HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING AND DRUG DISCOVERIES

INTRODUCTION:
In pharmaceutical industries a famous technique for discovering novel therapeutics is called as High throughput screening. This is also known as High throughput screening assay, various drugs or chemical compounds are analyzed for their potency with respect to their biological, biochemical or pharmaceutical actions by the help of unique and advanced techniques based on automatic machines [1]. This assay has been proven as one of the most effective way of discovering new drugs against specific diseases; examples are enzyme proteins, ligands for various receptors as well as ion channels and a huge number of other pharmaceutical targets.  In addition to this application High throughput screening is also being applied for the verification or detection of different biochemical or cellular mechanisms which are under investigations for therapeutic purposes such as inhibitors for different cellular pathways. Screening library of kinsae enzymes is one of the most applied examples as compared to the traditional methods [2]. The reviews of high throughput screening should be analyzed in order to understand the value of this assay in which speed and accuracy are the major tools which have improved the research on science and pharmaceutical business in the world [3].

IMPORTANCE OF HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING:
Assortment and application is a better way in high throughput screening besides the use of counter screens helps efficiently in making a better system. Error and ambiguity is suppressed significantly by this technique upon proper handling which leads to the suitable method for detecting false negative and false positive results [4]. In back time newly discovered compounds faced many problems in pharmacokinetic screening and metabolism which is no more a big task due to high throughput screening. In the course of drug discoveries high throughput screening is always very crucial because of its role in the initial steps for the finding of proper compound against a specific drug [5]. A huge number of chemicals present in the chemical library are thought to be screened by researchers in near future to target an accurate point with a very high speed via high throughput genomics.

ADVANCES IN HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING:
Different compounds have detailed information about their properties due to high throughput screenings and this has become possible to analyze a compound’s ability to cross blood brain barrier by analyzing its absorption potential. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are studied in much superior details because of computer modeling. Neglecting all the traditional methods, scientists are now working on mounting advances in high throughput screening assays by the aid of latest instruments [6]. It is also noted that mostly the research focus is on the statistical analysis of this screening procedure because the primary screens in high throughput are in a large numbers or replica; this will be helpful in the understandings of a specific condition [7]. The accuracy of high throughput screening can also be increased by taking help of computer based theoretical compound libraries screening in parallel to identify the target by comparing the both screening results of theoretical and high throughput screening [8].

REFERENCES:
1. Hertzberga RP, P.A., High-throughput screening: new technology for the 21st century. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2000.
2. Slon-Usakiewicz, J., Global Kinase Screening. Applications of Frontal Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery. Anal. Chem., 2005.
3. Sundberg SA, e.a., High-throughput and ultra-high-throughput screening: solution- and cell-based approaches. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2000.
4. White, R., High-Throughput Screening in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Support of Drug Discovery. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2000.
5. Broach JR, T.J., High-throughput screening for drug discovery. Nature Biotechnology, 1996.
6. Parker GJ, e.a., Development of High Throughput Screening Assays Using Fluorescence Polarization: Nuclear Receptor-Ligand-Binding and Kinase/Phosphatase Assays. J Biomol Screen, 2000 
7. Malo N, e.a., Statistical practice in high-throughput screening data analysis. Nature Biotechnology, 2006.
8. Jenkins JL, e.a., Virtual screening to enrich hit lists from high-throughput screening: A case study on small-molecule inhibitors of angiogenin. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 2003.