression of IL-1β and IL-18.	Cell Commun Signal, 2024, 22(1):368 J Transl Med, 2024, 22(1):1139 Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(4)2185
S0785	Apilimod mesylate	Apilimod mesylate is a potent and orally-available inhibitor of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) with the potential to treat certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This compound inhibits IL-12 with IC50 of 1 nM, 1 nM and 2 nM, in IFN-γ/SAC-stimulated human PBMCs, human monocytes and mouse PBMCs, respectively. It is also a cell permeable small molecule that specifically inhibits PIKfyve with IC50 of 14 nM.	bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.02.28.582543 Stem Cell Reports, 2022, 17(2):397-412 Hum Mol Genet, 2021, 29(22):3589-3605
S5972	Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate	Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (A-hydrocort, Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate), a physiological glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties, is an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine with IC50 of 6.7 μM and 21.4 μM for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-3, respectively.	J Transl Med, 2023, 21(1):50
S0472	EC330	EC330 is a steroidal inhibitor of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF, an interleukin 6 class cytokine). This compound inhibits the LIF/LIF-R signaling and blocks the promoting effects of LIF on growth and migration of cancer cells.	NPJ Precis Oncol, 2024, 8(1):246 Br J Cancer, 2021, 10.1038/s41416-021-01631-3
S3312	Diethyl phosphate	Diethyl phosphate (DEP, DPF, Diethyl phosphoric acid, diethyl hydrogen phosphate), a non-specific metabolite of organophosphorus pesticides in the gut environment, significantly enriches opportunistic pathogens leading to a decrease in interleukin-6 (IL-6).
S5764	YM 90709	YM 90709 is a novel IL-5 inhibitor which selectively blocks the binding of IL-5 to the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R).
E0008	Atractylodin	Atractylodin (Atractydin) is one of the major constituents of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea and inhibits N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) activity with an IC50 of 2.81 µM. This compound also inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) by blocking NPM-ALK activation and MAPKs.
S0781	IQ 3	IQ 3 is a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with Kd of 66 nM, 240 nM and 290 nM for JNK3, JNK1 and JNK2, respectively. This compound inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/AP1 transcriptional activity in THP1-Blue cells with IC50 of 1.4 μM. It also inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 production in vitro.	Int J Biol Sci, 2024, 20(6):2323-2338
S9054	Pectolinarin	Pectolinarin is a major compound in Cirsium setidens with anti-inflammatory activity. This compound inhibits secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the production of PGE2 and NO. It also induces apoptosis via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
E1153	LMT-28	LMT-28 is a novel synthetic interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor that functions through direct binding to gp130.
S3293	Gardenoside	Gardenoside is a natural compound extracted from Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. It inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NFκB activation. This compound also has an inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. It suppresses the pain in rats model of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors.
E1383	Cp2-SO4	Cp2-SO4 is a phenylalanine derivative which reverses interleukin 4 induced 1 (IL4I1)-dependet inhibition of T-cell proliferation with Ki of 21.2 µM.	Cancers (Basel), 2024, 16(9)1622
E0177	Hydrocortisone sodium succinate	Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt) has significant inhibitory effects on the IL-6 bioactivity with IC50 of 6.7 μM. This compound can bind to glucocorticoid receptor, initiating the transcription of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators.
S3261	Myrislignan	Myrislignan, a lignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt, possesses anti-inflammatory activities. This compound inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). It significantly inhibits the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dose-dependently in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. It also inhibits the NF-κB signalling pathway activation.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2023, 2023:7098313
S0228	SU 5201	SU 5201 (NSC 247030) is an interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibitor.
S7455	Resatorvid (TAK-242)	Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. This compound downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF, and it also inhibits autophagy.	EMBO J, 2025, 10.1038/s44318-025-00515-z Carbohydr Polym, 2025, 350:122980 J Neuroinflammation, 2025, 22(1):38
S1189	Aprepitant	Aprepitant is a potent and selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 nM. This compound reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. It inhibits HIV infection of human macrophages.	Br J Cancer, 2024, 10.1038/s41416-024-02608-8 Inflammation, 2023, 46(1):256-269 Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):4995
S8966	T-5224	T-5224 is a selective inhibitor of transcription factor c-Fos/activator protein (AP)-1 with anti-inflammatory effects. T-5224 specifically inhibits the DNA binding activity of c-Fos/c-Jun and the IL-1β-induced up-regulation of Mmp-3, Mmp-13 and Adamts-5 transcription.	MedComm (2020), 2025, 6(4):e70154 MedComm (2020), 2025, 6(4):e70154 Cells, 2025, 14(7)474
S6414	Apilimod	Apilimod is a potent and orally-available inhibitor of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) with the potential to treat certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This compound inhibits IL-12 with IC50 of 1 nM, 1 nM and 2 nM, in IFN-γ/SAC-stimulated human PBMCs, human monocytes and mouse PBMCs, respectively. It is also a cell permeable small molecule that specifically inhibits PIKfyve with IC50 of 14 nM.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):8123 J Cell Biol, 2025, 224(6)e202408158 J Biol Chem, 2025, 301(10):110716
S7259	FLLL32	FLLL32 is a potent JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of <5 μM. This compound inhibits the induction of STAT3 phosphorylation by IFNα and IL-6 in breast cancer cells.	Stem Cell Reports, 2025, 20(10):102673 Cancer Commun -Lond), 2023, 43(10):1117-1142 Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480
S1733	Methylprednisolone	Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. This compound activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. It markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis.	Food Chem Toxicol, 2024, 188:114665 Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917 Nat Med, 2017, 23(4):424-428
S8261	GSK583	GSK583 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of RIP2 kinase with IC50 of 5 nM. This compound also inhibits both TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC50 of ~200 nM in explant cultures.	J Invest Dermatol, 2025, S0022-202X(25)00494-4 Cancer Res, 2020, canres.530.2020 J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1):364
S0787	3-Deazaadenosine hydrochloride	3-Deazaadenosine HCl (3-DZA, c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase with Ki of 3.9 µM. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of TNF-α and IL-1β. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, prevents FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and reduces FCS-induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. 3-Deazaadenosine HCl has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-HIV activities.	Virus Res, 2025, 358:199590 J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2022, 41(1):36 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 168:25-43
S9668	PKR-IN-C16	PKR-IN-C16 (imoxin, C16, Imidazolo-oxindole PKR inhibitor C16) is a specific inhibitor of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, Protein Kinase R, EIF2AK2). This compound prevents apoptosis and IL-1β production in an acute excitotoxic rat model with a neuroinflammatory component.	Immunity, 2025, 58(10):2489-2504.e8 Exp Mol Med, 2024, 56(2):408-421. EMBO J, 2024, 43(5):780-805.
S8879	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165)	Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a highly potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of Tyk2 with a Ki value of 0.02 nM for binding to the Tyk2 pseudokinase domain. It is highly selective against a panel of 265 kinases and pseudokinases.	Res Sq, 2025, rs.3.rs-6079043 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1718 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1337
S0826	A-740003	A-740003 is a potent, selective and competitive antagonist of P2X7 receptor with IC50 of 18 nM and 40 nM for rat and human P2X7 receptors, respectively. This compound potently blocks agonist-evoked IL-1β release and pore formation with IC50 of 156 nM and 92 nM in differentiated human THP-1 cells.	Am J Cancer Res, 2024, 14(2):585-600 Cell Rep, 2023, 42(7):112696
S6898	RCM-1	RCM-1 is a nontoxic inhibitor of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) that suppresses goblet cell metaplasia and prevents IL-13 and STAT6 signaling in allergen-exposed mice. This compound decreases carcinogenesis and nuclear β-catenin.	Gut, 2025, gutjnl-2025-335163 Parasit Vectors, 2025, 18(1):100 bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.05.25.655133
S9052	Auraptene	Auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin) is a natural coumarin derived from citrus plants and possesses valuable pharmacological properties, including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antihelicobacter, antigenotoxic, and neuroprotective effects. This compound inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) as well as key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5(CCL5).	Neuropharmacology, 2025, 269:110352 Plant Physiology, 2012, 81–94
S9374	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone	2',5'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP, 2-Acetylhydroquinone, Quinacetophenone) is a mixture of dihydroxyacetophenone isomers is used in food flavouring. This compound significantly inhibits NO production via the suppression of iNOS expression. It significantly decreases levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by blocking the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.	Pathol Oncol Res, 2019, 25(1):301-309
S6620	Danirixin (GSK1325756)	GSK1325756 (Danirixin) is a small molecule, non-peptide, high affinity (IC50 for CXCL8 (IL-8) binding = 12.5 nM), selective, and reversible CXCR2 antagonist.	Redox Biol, 2024, 76:103323 Theranostics, 2019, 9(18):5332-5346
S0437	SAR-20347	SAR-20347 is a potent inhibitor of TYK2, JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 with IC50 of 0.6 nM, 23 nM, 26 nM and 41 nM, respectively. This compound inhibits TYK2- and JAK1-mediated IL-12 and IFN-α signaling.	Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431 Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):410-431
S9502	Madecassic acid	Madecassic acid (Brahmic acid), a natural triterpene first isolated from C. asiatica, has diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, blocking NF-κB activation in macrophages and causing by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 inhibition.	Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16:3793-3804
S1833	Butoconazole nitrate	Butoconazole nitrate (RS-35887) is an anti-fungal agent that inhibits PHA-stimulated release of cytokines-- IL-2, TNFα, IFN and GM-CSF from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, 7.36 μg/mL and 7.6 μg/mL, respectively).
S3590	Triolein	Triolein is an inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduces both the expression of IL-6 and ROS generation in irradiated keratinocytes.
E3067	Trionycis Carapax Extract	Trionycis Carapax Extract is obtained from Carapax Trionycis, of which Carapax Trionycis extracts with molecular weight less than 6 KD (CT6) down-regulates TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6, indicating the potential therapeutic effect of these extracts against liver fibrosis.
E0314	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride	JTE-607 Dihydrochloride is a prodrug compound that is converted to an active form by ester hydrolysis. JTE-607 is a multiple cytokine production inhibitor that targets CPSF3 and inhibits pre-mRNA processing. JTE-607 inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, with IC50 values of 11 nM, 5.9 nM, 8.8 nM, 7.3 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively.
S3969	Veratric acid	Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid), a simple benzoic acid derived from plants and fruits, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and blood pressure-lowering effects. This compound reduces upregulated COX-2 expression, and levels of PGE2, IL-6 after UVB irradiation.
S9236	α-Cyperone	α-Cyperone (alpha-cyperone), a major active compound of Cyperus rotundus, exhibits biological activities, such as antivirulence, antigenotoxic, and antibacterial activities. This compound is associated with the down-regulation of COX-2, IL-6, Nck-2, Cdc42 and Rac1.
S0752	AUDA	AUDA (compound 43) is a potent inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) with IC50 of 18 nM and 69 nM for the mouse sEH and human sEH, respectively. This compound has anti-inflammatory activity that reduces the protein expression of MMP-9, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β. It downregulates Smad3 and p38 signaling pathways.
S0777	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base)	Isuzinaxib (APX-115 free base, Ewha-18278 free base) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of pan NADPH oxidase (pan-Nox) with Ki of 1.08 μM, 0.57 μM, and 0.63 μM for Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, respectively. This compound significantly suppresses the expression of inflammatory molecules including MCP-1/CCL2, IL-6, and TNFα in the diabetic kidney.
S5973	Methylprednisolone Acetate	Methylprednisolone (NSC-19987, Medrol) acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist, used to achieve prompt suppression of inflammation. Methylprednisolone activates ACE2 and reduces IL-6 levels, thus improves severe or critical COVID-19. Methylprednisolone markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis.
S4966	4-Methylesculetin	4-methylesculetin is one of the coumarin derivatives with great anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. 4-Methylesculetin inhibits myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reduces IL-6 level.
S3292	(3R,8S)-Falcarindiol	Falcarindiol (FAD, (3R,8S)-Falcarindiol, FaDOH) is a natural polyacetylene compound found rich in many plants of the Umbelliferae family. Falcarindiol suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Falcarindiol attenuates the LPS-induced activation of JNK, ERK, STAT1, and STAT3 signaling molecules.	Antioxidants (Basel), 2024, 13(12)1533 Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13:1128000 Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:656697
S9660	Remibrutinib	Remibrutinib is a potent, highly selective covalent inhibitor of bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with IC50 of 1.3 nM, 2.5 nM and 18 nM for BTK, FcγR-induced IL8 and anti-IgM/IL4-induced CD69, respectively. This compound exhibits an exquisite kinase selectivity due to binding to an inactive conformation of BTK and has the potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
S0139	MD2-TLR4-IN-1	MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). This compound inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
S3871	Muscone	Muscone (3-Methylcyclopentadecanone, Methylexaltone), a flavouring ingredient, is an organic compound that is the primary contributor to the odor of musk and also a potent anti-inflammatory agent. This compound significantly downregulats the levels of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. It remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6).	Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2025, 292:117961 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2025, 66(5):21 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2025, 503:117494
S9075	Mulberroside A	Mulberroside A, isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots, is widely employed as an active ingredient in cosmetic products due to its anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. This compound decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38.
S6850	NE 52-QQ57	NE 52-QQ57 is a selective, and orally available antagonist of G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) with IC50 of 0.07 μM. This compound effectively blocks GPR4-mediated cAMP accumulation with IC50 of 26.8 nM in HEK293 cells. The antagonism of GPR4 with this chemical significantly inhibits the AGE-induced increased expression of several key inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).	Exp Hematol Oncol, 2024, 13(1):13
S9417	Homoplantaginin	Homoplantaginin (Hispidulin-7-glucoside), a main flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. This compound inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.	Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16:1526107
S5579	Chelidonic acid	Chelidonic acid (Jerva acid, Jervaic acid, γ-Pyrone-2,6-dicarboxyl acid) is a secondary metabolite found in several plants with therapeutic potential in allergic disorders in experimental animals. This compound inhibits IL-6 production by blocking NF-κB and caspase-1 in HMC-1 cells. It is also an inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase with Ki of 1.2 μM.
E2630	SKF-86002	SKF-86002 is an orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulate human monocyte IL-1 and TNF-α production with IC50 of 1 μM, also inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid.
S6347	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA)	5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 5'-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, Adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide, 5'-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) is a stable, nonselective adenosine receptor agonist. It acts via multiple mechanisms including: reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting gene expression of IL-18, TNF-α and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54)), and blocking activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway.
S9129	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2, Sanchinoside B2, Sanchinoside Rh1) is one of major bioactive compounds extracted from red ginseng, which has been increasingly used for enhancing cognition and physical health worldwide. It exhibits potent characteristics of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and positive effects on the nervous system. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
S3138	Methylthiouracil	Methylthiouracil (NSC-193526, NSC-9378,MTU) is an antithyroid agent. This compound suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.
S6727	AX-024 HCl	AX-024 HCl blocks the interaction of the CD3ε PRS with SH3.1(Nck). This compound also inhibits IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A.	Cell Rep Med, 2025, S2666-3791(25)00231-9
S3304	Stylopine	Stylopine ((R,S)-Stylopine, Tetrahydrocoptisine) reduces nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and the IL-6 production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity caused by the LPS stimulation. This compound is a major component of the leaf of Chelidonium majus L.
S9184	Forsythoside B	Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo, a Chinese folk medicinal plant. This compound has potent neuroprotective effects and has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antisepsis properties. It could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
S3299	Demethyleneberberine	Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC), significantly alleviates the weight loss and diminishes myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. This compound potentially ameliorates NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) by activating AMPK pathways.
E2502	Tamarixetin	Tamarixetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is a natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin and has superior anti-inflammatory properties in bacterial sepsis by increasing the population of IL-10-secreting immune cells.
S1709	Estradiol	Estradiol (17β-estradiol, β-Estradiol, E2, 17β-Oestradiol) is a human sex hormone and steroid, and the primary female sex hormone. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.	Cancer Cell, 2025, 43(5):891-904.e10 Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):758 Cell Rep Med, 2025, 6(7):102192
S2979	CU-T12-9	CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. This compound activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):2743 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638 Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S0771	BRD6989	BRD6989 is a selective inhibitor of CDK8 and CDK19. This compound upregulates IL-10. It is an analog of the natural product cortistatin A (dCA).	Infect Drug Resist, 2021, 14:3135-3143
S0094	SR 0987	SR 0987, a SR 1078 analog, is an agonist for T cell-specific RORγ (RORγt) with EC50 of 800 nM. This compound represses PD-1, produces IL17 and is potential for the treatment of cancer.	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022, 2022:8315503.
S2015	Suplatast Tosylate	Suplatast Tosylate (IPD-1151T, Suplatast Tosilate) is a novel capsular anti-asthmatic agent that suppresses both IgE production, IL-4 and IL-5 synthesis with IC50 above 100 μM.	J Transl Med, 2022, 20(1):615
S8133	Resiquimod (R-848)	Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist, inducing the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. This compound reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.	Nature, 2025, 644(8078):1058-1068 J Virol, 2025, e0128025. Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19:3589-3605
S6281	Sodium Thiocyanate	Sodium Thiocyanate (NaSCN, Sodium rhodanide, Sodium sulfocyanate, Sodium rhodanate), one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion, is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) reduces IL-6, whereas increases IL-10 levels. Sodium thiocyanate also reduces ROS.	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2022, 2022:8315503
S3745	Balsalazide disodium	Balsalazide Disodium is the disodium salt form of balsalazide, an aminosalicylate and oral prodrug that is enzymatically cleaved in the colon to produce the anti-inflammatory agent mesalazine. Balsalazide Disodium suppress colitis-associated carcinogenesis through modulation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway.	Front Microbiol, 2020, 10:2936
S6579	RCGD423	RCGD-423 is a modulator of Glycoprotein 130 (gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta, CD130) signalling that regulates cartilage growth and differentiation.
S4842	Balsalazide	Balsalazide (Colazal, Giazo), an aminosalicylate and oral prodrug, is enzymatically cleaved in the colon to produce the anti-inflammatory agent mesalazine. This compound suppresses colitis-associated carcinogenesis through modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.