TLR

TLR Products

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  • TLR Inhibitors (17)
  • TLR Activators (2)
  • TLR Antagonists (4)
  • TLR Agonists (9)
  • TLR Modulators (2)
  • New TLR Products
Catalog No. Product Name Information Product Use Citations Product Validations
S4157 Chloroquine diphosphate Chloroquine diphosphate is a 4-aminoquinoline anti-malarial and anti-rheumatoid agent, also acting as an ATM activator. Chloroquine is also an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1642
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):4000
Cell Discov, 2023, 9(1):92
S6999 Chloroquine Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug and autophagy/lysosome inhibitor. Chloroquine also suppresses Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) protein expression. Chloroquine is highly effective agianst SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection with EC50 of 1.13 μM in Vero E6 cells. Chloroquine has anti-HIV-1 activity.
Bioact Mater, 2024, 32:277-291
Cancer Lett, 2024, 586:216695
Basic Res Cardiol, 2024, 119(1):113-131
S4430 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Sulfate Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Sulfate is an antimalarial agent used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune, inflammatory and dermatologic conditions. Also acts as an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9.
Phytomedicine, 2024, 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155152
PLoS Pathog, 2024, 20(1):e1011958
Kidney Int, 2023, 104(5):943-955
S7455 Resatorvid (TAK-242) Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy.
Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103072
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):236
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):236
S8133 Resiquimod (R-848) Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.
Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
bioRxiv, 2023, 10.1101/2023.12.15.571909
Small, 2022, 18(4):e2103552
S7161 Motolimod Motolimod is a selective and potent Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist with EC50 of 100 nM, > 50-fold selectivity over TLR7. Phase 2.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2024, 388(3):751-764
Cell Rep, 2021, 35(7):109143
J Leukoc Biol, 2020, 1
S8677 Cu-CPT22 CU-CPT22 shows dose-dependent inhibitory effects blocking Pam3CSK4-induced TLR1/2 activation with an IC50 of 0.58 ± 0.09 µM while no significant inhibition to TLR2/6. It demonstrates minimal non-specific inhibition against a panel of 10 representative kinases (PDGFRB, MET, DDR2, SRC, MAPK1, PAK1, AKT1, PKC-γ, CAMK1, and PLK4).
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):172
Front Immunol, 2023, 14:1142488
Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1):2145843
S7221 Vesatolimod (GS-9620) Vesatolimod (GS-9620) is a potent and selective orally active small molecule agonist of Toll-like receptor 7.
PLoS Pathog, 2022, 18(3):e1010354
J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020, 179:112987
Stem Cell Res Ther, 2019, 10(1):387
S6597 TLR2-IN-C29 TLR2-IN-C29 (C29) is a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) inhibitor that inhibits TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 signaling.
Cell Res, 2023, 33(8):585-603
Food Chem Toxicol, 2023, 176:113775
Food Chem Toxicol, 2023, 176:113775
S6573 MD2-IN-1 MD2-IN-1 is an inhibitor of Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) with a KD value of 189 μM.
Life Sci Alliance, 2023, 6(3)e202201636
Front Immunol, 2022, 13:995791
Br J Pharmacol, 2021, 10.1111/bph.15412
S7850New Lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, Endotoxin,LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome.
EMBO J, 2023, e113118.
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022, 2022:4557532
Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(10), 5385
S3924 Ginsenoside Rb1 Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.
J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0
J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
Mol Immunol, 2021, 139:140-152
S8562 IRAK4-IN-2 IRAK4-IN-2 is a reversible kinase inhibitor that modulates IRAK4 function in both the toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling cascades.
Cancer Lett, 2021, 503:75-90
Cancer Lett, 2021, 503:75-90
S2979 CU-T12-9 CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638
Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S0716 E6446 E6446 is an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and 9 signaling in a variety of human and mouse cell types and inhibits DNA-TLR9 interaction in vitro.
JCI Insight, 2023, 8(22)e171054
Int J Inflam, 2022, 2022:2337363
S0822 TLR4-IN-C34 TLR4-IN-C34 (TLR4-C34, C34, TLR4-C34-IN) is a potent and selective antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4-IN-C34 reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis.
Exp Mol Med, 2024, 56(2):408-421.
Sci Total Environ, 2022, 838(Pt 2):155825
S0494 SM 324405 SM 324405 (compound 9e) is a potent and selective Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with EC50 of 50 nM.
S0002 IAXO-102 IAXO-102 is an antagonist of TLR4 targeting both MD-2 and CD14 co-receptors. IAXO-102 inhibits MAPK and p65 NF-κB phosphorylation and downregulates the expression of TLR4 dependent proinflammatory proteins. IAXO-102 inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development.
S9937 CU-CPD107 CU-CPD107 is a selective, dual-activity small-molecule which demonstrated differential activity against the TLR8 agonists and ssRNA ligands. In the presence of R848, CU-CPD107 acts as a TLR8 signaling inhibitor (IC50=13.7 μM). In the presence of ssRNA, CU-CPD107 shows synergistic agonist activities, while CU-CPD107 alone is unable to influence TLR8 signaling.
S8428 FSL-1 FSL-1, a bacterial-derived toll-like receptor 2/6 (TLR2/6) agonist, enhances resistance to experimental HSV-2 infection.
S9234 Schaftoside Schaftoside, a bioactive compound found in the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii, exhibits pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission.
E3193 Saponaria Officinalis Extract Saponaria Officinalis Extract is extracted from Saponaria Officinalis, which reduces downstream inflammatory responses by disrupting the TLR4/MD2 complex and blocking MyD88-dependent inflammatory signaling.
S0078 1V209 (TLR7 agonist T7) 1V209 (T7, TLR7 agonist T7) is an agonist of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) with anti-tumor effects. 1V209 can be used as vaccine adjuvants, enhances antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
E3625 Cnidii Fructus Extract Cnidii Fructus Extract is extracted from Cnidii Fructus, the dry ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.)Cuss.. Chinese herbal medicine Cnidii Fructus has an outstanding effect on chronic lumbar pain and impotence, also has been used against osteoporosis with high frequency.
S9623 Telratolimod Telratolimod (3M-052, MEDI9197) is an agonist of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) with antitumor activity.
S6934 AMG-9810 AMG-9810 is a potent, competitive and selective vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) antagonist and inhibits capsaicin activation with IC50 of 24.5 nM and 85.6 nM for human TRPV1 and rat TRPV1, repectively. AMG-9810 blocks all known modes of TRPV1 activation, including protons-, heat-, and endogenous ligands, such as anandamide, N-arachidonyl dopamine, and oleoyldopamine. AMG-9810 significantly reduces the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. AMG-9810 also promotes mouse skin tumorigenesis mediated through EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling.
S9931New Enpatoran Hydrochloride Enpatoran (M5049) hydrochloride is a potent, orally active, and dual TLR7/8 inhibitor with IC50s of 11.1 nM and 24.1 nM, respectively, in HEK293 cells.
S0139 MD2-TLR4-IN-1 MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (compound 22m) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
E0639 TLR7/8 agonist 1 dihydrochloride TLR7/8 agonist 1 dihydrochloride is a toll-like receptor TLR7/TLR8 dual-agonistic imidazoquinoline.TLR7/8 agonist 1 retains TLR7-agonistic activity with an EC50 of 20 nM.
E1134 ABR-238901 ABR-238901 is a novel S100A8/A9 blocker that potently inhibits S100A8/A9 interaction with its receptors RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4).
E3594 Radix tetrastigme Extract Radix Tetrastigme Extract is extracted from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, which can modulate TLR4/COX-2/NF-κB signaling pathway.
S4461 CU-CPT-8m CU-CPT-8m (CPD1578) is a specific antagonist of toll-like receptor 8(TLR8) with IC50 of 67 nM and Kd of 220 nM.
S6719 E6446 dihydrochloride E6446 dihydrochloride is a specific Toll-like receptor 9 inhibitor.
S9730 CU-CPT9a

CU-CPT9a is a potent and specific antagonist of Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) with IC50 of 0.5 nM.

S4157 Chloroquine diphosphate Chloroquine diphosphate is a 4-aminoquinoline anti-malarial and anti-rheumatoid agent, also acting as an ATM activator. Chloroquine is also an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1642
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):4000
Cell Discov, 2023, 9(1):92
S6999 Chloroquine Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug and autophagy/lysosome inhibitor. Chloroquine also suppresses Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) protein expression. Chloroquine is highly effective agianst SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection with EC50 of 1.13 μM in Vero E6 cells. Chloroquine has anti-HIV-1 activity.
Bioact Mater, 2024, 32:277-291
Cancer Lett, 2024, 586:216695
Basic Res Cardiol, 2024, 119(1):113-131
S4430 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Sulfate Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Sulfate is an antimalarial agent used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune, inflammatory and dermatologic conditions. Also acts as an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9.
Phytomedicine, 2024, 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155152
PLoS Pathog, 2024, 20(1):e1011958
Kidney Int, 2023, 104(5):943-955
S7455 Resatorvid (TAK-242) Resatorvid (TAK-242, CLI-095) is a small-molecule-specific inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, blocking LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages with IC50 of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy.
Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103072
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):236
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):236
S8677 Cu-CPT22 CU-CPT22 shows dose-dependent inhibitory effects blocking Pam3CSK4-induced TLR1/2 activation with an IC50 of 0.58 ± 0.09 µM while no significant inhibition to TLR2/6. It demonstrates minimal non-specific inhibition against a panel of 10 representative kinases (PDGFRB, MET, DDR2, SRC, MAPK1, PAK1, AKT1, PKC-γ, CAMK1, and PLK4).
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2023, 42(1):172
Front Immunol, 2023, 14:1142488
Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1):2145843
S6597 TLR2-IN-C29 TLR2-IN-C29 (C29) is a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) inhibitor that inhibits TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 signaling.
Cell Res, 2023, 33(8):585-603
Food Chem Toxicol, 2023, 176:113775
Food Chem Toxicol, 2023, 176:113775
S6573 MD2-IN-1 MD2-IN-1 is an inhibitor of Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) with a KD value of 189 μM.
Life Sci Alliance, 2023, 6(3)e202201636
Front Immunol, 2022, 13:995791
Br J Pharmacol, 2021, 10.1111/bph.15412
S3924 Ginsenoside Rb1 Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gypenoside Ⅲ) is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity actions. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces the expressions of TLR3, TLR4 and TRAF-6, and down-regulates the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β and iNOS.
J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, S0378-8741(21)00169-0
J Biol Chem, 2021, S0021-9258(21)00790-0
Mol Immunol, 2021, 139:140-152
S8562 IRAK4-IN-2 IRAK4-IN-2 is a reversible kinase inhibitor that modulates IRAK4 function in both the toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling cascades.
Cancer Lett, 2021, 503:75-90
Cancer Lett, 2021, 503:75-90
S0716 E6446 E6446 is an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and 9 signaling in a variety of human and mouse cell types and inhibits DNA-TLR9 interaction in vitro.
JCI Insight, 2023, 8(22)e171054
Int J Inflam, 2022, 2022:2337363
S9234 Schaftoside Schaftoside, a bioactive compound found in the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii, exhibits pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission.
E3193 Saponaria Officinalis Extract Saponaria Officinalis Extract is extracted from Saponaria Officinalis, which reduces downstream inflammatory responses by disrupting the TLR4/MD2 complex and blocking MyD88-dependent inflammatory signaling.
S6934 AMG-9810 AMG-9810 is a potent, competitive and selective vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) antagonist and inhibits capsaicin activation with IC50 of 24.5 nM and 85.6 nM for human TRPV1 and rat TRPV1, repectively. AMG-9810 blocks all known modes of TRPV1 activation, including protons-, heat-, and endogenous ligands, such as anandamide, N-arachidonyl dopamine, and oleoyldopamine. AMG-9810 significantly reduces the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. AMG-9810 also promotes mouse skin tumorigenesis mediated through EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling.
S9931New Enpatoran Hydrochloride Enpatoran (M5049) hydrochloride is a potent, orally active, and dual TLR7/8 inhibitor with IC50s of 11.1 nM and 24.1 nM, respectively, in HEK293 cells.
S0139 MD2-TLR4-IN-1 MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (Compound 22m) is a potent inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2/toll-like receptor 4 (MD2-TLR4). MD2-TLR4-IN-1 (compound 22m) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages with IC50 of 0.89 μM and 0.53 μM, respectively.
E1134 ABR-238901 ABR-238901 is a novel S100A8/A9 blocker that potently inhibits S100A8/A9 interaction with its receptors RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4).
S6719 E6446 dihydrochloride E6446 dihydrochloride is a specific Toll-like receptor 9 inhibitor.
S7850New Lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, Endotoxin,LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome.
EMBO J, 2023, e113118.
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022, 2022:4557532
Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(10), 5385
S9937 CU-CPD107 CU-CPD107 is a selective, dual-activity small-molecule which demonstrated differential activity against the TLR8 agonists and ssRNA ligands. In the presence of R848, CU-CPD107 acts as a TLR8 signaling inhibitor (IC50=13.7 μM). In the presence of ssRNA, CU-CPD107 shows synergistic agonist activities, while CU-CPD107 alone is unable to influence TLR8 signaling.
S0822 TLR4-IN-C34 TLR4-IN-C34 (TLR4-C34, C34, TLR4-C34-IN) is a potent and selective antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4-IN-C34 reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis.
Exp Mol Med, 2024, 56(2):408-421.
Sci Total Environ, 2022, 838(Pt 2):155825
S0002 IAXO-102 IAXO-102 is an antagonist of TLR4 targeting both MD-2 and CD14 co-receptors. IAXO-102 inhibits MAPK and p65 NF-κB phosphorylation and downregulates the expression of TLR4 dependent proinflammatory proteins. IAXO-102 inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development.
S4461 CU-CPT-8m CU-CPT-8m (CPD1578) is a specific antagonist of toll-like receptor 8(TLR8) with IC50 of 67 nM and Kd of 220 nM.
S9730 CU-CPT9a

CU-CPT9a is a potent and specific antagonist of Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) with IC50 of 0.5 nM.

S8133 Resiquimod (R-848) Resiquimod (R-848, S28463) is an immune response modifier that acts as a potent TLR 7/TLR 8 agonist that induces the upregulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-α. Resiquimod reduces hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phase 2.
Biology (Basel), 2023, 12(2)318
bioRxiv, 2023, 10.1101/2023.12.15.571909
Small, 2022, 18(4):e2103552
S7161 Motolimod Motolimod is a selective and potent Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist with EC50 of 100 nM, > 50-fold selectivity over TLR7. Phase 2.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2024, 388(3):751-764
Cell Rep, 2021, 35(7):109143
J Leukoc Biol, 2020, 1
S7221 Vesatolimod (GS-9620) Vesatolimod (GS-9620) is a potent and selective orally active small molecule agonist of Toll-like receptor 7.
PLoS Pathog, 2022, 18(3):e1010354
J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020, 179:112987
Stem Cell Res Ther, 2019, 10(1):387
S2979 CU-T12-9 CU-T12-9 is a specific agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2023, 114638
Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 162:114638
S0494 SM 324405 SM 324405 (compound 9e) is a potent and selective Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with EC50 of 50 nM.
S8428 FSL-1 FSL-1, a bacterial-derived toll-like receptor 2/6 (TLR2/6) agonist, enhances resistance to experimental HSV-2 infection.
S0078 1V209 (TLR7 agonist T7) 1V209 (T7, TLR7 agonist T7) is an agonist of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) with anti-tumor effects. 1V209 can be used as vaccine adjuvants, enhances antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
S9623 Telratolimod Telratolimod (3M-052, MEDI9197) is an agonist of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) with antitumor activity.
E0639 TLR7/8 agonist 1 dihydrochloride TLR7/8 agonist 1 dihydrochloride is a toll-like receptor TLR7/TLR8 dual-agonistic imidazoquinoline.TLR7/8 agonist 1 retains TLR7-agonistic activity with an EC50 of 20 nM.
E3625 Cnidii Fructus Extract Cnidii Fructus Extract is extracted from Cnidii Fructus, the dry ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.)Cuss.. Chinese herbal medicine Cnidii Fructus has an outstanding effect on chronic lumbar pain and impotence, also has been used against osteoporosis with high frequency.
E3594 Radix tetrastigme Extract Radix Tetrastigme Extract is extracted from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, which can modulate TLR4/COX-2/NF-κB signaling pathway.
S7850New Lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, Endotoxin,LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome.
EMBO J, 2023, e113118.
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022, 2022:4557532
Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(10), 5385
S9931New Enpatoran Hydrochloride Enpatoran (M5049) hydrochloride is a potent, orally active, and dual TLR7/8 inhibitor with IC50s of 11.1 nM and 24.1 nM, respectively, in HEK293 cells.

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