Adrenergic Receptor

Signaling Pathway Map

Research Area

Inhibitory Selectivity

Isoform-specific Inhibitors

Adrenergic Receptor Products

All (146) Adrenergic Receptor Inhibitors (17) Adrenergic Receptor Activators (1) Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists (60) Adrenergic Receptor Agonists (66) Adrenergic Receptor Modulators (1)

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S1324	Doxazosin Mesylate Doxazosin, a quinazoline-derivative, selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors, used in the treatment of high blood pressure and urinary retention associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.	J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 33(1):50-56 Prostate, 2016, 76(8):757-66 Antiviral Res, 2015, 120:140-6
S3913^New	Pimethixene maleate Pimethixene (Pimetixene) maleate, an antihistamine, anntimigraine agent and antiserotonergic compound, is a highly potent antagonist of a broad range of monoamine receptors, including a variety of serotonin receptors. Pimethixene maleate inhibits 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, Adrenergic α-1A, Dopamine D1 Receptor, Dopamine D2 Receptor, Dopamine D4.4 Receptor, Histamine H1 Receptor, Muscarinic M1 and Muscarinic M2 with pKi of 10.22, 10.44, 8.42, 7.63, < 5, 7.30, 7.28, 7.61, 6.37, 8.19, 7.54, 10.14, 8.61 and 9.38, respectively.
S5789^New	Propafenone Propafenone (SA-79) is an orally active sodium channel blocking agent and a beta-adrenoceptor (β-adrenergic receptor) antagonist. Propafenone offers a broad spectrum of activity in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
S6345^New	3-Nitro-L-tyrosine 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine (3-NT, N-Tyr, MNT), synthesized from L-tyrosine by peroxynitrite, is a product of nitric oxide and superoxide. 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine inhibits the hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II, possibly through the inhibition of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated events.
S4076	Propranolol HCl Propranolol HCl (AY-64043, ICI-45520, NCS-91523) is a competitive non-selective beta-adrenergic receptors inhibitor with IC50 of 12 nM.	Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):10465 Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(8):613-621
S1206	Bisoprolol fumarate Bisoprolol fumarate (EMD33512) is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker.	Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):3018 J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2019, 1129:121793 J Cell Mol Med, 2018, 22(12):5964-5977
S4113	Desvenlafaxine Desvenlafaxine (WY 45233 Succinate) is a serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor with K_i of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM, respectively.	Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(10):1044-1052
S5739	Nebivolol Nebivolol (Bystolic) is a β1 receptor blocker with nitric oxide-potentiating vasodilatory effect used in treatment of hypertension and also for left ventricular failure.	Sci Rep, 2015, 5:16406
S5088	Labetalone hydrochloride Labetalone hydrochloride (Benzoic amide) is hydrochloride form of labetalone, a blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive.
S5703	Carvedilol Phosphate Carvedilol Phosphate is the phosphate salt form of carvedilol, a racemic mixture and adrenergic blocking agent with antihypertensive activity and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
S1642	Methyldopa Methyldopa (Aldomet) is a DOPA decarboxylase competitive inhibitor with an ED50 of 21.8 mg/kg.
S5787	Dronedarone Dronedarone (SR33589) is a derivative of amiodarone which is classified as a Class III antiarrhythmic agent. It shows rate-dependent inhibition of the rapid Na+ current, inhibits α and β-adrenergic receptors like Class II agents, exhibits blockade of K+ outward currents as the main mechanism of action of Class III, and effectively block slow Ca2+ inward currents (Class IV).	Chem Res Toxicol, 2021, 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00127
S4112	Desvenlafaxine Succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate (WY 45233) is a new serotonin (5-HT) transporter and norepinephrine (NE) transporter reuptake inhibitor with K_i of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM respectively.	Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(10):1044-1052
S2086	Ivabradine HCl Ivabradine HCl (S 16257-2), a new I_f inhibitor with IC 50 of 2.9 μM which acts specifically on the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node, is a pure heart rate lowering agent.	J Pain, 2018, 19(6):626-634
S9560	Anisodamine Hydrobromide Anisodamine (6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) is a naturally occurring atropine derivative and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. It also inhibits α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).
S2113	Cisatracurium Besylate Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.	Biosci Trends, 2021, 15(1):50-54
S5723	Carvedilol EP IMpurity E Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker/alpha-1 blocker and used in management of congestive heart failure (CHF).
S3764	Isoferulic Acid Isoferulic acid (Hesperetic acid, Hesperetate, Isoferulate), a major active ingredient of Cimicifuga heracleifolia, shows anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Isoferulic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid) is a cinnamic acid derivative that has antidiabetic activity. Isoferulic acid binds to and activates α1-adrenergic receptors (IC50=1.4 µM) to enhance secretion of β-endorphin (EC50=52.2 nM) and increase glucose use.
S1283	Asenapine maleate Asenapine maleate (Org 5222) is a high-affinity antagonist of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine receptors, used for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021, 553:172-179 Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):15753
S4358^New	Pimozide Pimozide (Orap, R6238) is an antagonist of Dopamine Receptors with Ki of 0.83 nM, 3.0 nM and 6600 nM for dopamine D3, D2 and D1 receptors, respectively. Pimozide also exhibits binding affinity at α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A with Ki of 360 nM and 310 nM, respectively. Pimozide is an antipsychotic drug with anti-tumor activity and suppresses STAT3 and STAT5 activity.
S5981^New	S(-)-Propranolol hydrochloride (S)-(-)-Propranolol hydrochloride, the active enantiomer of propranolol, is a β-Adrenoceptor (β-Adrenergic Receptor) antagonist with log Kd values of -8.16, -9.08, and -6.93 for β1, β2, and β3, respectively.
S5965^New	Urapidil Urapidil is an antihypertensive drug acting as an α1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and a 5-HT1A agonist.
S7538^New	RS-102895 Hydrochloride RS-102895 hydrochloride (HCl) is a potent antagonist of Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) with IC50 of 360 nM, and shows no effect on CCR1. RS-102895 hydrochloride also inhibits human α1a and α1d receptors, rat brain cortex 5-HT1a receptor in cells with IC50s of 130 nM, 320 nM, 470 nM, respectively.
S1409	Alfuzosin HCl Alfuzosin HCl is an alpha1 receptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).	Prostate, 2016, 76(8):757-66	PC-3 and LNCaP cell viability following treatment with a1-adrenoceptor antagonists. (A) Cells were treated with drug (0.01-100 μM) for 72 hr and cell viability determined using the resazurin reduction assay. (B) Effect of treatment duration on PC-3 and LNCap cell survival following treatment with doxazosin (30 μM) or prazosin (30 μM). Survival is expressed as the percentage values of untreated vehicle control and values are the mean ( sem) of six independent determinations each conducted in triplicate. P<0.05, **P<0.001 compared to corresponding values for LNCap cells.
S1613	Silodosin Silodosin (KAD 3213, KMD 3213) is a highly selective α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, used in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
S1549	Nebivolol hydrochloride (R-65824) Nebivolol HCl (R-65824) selectively inhibits β1-adrenoceptor with IC50 of 0.8 nM.	Cell Syst, 2019, 8(2):97-108
S2691	BMY 7378 Dihydrochloride BMY 7378 is a multi-targeted inhibitor of α2C-adrenoceptor and α1D-adrenoceptor with pK_i of 6.54 and 8.2, respectively, and acts as a mixed agonist and antagonist for 5-HT1A receptor with pK_i of 8.3.
S1424	Prazosin HCl Prazosin HCl (cp-12299-1) is a competitive alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, used to treat high blood pressure or benign prostatic hyperplasia.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S2038	Phentolamine Mesylate Phentolamine Mesylate is a reversible and nonselective alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, used for the prevention or control of hypertensive episodes.
S1856	Metoprolol Tartrate Metoprolol Tartrate (CGP 2175E) is a selective β1 receptor blocker medication, used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
S2059	Terazosin HCl Dihydrate Terazosin HCl is a selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH).	J Biomed Sci, 2021, 28(1):8
S1387	Naftopidil DiHCl Naftopidil DiHCl (KT-611) is a selective 5-HT1A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 0.2 μM, respectively.
S2517	Maprotiline HCl Maprotiline HCl is a selective noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor, used in the treatment of depression.	Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:689767
S1831	Carvedilol Carvedilol (BM-14190, SKF 105517) is a non-selective beta blocker/alpha-1 blocker, used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) and high blood pressure.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341 Res Pharm Sci, 2015, 10(5):388-96
S2126	Naftopidil Naftopidil (KT-611) is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with K_i of 3.7 nM, 20 nM, and 1.2 nM for α1a, α1b, and α1d, respectively, used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Cell Syst, 2019, 8(2):97-108
S2499	Phenoxybenzamine HCl Phenoxybenzamine HCl (NSC 37448, NCI-c01661) is a non-specific, irreversible alpha antagonist with an IC50 of 550 nM.
S2509	Sotalol HCl Sotalol is a non-selective beta blocker and a potassium channel blocker with an IC50 of 43 μM.	Gynecol Oncol, 2018, 151(3):525-532 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2015, 285(1):51-60
S4123	Timolol Maleate Timolol Maleate (MK-950) is a non-selective, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist for β1/β2 with K_i of 1.97 nM/2.0 nM.	J Dermatolog Treat, 2020, 24:1-7
S4010	Acebutolol HCl Acebutolol is a β-adrenergic receptors antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias.
S1827	Betaxolol HCl Betaxolol (SL 75212) is a β₁ adrenergic receptor blocker with IC50 of 6 μM.	Chirality, 2018, 30(11):1195-1205
S2607	Buflomedil HCl Buflomedil HCl is a vasodilator used to treat claudication or the symptoms of peripheral arterial disease; A nonselective alpha adrenergic receptor inhibitor.
S5540	Landiolol hydrochloride Landiolol hydrochloride (ONO-1101) is the hydrochloride salt form of Landiolol, which is an ultra-short-acting β1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist.
S3664	Flupentixol dihydrochloride Flupentixol (Flupenthixol) dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic neuroleptic drug, is a powerful antagonist of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and also an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
S5802	Alprenolol hydrochloride Alprenolol hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of alprenolol, which is an beta adrenergic receptorantagonist and is used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
S4124	Tolazoline HCl Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist.	Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 2017, 90:61-70
S5666	Moxisylyte hydrochloride Moxisylyte hydrochloride (thymoxamine) is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used for the treatment of Raynaud's disease.
S5942	Bisoprolol Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension.
S5766	Alfuzosin Alfuzosin, a quinazoline derivative, is a selective and competitive α1-adrenoceptor antagonist.
S9285	Fargesin Fargesin is a neolignan isolated from Magnolia plants. It is a potential β1AR antagonist through cAMP/PKA pathway.
S5281	Dapiprazole Hydrochloride Dapiprazole Hydrochloride (Glamidolo Hydrochloride, Reversil Hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt form of dapiprazole, an alpha-adrenergic blocker used to reverse mydriasis after eye examination.
S5337	Rauwolscine hydrochloride Rauwolscine hydrochloride (Isoyohimbine, α-Yohimbine, corynanthidine) is the hydrochloride salt form of Rauwolscine, a specific and potent α2 antagonist with Ki of 12 nM.	J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020, 180:113019
S4649	Atipamezole hydrochloride Atipamezole (Antisedan, MPV1248) is a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It has also been researched in humans as a potential anti-Parkinsonian drug. Atipamezole hydrochloride is hydrochloride form of atipamezole.
S4650	Atipamezole Atipamezole (MPV-1248, MPV1248, Antisedan) is a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It has also been researched in humans as a potential anti-Parkinsonian drug.	Exp Mol Med, 2020, 10.1038/s12276-020-0461-6 Nitric Oxide, 2019, 85:1-9 Front Neurol, 2019, 10:1041
S0116	Piperoxan hydrochloride Piperoxan hydrochloride (Benodaine, Fourneau 933, F933, DL-Piperoxan) is an antagonist of α2 (alpha 2) adrenoceptor.
S3656	Piribedil Piribedil (Trivastal, Trivastan) is a relatively selective dopamine (D2/D3) agonist with moderate antidepressant activity. It also has α2-adrenergic (α2A/α2C) antagonist properties.
S0812	SR59230A SR59230A is a blood-brain barrier penetrating, potent and selective antagonist of β3-adrenergic receptor with IC50 of 40 nM, 408 nM, and 648 nM for β3, β1, and β2 receptors, respectively.
S9050	Boldine Boldine, isolated from Peumus boldus, has alpha-adrenergic antagonist activities in vascular tissue with anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects.
S1435	Tamsulosin hydrochloride Tamsulosin (Flomax) hydrochloride is an antagonist of alpha1A adrenoceptors in the prostate.
S4679	Terazosin HCl Terazosin (Hytrin, Zayasel, Terazosine, Flumarc, Fosfomic, Blavin) is a selective alpha-1 antagonist used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH). It works by blocking the action of adrenaline on smooth muscle of the bladder and the blood vessel walls.	J Biomed Sci, 2021, 28(1):8
S5780	Prazosin Prazosin is an α1-blocker that acts as an inverse agonist at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to treat hypertension.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S4085	Levobetaxolol HCl Levobetaxolol (AL 1577A) exhibits a higher affinity at cloned human β1 and β2 receptors with K_i value of 0.76 nM and 32.6 nM, respectively.
S5042	Bevantolol hydrochloride Bevantolol hydrochloride (NC-1400) is a cardioselective, beta adrenoceptor antagonist, devoid of intrinsic β sympathomimetic activity and with weak membrane-stabilizing and local anesthetic properties.
S5778	Esmolol Esmolol is a cardioselective beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, a very short duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages.
S8114	ICI-118551 Hydrochloride ICI-118551 is a highly selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist with Ki values of 0.7, 49.5 and 611 nM for β2, β1 and β3 receptors, respectively.	Sci Transl Med, 2020, 12(572)eabb5817 Sci Adv, 2020, 13;6(20):eaay1497 Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2020, 11;e13877
S4100	Esmolol HCl Esmolol (ASL8052) is a cardioselective b-blocker, used to control rapid heartbeats or abnormal heart rhythms.
S5782	Doxazosin Doxazosin is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.
S5923	Celiprolol hydrochloride Celiprolol is a β1-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity.
S6447	Carazolol Carazolol is a non-specific β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent and binds to β receptors irreversibly.
S5023	Nadolol Nadolol (Corgard, Solgol, Anabet, SQ11725) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic activities.
S5341	Metroprolol succinate Metroprolol Succinate (Metoprolol succinate) is the succinate salt form of metoprolol, a cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
S5432	Dibenamine Hydrochloride Dibenamine (N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine, Sympatholytin, Dibenzylchlorethamine) is an irreversible blocker of α1 adrenoceptors.
S2091	Betaxolol Betaxolol (SL 75212) is a selective beta1 adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.	Nat Commun, 2020, 24;11(1):1990 Chirality, 2018, 30(11):1195-1205
S4278	Carteolol HCl Carteolol HCl is a β-adrenoceptor antagonist, used for the treatment of glaucoma.
S5430	Metoprolol Metoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent with log Kd values of −7.26±0.07, −6.89±0.09, −5.16±0.12 for β1, β2, and β3 adrenoceptors, respectively. It is used for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension.
S4817	Atenolol Atenolol (Tenormin, Normiten, Blokium) is a selective β1 receptor antagonist with log Kd values of −6.66±0.05, −5.99±0.14, −4.11±0.07 for binding to the human β1-, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors.
S2373	Yohimbine HCl Yohimbine (Antagonil) has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac.	J Inflamm Res, 2021, 14:1217-1233 J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447
S4291	Labetalol HCl Labetalol HCl is a dual antagonist for both selective alpha1-adrenergic and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptors, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
S4797	Nicergoline Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. It has a selective alpha-1A adrenergic receptor blocking property and also other additional mechanisms of actions.
S2507	Salbutamol Sulfate Salbutamol Sulfate (Albuterol) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 8.93 µM.	cell, 2020, 180(1):64-78.e16 Sci Signal, 2020, 13(659)eaax0273 BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61	(B) Bar graphs summarize the incidence of VA from Con (An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is srep07681-m1.jpg) and HF (An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is srep07681-m2.jpg) guinea pigs before and after administration of Sal (10 μM) or Sal plus ICI (1 μM) (*p < 0.05, HF + Sal vs. Con + Sal; #p < 0.05, HF + Sal vs. HF + Sal + ICI, n = 6).
S4009	Mirabegron Mirabegron (YM 178) is a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist with EC50 of 22.4 nM.	Cancer Cell Int, 2020, 19;20:58 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00425-8 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00420-z
S2516	Xylazine HCl Xylazine is an α2-Adrenergic receptor agonist, used as a sedative and muscle relaxant.	Fitoterapia, 2021, 152:104922 Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 24(1):97-108 J Neurochem, 2018, 146(6):703-721
S4485^New	Olodaterol (BI 1744) Olodaterol (BI 1744) is a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is used as a component of an inhalation (Tiotropium/Olodaterol) for treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
S5954^New	L-(-)-α-Methyldopa hydrate L-(-)-α-Methyldopa (Methyldopa, MK-351) hydrate, a potent antihypertensive drug, is a selective agonist for α2-adrenergic receptors.
S4481^New	Guanabenz Guanabenz (GBZ, GA, Wytensin, Wy-8678) is an orally active central alpha 2-adrenoceptor (α2 adrenergic receptor) agonist with antihypertensive action.
S3294^New	Demethyl-Coclaurine Demethyl-Coclaurine (Higenamine, Norcoclaurine), the key component of the Chinese herb aconite root, is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist. Demethyl-Coclaurine stimulates AKT phosphorylation and requires PI3K activation for the anti-apoptotic effect in cardiomyocytes.
S3083	Indacaterol Maleate Indacaterol (QAB149) is an ultra-long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist with pK_i of 7.36 for β1-adrenoceptor and pK_i of 5.48 for β2-adrenoceptor.	J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2021, S0091-6749(21)00979-9
S2566	Isoprenaline (NCI-C55630) HCl Isoprenaline HCl (NCI-C55630) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, used for the treatment of bradycardia and heart block.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341
S2020	Formoterol Hemifumarate Formoterol Hemifumarate (Eformoterol, CGP 25827A, NSC 299587, YM 08316) is a potent, selective and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).
S2521	Epinephrine bitartrate Epinephrine bitartrate (Adrenalinium) is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulator.	J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(1)e001466 Cancer Cell Int, 2020, 19;20:58 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00425-8
S2458	Clonidine HCl Clonidine HCl is a direct-acting α2 adrenergic agonist with an ED50 of 0.02±0.01 mg/kg.
S3041	Droxidopa Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a psychoactive drug and acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
S3075	Dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine is a sedative medication used by intensive care units and anesthetists.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):13345 Brain Res Bull, 2021, 174:11-21 Exp Mol Med, 2020, 10.1038/s12276-020-0461-6
S2569	Phenylephrine (NCI-C55641) HCl Phenylephrine HCl (NCI-C55641) is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, used primarily as a decongestant.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021:7848027 Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10:465 Sci Adv, 2019, 5(5):eaau0495	(F) Fluo-4 AM-loaded EPLC-SMCs and HCASMCs displayed a change in cell surface area following phenylephrine stimulation. Scale bars, 100 μm. (G) Percentage change in cell surface area. Error bars represent SEM; n = 12 cells; **p < 0.01 versus D15 + 8 + 6 cells that did not exhibit calcium transients, analyzed by the Student's t-test. HCASMCs, human coronary artery smooth muscle cells; NS, no significant difference.
S4065	Guanabenz Acetate Guanabenz Acetate (WY-8678) is an selective agonist of α2a-adrenergic receptor, α2b-adrenergic receptor and α2c-adrenergic receptor with pEC50 of 8.25, 7.01 and ~5, respectively.	Cell Stem Cell, 2020, 27(6):876-889.e12 Thyroid, 2019, 29(6):809-823
S2519	Naphazoline HCl Naphazoline HCl is an ocular vasoconstrictor and imidazoline derivative sympathomimetic amine.
S2533	Ritodrine HCl Ritodrine HCl (NSC 291565) is a hydrochloride salt of ritodrine which is a β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist.
S2438	Synephrine HCl SynephrineHCl (Oxedrine, p-Synephrine) is a sympathomimetic α-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist.
S2090	Dexmedetomidine HCl Dexmedetomidine HCl is a highly selective and potent alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, which reduces anesthetic requirements for patients by providing significant sedation.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):13345 Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(2):917-925
S3061	Epinephrine HCl Epinephrine HCl (Adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.	J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(1)e001466
S3060	Medetomidine HCl Medetomidine is a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, with K_i of 1.08 nM, exhibts 1620-fold selectivity over α1-adrenoceptor.	Micromachines, 2018, 9(6)
S1437	Tizanidine HCl Tizanidine HCl (DS 103-282) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and inhibits neurotransmitter release from CNS noradrenergic neurons.
S2092	Detomidine HCl Detomidine HCl produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediatated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors.	Nature, 2018, 560(7718):372-376
S5537	Tizanidine Tizanidine is an imidazoline derivative and a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant for therapy of acute muscle spasms and chronic spasticity.
S2545	Scopine Scopine is the metabolite of anisodine, which is a α1-adrenergic receptor agonist and used in the treatment of acute circulatory shock.
S5527	Salmeterol Salmeterol (Astmerole, GR-33343X, SN408D) is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist with Ki value of 1.5 nM for WT β2AR and shows very high selectivity for the WT β2AR(β1Ki/β2Ki ratio of approximately 1500).	Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917
S4296	Salmeterol Xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate is a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory effects, used in the treatment of asthma symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms.	ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2019, 2(3):148-154 Commun Biol, 2018, 1:106
S2523	DL-Adrenaline DL-Adrenaline is a hormone and a neurotransmitter secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.
S4266	Brimonidine Tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate is a highly selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist with EC50 of 0.45 nM for the α2A adrenoreceptor, and used to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
S3960	Higenamine hydrochloride Higenamine (Norcoclaurine, (+-)-Demethylcoclaurine), also known as Norcoclaurine HCl, is a non-selective β2 adrenoceptor agonist which is a chemical compound naturally occurring in a number of plants.	Mol Cell Biochem, 2021, 10.1007/s11010-021-04197-z
S2615	Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate (Levophed) is a direct alpha-adrenergic receptors stimulator.
S5768	Fenoterol hydrobromide Fenoterol hydrobromide (Phenoterol) is the the hydrobromide salt of fenoterol, a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S0032	Batefenterol Batefenterol (GSK961081, TD-5959) is both a muscarinic receptor antagonist and a β2-adrenoceptor agonist with Ki of 1.4 nM, 1.3 nM and 3.7 nM for hM2, hM3 muscarinic receptors and hβ2-adrenoceptor, respectively.
S7974	L755507 L-755,507 is characterized as a potent and selective β3 adrenergic receptor partial agonist with EC50 of 0.43 nM. It is also recently identified to enhance CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and other cell types.	Hum Mutat, 2019, 10.1002/humu.23848
S5564	Xylazine Xylazine is a partial alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals.	Cell Death Differ, 2020, 10.1038 Mol Med Rep, 2017, 16(2):1911-1919
S4127	Terbutaline Sulfate Terbutaline Sulfate is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with IC50 of 53 nM.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61 Hum Reprod, 2016, 31(11):2506-2519
S5769	Fenoterol Fenoterol (Phenoterol) is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S5683	Isoproterenol sulfate dihydrate Isoproterenol Sulfate is the sulfate salt form of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.	Cell Biol Toxicol, 2021, 10.1007/s10565-021-09615-y Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res, 2021, 1868(10):119080
S4135	Clorprenaline HCl Clorprenaline HCl (NSC 334693) is a β2-receptor agonist, it has a significant expansion of the bronchial effect.
S4043	Tetrahydrozoline HCl Tetrahydrozoline (Tetryzoline) HCl is an imidazoline derivative with alpha receptor agonist activity.
S5217	Arformoterol Tartrate Arformoterol Tartrate is the tartrate salt of arformoterol, a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S5734	Midodrine hydrochloride Midodrine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of midodrine, an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist used as a vasopressor.
S5735	Midodrine Midodrine belongs to the class of medications known as vasopressors. It is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist.
S5727	Tetryzoline Tetryzoline (Tetrahydrozoline) is an alpha-adrenergic agonist used in some over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays.
S2576	Xylometazoline HCl Xylometazoline is an α-adrenoceptor agonist commonly used as nasal decongestant, exhibits highest potency at α_2B-adrenoceptor subtype with EC50 of 99 μM.
S3640	Methoxyphenamine Hydrochloride Methoxyphenamine Hydrochloride (2-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine, OMMA) is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist of the amphetamine class used as a bronchodilator.
S3643	Amitraz Amitraz (NSC 324552) is a triazapentadiene, an α2 adrenergic agonist and a member of the amidine chemical family. It is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticide.
S2304	Gramine Gramine (Donaxine) is a natural indole alkaloid isolated from giant reed, acts as an active adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonist, with IC50 of 3.2 µM and 4.2 µM for AdipoR2 and AdipoR1, respectively. Gramine is also a human and mouse β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist.
S3727	Vilanterol Trifenate Vilanterol trifenatate (GW642444M) is a novel inhaled long-acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonist with inherent 24-hour activity for once daily treatment of COPD and asthma.	J Neuroimmunol, 2019, 332:37-48
S6583	Apraclonidine HCl Apraclonidine (Iopidine) is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist.
S4693	Guanfacine Hydrochloride Guanfacine Hydrochloride (Tenex, Intuniv) is a selective α2A-adrenoceptor agonist with anti-hypertensive effect.
S5669	Isoxsuprine hydrochloride Isoxsuprine hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic agonist with vasodilator activity.
S5654	Indacaterol Indacaterol is an ultra-long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist with pKi of 7.36 for β1-adrenoceptor and pKi of 5.48 for β2-adrenoceptor.	Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917 J Neuroimmunol, 2019, 332:37-48
S5925	Olodaterol hydrochloride Olodaterol hydrochloride (BI-1744) is the hydrochloride salt form of Olodaterol, which is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist.
S2083	Procaterol HCl Procaterol HCl (OPC-2009) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with K_p of 8 nM, used for the treatment of asthma
S4277	Bambuterol HCl Bambuterol HCl is a potent β-adrenoceptor agonist, used in the treatment of asthma.
S5750	DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is the neurotransmitter at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions and has pharmacologic effects on both α1 and β1 adrenoceptors.
S2362	Synephrine Synephrine (Oxedrine), a natural protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, is commonly used for weight loss.
S9507	(−)-Norepinephrine (−)-Norepinephrine (Arterenol, Levarterenol, L-Noradrenaline) is a natural neurotransmitter and hormone. It is an agonist of adrenergic receptors with Ki values of 330, 56, and 740 nM for α1, α2, and β1 adrenoceptors, respectively.	Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 2020, 11 Clin Sci (Lond), 2020, 134(14):1957-1971
S9508	Brimonidine Brimonidine (Bromoxidine, UK 1430) is an alpha adrenergic receptor agonist (primarily alpha-2) and is used for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension to lower intraocular pressure.
S5751	Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Dihydroergotamine Mesylate is an ergot derivative with agonistic activity for alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors.
S5494	Salbutamol Salbutamol (Albuterol) is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S5267	Nylidrin Hydrochloride Nylidrin Hydrochloride (Buphenine), a β-adrenergic agonist, is used therapeutically for its vasodilating effect on the peripheral circulation and possibly on the cerebral circulation as well.
S6487	fluticasone furoate Fluticasone furoate (GW685698) is an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist combination with a prolonged bronchodilator duration of action. It is used for the treatment of non-allergic and allergic rhinitis administered by a nasal spray.
S3185	Adrenalone HCl Adrenalone is an adrenergic agonist used as a topical vasoconstrictor and hemostatic, mainly acts on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.
S3153	Levalbuterol tartrate Levalbuterol HCl is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma.
S4243	Deoxycorticosterone acetate Deoxycorticosterone acetate (11-Deoxycorticosterone, DOC, Cortexone) is a steroid hormone used for intramuscular injection for replacement therapy of the adrenocortical steroid.	Nat Cancer, 2020, 1(2):235-248

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations
S1324	Doxazosin Mesylate Doxazosin, a quinazoline-derivative, selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors, used in the treatment of high blood pressure and urinary retention associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.	J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 33(1):50-56 Prostate, 2016, 76(8):757-66 Antiviral Res, 2015, 120:140-6
S3913^New	Pimethixene maleate Pimethixene (Pimetixene) maleate, an antihistamine, anntimigraine agent and antiserotonergic compound, is a highly potent antagonist of a broad range of monoamine receptors, including a variety of serotonin receptors. Pimethixene maleate inhibits 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, Adrenergic α-1A, Dopamine D1 Receptor, Dopamine D2 Receptor, Dopamine D4.4 Receptor, Histamine H1 Receptor, Muscarinic M1 and Muscarinic M2 with pKi of 10.22, 10.44, 8.42, 7.63, < 5, 7.30, 7.28, 7.61, 6.37, 8.19, 7.54, 10.14, 8.61 and 9.38, respectively.
S5789^New	Propafenone Propafenone (SA-79) is an orally active sodium channel blocking agent and a beta-adrenoceptor (β-adrenergic receptor) antagonist. Propafenone offers a broad spectrum of activity in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
S6345^New	3-Nitro-L-tyrosine 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine (3-NT, N-Tyr, MNT), synthesized from L-tyrosine by peroxynitrite, is a product of nitric oxide and superoxide. 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine inhibits the hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II, possibly through the inhibition of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated events.
S4076	Propranolol HCl Propranolol HCl (AY-64043, ICI-45520, NCS-91523) is a competitive non-selective beta-adrenergic receptors inhibitor with IC50 of 12 nM.	Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):10465 Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(8):613-621
S1206	Bisoprolol fumarate Bisoprolol fumarate (EMD33512) is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker.	Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):3018 J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2019, 1129:121793 J Cell Mol Med, 2018, 22(12):5964-5977
S4113	Desvenlafaxine Desvenlafaxine (WY 45233 Succinate) is a serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor with K_i of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM, respectively.	Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(10):1044-1052
S5739	Nebivolol Nebivolol (Bystolic) is a β1 receptor blocker with nitric oxide-potentiating vasodilatory effect used in treatment of hypertension and also for left ventricular failure.	Sci Rep, 2015, 5:16406
S5088	Labetalone hydrochloride Labetalone hydrochloride (Benzoic amide) is hydrochloride form of labetalone, a blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive.
S5703	Carvedilol Phosphate Carvedilol Phosphate is the phosphate salt form of carvedilol, a racemic mixture and adrenergic blocking agent with antihypertensive activity and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
S1642	Methyldopa Methyldopa (Aldomet) is a DOPA decarboxylase competitive inhibitor with an ED50 of 21.8 mg/kg.
S5787	Dronedarone Dronedarone (SR33589) is a derivative of amiodarone which is classified as a Class III antiarrhythmic agent. It shows rate-dependent inhibition of the rapid Na+ current, inhibits α and β-adrenergic receptors like Class II agents, exhibits blockade of K+ outward currents as the main mechanism of action of Class III, and effectively block slow Ca2+ inward currents (Class IV).	Chem Res Toxicol, 2021, 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00127
S4112	Desvenlafaxine Succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate (WY 45233) is a new serotonin (5-HT) transporter and norepinephrine (NE) transporter reuptake inhibitor with K_i of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM respectively.	Drug Metab Dispos, 2020, 48(10):1044-1052
S2086	Ivabradine HCl Ivabradine HCl (S 16257-2), a new I_f inhibitor with IC 50 of 2.9 μM which acts specifically on the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node, is a pure heart rate lowering agent.	J Pain, 2018, 19(6):626-634
S9560	Anisodamine Hydrobromide Anisodamine (6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) is a naturally occurring atropine derivative and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. It also inhibits α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).
S2113	Cisatracurium Besylate Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.	Biosci Trends, 2021, 15(1):50-54
S5723	Carvedilol EP IMpurity E Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker/alpha-1 blocker and used in management of congestive heart failure (CHF).

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S3764	Isoferulic Acid Isoferulic acid (Hesperetic acid, Hesperetate, Isoferulate), a major active ingredient of Cimicifuga heracleifolia, shows anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Isoferulic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid) is a cinnamic acid derivative that has antidiabetic activity. Isoferulic acid binds to and activates α1-adrenergic receptors (IC50=1.4 µM) to enhance secretion of β-endorphin (EC50=52.2 nM) and increase glucose use.

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S3764

Isoferulic Acid

Isoferulic acid (Hesperetic acid, Hesperetate, Isoferulate), a major active ingredient of Cimicifuga heracleifolia, shows anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Isoferulic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid) is a cinnamic acid derivative that has antidiabetic activity. Isoferulic acid binds to and activates α1-adrenergic receptors (IC50=1.4 µM) to enhance secretion of β-endorphin (EC50=52.2 nM) and increase glucose use.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S1283	Asenapine maleate Asenapine maleate (Org 5222) is a high-affinity antagonist of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine receptors, used for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021, 553:172-179 Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):15753
S4358^New	Pimozide Pimozide (Orap, R6238) is an antagonist of Dopamine Receptors with Ki of 0.83 nM, 3.0 nM and 6600 nM for dopamine D3, D2 and D1 receptors, respectively. Pimozide also exhibits binding affinity at α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A with Ki of 360 nM and 310 nM, respectively. Pimozide is an antipsychotic drug with anti-tumor activity and suppresses STAT3 and STAT5 activity.
S5981^New	S(-)-Propranolol hydrochloride (S)-(-)-Propranolol hydrochloride, the active enantiomer of propranolol, is a β-Adrenoceptor (β-Adrenergic Receptor) antagonist with log Kd values of -8.16, -9.08, and -6.93 for β1, β2, and β3, respectively.
S5965^New	Urapidil Urapidil is an antihypertensive drug acting as an α1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and a 5-HT1A agonist.
S7538^New	RS-102895 Hydrochloride RS-102895 hydrochloride (HCl) is a potent antagonist of Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) with IC50 of 360 nM, and shows no effect on CCR1. RS-102895 hydrochloride also inhibits human α1a and α1d receptors, rat brain cortex 5-HT1a receptor in cells with IC50s of 130 nM, 320 nM, 470 nM, respectively.
S1409	Alfuzosin HCl Alfuzosin HCl is an alpha1 receptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).	Prostate, 2016, 76(8):757-66	PC-3 and LNCaP cell viability following treatment with a1-adrenoceptor antagonists. (A) Cells were treated with drug (0.01-100 μM) for 72 hr and cell viability determined using the resazurin reduction assay. (B) Effect of treatment duration on PC-3 and LNCap cell survival following treatment with doxazosin (30 μM) or prazosin (30 μM). Survival is expressed as the percentage values of untreated vehicle control and values are the mean ( sem) of six independent determinations each conducted in triplicate. P<0.05, **P<0.001 compared to corresponding values for LNCap cells.
S1613	Silodosin Silodosin (KAD 3213, KMD 3213) is a highly selective α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, used in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
S1549	Nebivolol hydrochloride (R-65824) Nebivolol HCl (R-65824) selectively inhibits β1-adrenoceptor with IC50 of 0.8 nM.	Cell Syst, 2019, 8(2):97-108
S2691	BMY 7378 Dihydrochloride BMY 7378 is a multi-targeted inhibitor of α2C-adrenoceptor and α1D-adrenoceptor with pK_i of 6.54 and 8.2, respectively, and acts as a mixed agonist and antagonist for 5-HT1A receptor with pK_i of 8.3.
S1424	Prazosin HCl Prazosin HCl (cp-12299-1) is a competitive alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, used to treat high blood pressure or benign prostatic hyperplasia.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S2038	Phentolamine Mesylate Phentolamine Mesylate is a reversible and nonselective alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, used for the prevention or control of hypertensive episodes.
S1856	Metoprolol Tartrate Metoprolol Tartrate (CGP 2175E) is a selective β1 receptor blocker medication, used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
S2059	Terazosin HCl Dihydrate Terazosin HCl is a selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH).	J Biomed Sci, 2021, 28(1):8
S1387	Naftopidil DiHCl Naftopidil DiHCl (KT-611) is a selective 5-HT1A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 0.2 μM, respectively.
S2517	Maprotiline HCl Maprotiline HCl is a selective noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor, used in the treatment of depression.	Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:689767
S1831	Carvedilol Carvedilol (BM-14190, SKF 105517) is a non-selective beta blocker/alpha-1 blocker, used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) and high blood pressure.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341 Res Pharm Sci, 2015, 10(5):388-96
S2126	Naftopidil Naftopidil (KT-611) is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with K_i of 3.7 nM, 20 nM, and 1.2 nM for α1a, α1b, and α1d, respectively, used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Cell Syst, 2019, 8(2):97-108
S2499	Phenoxybenzamine HCl Phenoxybenzamine HCl (NSC 37448, NCI-c01661) is a non-specific, irreversible alpha antagonist with an IC50 of 550 nM.
S2509	Sotalol HCl Sotalol is a non-selective beta blocker and a potassium channel blocker with an IC50 of 43 μM.	Gynecol Oncol, 2018, 151(3):525-532 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2015, 285(1):51-60
S4123	Timolol Maleate Timolol Maleate (MK-950) is a non-selective, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist for β1/β2 with K_i of 1.97 nM/2.0 nM.	J Dermatolog Treat, 2020, 24:1-7
S4010	Acebutolol HCl Acebutolol is a β-adrenergic receptors antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias.
S1827	Betaxolol HCl Betaxolol (SL 75212) is a β₁ adrenergic receptor blocker with IC50 of 6 μM.	Chirality, 2018, 30(11):1195-1205
S2607	Buflomedil HCl Buflomedil HCl is a vasodilator used to treat claudication or the symptoms of peripheral arterial disease; A nonselective alpha adrenergic receptor inhibitor.
S5540	Landiolol hydrochloride Landiolol hydrochloride (ONO-1101) is the hydrochloride salt form of Landiolol, which is an ultra-short-acting β1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist.
S3664	Flupentixol dihydrochloride Flupentixol (Flupenthixol) dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic neuroleptic drug, is a powerful antagonist of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and also an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
S5802	Alprenolol hydrochloride Alprenolol hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of alprenolol, which is an beta adrenergic receptorantagonist and is used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
S4124	Tolazoline HCl Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist.	Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 2017, 90:61-70
S5666	Moxisylyte hydrochloride Moxisylyte hydrochloride (thymoxamine) is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used for the treatment of Raynaud's disease.
S5942	Bisoprolol Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension.
S5766	Alfuzosin Alfuzosin, a quinazoline derivative, is a selective and competitive α1-adrenoceptor antagonist.
S9285	Fargesin Fargesin is a neolignan isolated from Magnolia plants. It is a potential β1AR antagonist through cAMP/PKA pathway.
S5281	Dapiprazole Hydrochloride Dapiprazole Hydrochloride (Glamidolo Hydrochloride, Reversil Hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt form of dapiprazole, an alpha-adrenergic blocker used to reverse mydriasis after eye examination.
S5337	Rauwolscine hydrochloride Rauwolscine hydrochloride (Isoyohimbine, α-Yohimbine, corynanthidine) is the hydrochloride salt form of Rauwolscine, a specific and potent α2 antagonist with Ki of 12 nM.	J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020, 180:113019
S4649	Atipamezole hydrochloride Atipamezole (Antisedan, MPV1248) is a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It has also been researched in humans as a potential anti-Parkinsonian drug. Atipamezole hydrochloride is hydrochloride form of atipamezole.
S4650	Atipamezole Atipamezole (MPV-1248, MPV1248, Antisedan) is a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It has also been researched in humans as a potential anti-Parkinsonian drug.	Exp Mol Med, 2020, 10.1038/s12276-020-0461-6 Nitric Oxide, 2019, 85:1-9 Front Neurol, 2019, 10:1041
S0116	Piperoxan hydrochloride Piperoxan hydrochloride (Benodaine, Fourneau 933, F933, DL-Piperoxan) is an antagonist of α2 (alpha 2) adrenoceptor.
S3656	Piribedil Piribedil (Trivastal, Trivastan) is a relatively selective dopamine (D2/D3) agonist with moderate antidepressant activity. It also has α2-adrenergic (α2A/α2C) antagonist properties.
S0812	SR59230A SR59230A is a blood-brain barrier penetrating, potent and selective antagonist of β3-adrenergic receptor with IC50 of 40 nM, 408 nM, and 648 nM for β3, β1, and β2 receptors, respectively.
S9050	Boldine Boldine, isolated from Peumus boldus, has alpha-adrenergic antagonist activities in vascular tissue with anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects.
S1435	Tamsulosin hydrochloride Tamsulosin (Flomax) hydrochloride is an antagonist of alpha1A adrenoceptors in the prostate.
S4679	Terazosin HCl Terazosin (Hytrin, Zayasel, Terazosine, Flumarc, Fosfomic, Blavin) is a selective alpha-1 antagonist used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH). It works by blocking the action of adrenaline on smooth muscle of the bladder and the blood vessel walls.	J Biomed Sci, 2021, 28(1):8
S5780	Prazosin Prazosin is an α1-blocker that acts as an inverse agonist at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to treat hypertension.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S4085	Levobetaxolol HCl Levobetaxolol (AL 1577A) exhibits a higher affinity at cloned human β1 and β2 receptors with K_i value of 0.76 nM and 32.6 nM, respectively.
S5042	Bevantolol hydrochloride Bevantolol hydrochloride (NC-1400) is a cardioselective, beta adrenoceptor antagonist, devoid of intrinsic β sympathomimetic activity and with weak membrane-stabilizing and local anesthetic properties.
S5778	Esmolol Esmolol is a cardioselective beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, a very short duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages.
S8114	ICI-118551 Hydrochloride ICI-118551 is a highly selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist with Ki values of 0.7, 49.5 and 611 nM for β2, β1 and β3 receptors, respectively.	Sci Transl Med, 2020, 12(572)eabb5817 Sci Adv, 2020, 13;6(20):eaay1497 Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2020, 11;e13877
S4100	Esmolol HCl Esmolol (ASL8052) is a cardioselective b-blocker, used to control rapid heartbeats or abnormal heart rhythms.
S5782	Doxazosin Doxazosin is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.
S5923	Celiprolol hydrochloride Celiprolol is a β1-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity.
S6447	Carazolol Carazolol is a non-specific β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent and binds to β receptors irreversibly.
S5023	Nadolol Nadolol (Corgard, Solgol, Anabet, SQ11725) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic activities.
S5341	Metroprolol succinate Metroprolol Succinate (Metoprolol succinate) is the succinate salt form of metoprolol, a cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
S5432	Dibenamine Hydrochloride Dibenamine (N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine, Sympatholytin, Dibenzylchlorethamine) is an irreversible blocker of α1 adrenoceptors.
S2091	Betaxolol Betaxolol (SL 75212) is a selective beta1 adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.	Nat Commun, 2020, 24;11(1):1990 Chirality, 2018, 30(11):1195-1205
S4278	Carteolol HCl Carteolol HCl is a β-adrenoceptor antagonist, used for the treatment of glaucoma.
S5430	Metoprolol Metoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent with log Kd values of −7.26±0.07, −6.89±0.09, −5.16±0.12 for β1, β2, and β3 adrenoceptors, respectively. It is used for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension.
S4817	Atenolol Atenolol (Tenormin, Normiten, Blokium) is a selective β1 receptor antagonist with log Kd values of −6.66±0.05, −5.99±0.14, −4.11±0.07 for binding to the human β1-, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors.
S2373	Yohimbine HCl Yohimbine (Antagonil) has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac.	J Inflamm Res, 2021, 14:1217-1233 J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447
S4291	Labetalol HCl Labetalol HCl is a dual antagonist for both selective alpha1-adrenergic and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptors, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
S4797	Nicergoline Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. It has a selective alpha-1A adrenergic receptor blocking property and also other additional mechanisms of actions.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S2507	Salbutamol Sulfate Salbutamol Sulfate (Albuterol) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 8.93 µM.	cell, 2020, 180(1):64-78.e16 Sci Signal, 2020, 13(659)eaax0273 BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61	(B) Bar graphs summarize the incidence of VA from Con (An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is srep07681-m1.jpg) and HF (An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is srep07681-m2.jpg) guinea pigs before and after administration of Sal (10 μM) or Sal plus ICI (1 μM) (*p < 0.05, HF + Sal vs. Con + Sal; #p < 0.05, HF + Sal vs. HF + Sal + ICI, n = 6).
S4009	Mirabegron Mirabegron (YM 178) is a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist with EC50 of 22.4 nM.	Cancer Cell Int, 2020, 19;20:58 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00425-8 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00420-z
S2516	Xylazine HCl Xylazine is an α2-Adrenergic receptor agonist, used as a sedative and muscle relaxant.	Fitoterapia, 2021, 152:104922 Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 24(1):97-108 J Neurochem, 2018, 146(6):703-721
S4485^New	Olodaterol (BI 1744) Olodaterol (BI 1744) is a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is used as a component of an inhalation (Tiotropium/Olodaterol) for treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
S5954^New	L-(-)-α-Methyldopa hydrate L-(-)-α-Methyldopa (Methyldopa, MK-351) hydrate, a potent antihypertensive drug, is a selective agonist for α2-adrenergic receptors.
S4481^New	Guanabenz Guanabenz (GBZ, GA, Wytensin, Wy-8678) is an orally active central alpha 2-adrenoceptor (α2 adrenergic receptor) agonist with antihypertensive action.
S3294^New	Demethyl-Coclaurine Demethyl-Coclaurine (Higenamine, Norcoclaurine), the key component of the Chinese herb aconite root, is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist. Demethyl-Coclaurine stimulates AKT phosphorylation and requires PI3K activation for the anti-apoptotic effect in cardiomyocytes.
S3083	Indacaterol Maleate Indacaterol (QAB149) is an ultra-long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist with pK_i of 7.36 for β1-adrenoceptor and pK_i of 5.48 for β2-adrenoceptor.	J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2021, S0091-6749(21)00979-9
S2566	Isoprenaline (NCI-C55630) HCl Isoprenaline HCl (NCI-C55630) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, used for the treatment of bradycardia and heart block.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341
S2020	Formoterol Hemifumarate Formoterol Hemifumarate (Eformoterol, CGP 25827A, NSC 299587, YM 08316) is a potent, selective and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).
S2521	Epinephrine bitartrate Epinephrine bitartrate (Adrenalinium) is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulator.	J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(1)e001466 Cancer Cell Int, 2020, 19;20:58 Hum Cell, 2020, 10.1007/s13577-020-00425-8
S2458	Clonidine HCl Clonidine HCl is a direct-acting α2 adrenergic agonist with an ED50 of 0.02±0.01 mg/kg.
S3041	Droxidopa Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a psychoactive drug and acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
S3075	Dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine is a sedative medication used by intensive care units and anesthetists.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):13345 Brain Res Bull, 2021, 174:11-21 Exp Mol Med, 2020, 10.1038/s12276-020-0461-6
S2569	Phenylephrine (NCI-C55641) HCl Phenylephrine HCl (NCI-C55641) is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, used primarily as a decongestant.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021:7848027 Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10:465 Sci Adv, 2019, 5(5):eaau0495	(F) Fluo-4 AM-loaded EPLC-SMCs and HCASMCs displayed a change in cell surface area following phenylephrine stimulation. Scale bars, 100 μm. (G) Percentage change in cell surface area. Error bars represent SEM; n = 12 cells; **p < 0.01 versus D15 + 8 + 6 cells that did not exhibit calcium transients, analyzed by the Student's t-test. HCASMCs, human coronary artery smooth muscle cells; NS, no significant difference.
S4065	Guanabenz Acetate Guanabenz Acetate (WY-8678) is an selective agonist of α2a-adrenergic receptor, α2b-adrenergic receptor and α2c-adrenergic receptor with pEC50 of 8.25, 7.01 and ~5, respectively.	Cell Stem Cell, 2020, 27(6):876-889.e12 Thyroid, 2019, 29(6):809-823
S2519	Naphazoline HCl Naphazoline HCl is an ocular vasoconstrictor and imidazoline derivative sympathomimetic amine.
S2533	Ritodrine HCl Ritodrine HCl (NSC 291565) is a hydrochloride salt of ritodrine which is a β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist.
S2438	Synephrine HCl SynephrineHCl (Oxedrine, p-Synephrine) is a sympathomimetic α-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist.
S2090	Dexmedetomidine HCl Dexmedetomidine HCl is a highly selective and potent alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, which reduces anesthetic requirements for patients by providing significant sedation.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):13345 Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(2):917-925
S3061	Epinephrine HCl Epinephrine HCl (Adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.	J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(1)e001466
S3060	Medetomidine HCl Medetomidine is a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, with K_i of 1.08 nM, exhibts 1620-fold selectivity over α1-adrenoceptor.	Micromachines, 2018, 9(6)
S1437	Tizanidine HCl Tizanidine HCl (DS 103-282) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and inhibits neurotransmitter release from CNS noradrenergic neurons.
S2092	Detomidine HCl Detomidine HCl produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediatated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors.	Nature, 2018, 560(7718):372-376
S5537	Tizanidine Tizanidine is an imidazoline derivative and a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant for therapy of acute muscle spasms and chronic spasticity.
S2545	Scopine Scopine is the metabolite of anisodine, which is a α1-adrenergic receptor agonist and used in the treatment of acute circulatory shock.
S5527	Salmeterol Salmeterol (Astmerole, GR-33343X, SN408D) is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist with Ki value of 1.5 nM for WT β2AR and shows very high selectivity for the WT β2AR(β1Ki/β2Ki ratio of approximately 1500).	Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917
S4296	Salmeterol Xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate is a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory effects, used in the treatment of asthma symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms.	ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2019, 2(3):148-154 Commun Biol, 2018, 1:106
S2523	DL-Adrenaline DL-Adrenaline is a hormone and a neurotransmitter secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.
S4266	Brimonidine Tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate is a highly selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist with EC50 of 0.45 nM for the α2A adrenoreceptor, and used to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
S3960	Higenamine hydrochloride Higenamine (Norcoclaurine, (+-)-Demethylcoclaurine), also known as Norcoclaurine HCl, is a non-selective β2 adrenoceptor agonist which is a chemical compound naturally occurring in a number of plants.	Mol Cell Biochem, 2021, 10.1007/s11010-021-04197-z
S2615	Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate (Levophed) is a direct alpha-adrenergic receptors stimulator.
S5768	Fenoterol hydrobromide Fenoterol hydrobromide (Phenoterol) is the the hydrobromide salt of fenoterol, a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S0032	Batefenterol Batefenterol (GSK961081, TD-5959) is both a muscarinic receptor antagonist and a β2-adrenoceptor agonist with Ki of 1.4 nM, 1.3 nM and 3.7 nM for hM2, hM3 muscarinic receptors and hβ2-adrenoceptor, respectively.
S7974	L755507 L-755,507 is characterized as a potent and selective β3 adrenergic receptor partial agonist with EC50 of 0.43 nM. It is also recently identified to enhance CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and other cell types.	Hum Mutat, 2019, 10.1002/humu.23848
S5564	Xylazine Xylazine is a partial alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals.	Cell Death Differ, 2020, 10.1038 Mol Med Rep, 2017, 16(2):1911-1919
S4127	Terbutaline Sulfate Terbutaline Sulfate is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with IC50 of 53 nM.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61 Hum Reprod, 2016, 31(11):2506-2519
S5769	Fenoterol Fenoterol (Phenoterol) is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S5683	Isoproterenol sulfate dihydrate Isoproterenol Sulfate is the sulfate salt form of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity.	Cell Biol Toxicol, 2021, 10.1007/s10565-021-09615-y Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res, 2021, 1868(10):119080
S4135	Clorprenaline HCl Clorprenaline HCl (NSC 334693) is a β2-receptor agonist, it has a significant expansion of the bronchial effect.
S4043	Tetrahydrozoline HCl Tetrahydrozoline (Tetryzoline) HCl is an imidazoline derivative with alpha receptor agonist activity.
S5217	Arformoterol Tartrate Arformoterol Tartrate is the tartrate salt of arformoterol, a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist with bronchodilator activity.
S5734	Midodrine hydrochloride Midodrine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of midodrine, an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist used as a vasopressor.
S5735	Midodrine Midodrine belongs to the class of medications known as vasopressors. It is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist.
S5727	Tetryzoline Tetryzoline (Tetrahydrozoline) is an alpha-adrenergic agonist used in some over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays.
S2576	Xylometazoline HCl Xylometazoline is an α-adrenoceptor agonist commonly used as nasal decongestant, exhibits highest potency at α_2B-adrenoceptor subtype with EC50 of 99 μM.
S3640	Methoxyphenamine Hydrochloride Methoxyphenamine Hydrochloride (2-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine, OMMA) is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist of the amphetamine class used as a bronchodilator.
S3643	Amitraz Amitraz (NSC 324552) is a triazapentadiene, an α2 adrenergic agonist and a member of the amidine chemical family. It is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticide.
S2304	Gramine Gramine (Donaxine) is a natural indole alkaloid isolated from giant reed, acts as an active adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonist, with IC50 of 3.2 µM and 4.2 µM for AdipoR2 and AdipoR1, respectively. Gramine is also a human and mouse β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist.
S3727	Vilanterol Trifenate Vilanterol trifenatate (GW642444M) is a novel inhaled long-acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonist with inherent 24-hour activity for once daily treatment of COPD and asthma.	J Neuroimmunol, 2019, 332:37-48
S6583	Apraclonidine HCl Apraclonidine (Iopidine) is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist.
S4693	Guanfacine Hydrochloride Guanfacine Hydrochloride (Tenex, Intuniv) is a selective α2A-adrenoceptor agonist with anti-hypertensive effect.
S5669	Isoxsuprine hydrochloride Isoxsuprine hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic agonist with vasodilator activity.
S5654	Indacaterol Indacaterol is an ultra-long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist with pKi of 7.36 for β1-adrenoceptor and pKi of 5.48 for β2-adrenoceptor.	Drug Test Anal, 2020, 10.1002/dta.2917 J Neuroimmunol, 2019, 332:37-48
S5925	Olodaterol hydrochloride Olodaterol hydrochloride (BI-1744) is the hydrochloride salt form of Olodaterol, which is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist.
S2083	Procaterol HCl Procaterol HCl (OPC-2009) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist with K_p of 8 nM, used for the treatment of asthma
S4277	Bambuterol HCl Bambuterol HCl is a potent β-adrenoceptor agonist, used in the treatment of asthma.
S5750	DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is the neurotransmitter at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions and has pharmacologic effects on both α1 and β1 adrenoceptors.
S2362	Synephrine Synephrine (Oxedrine), a natural protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, is commonly used for weight loss.
S9507	(−)-Norepinephrine (−)-Norepinephrine (Arterenol, Levarterenol, L-Noradrenaline) is a natural neurotransmitter and hormone. It is an agonist of adrenergic receptors with Ki values of 330, 56, and 740 nM for α1, α2, and β1 adrenoceptors, respectively.	Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 2020, 11 Clin Sci (Lond), 2020, 134(14):1957-1971
S9508	Brimonidine Brimonidine (Bromoxidine, UK 1430) is an alpha adrenergic receptor agonist (primarily alpha-2) and is used for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension to lower intraocular pressure.
S5751	Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Dihydroergotamine Mesylate is an ergot derivative with agonistic activity for alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors.
S5494	Salbutamol Salbutamol (Albuterol) is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases.	BMC Pharmacol Toxicol, 2020, 21(1):61
S5267	Nylidrin Hydrochloride Nylidrin Hydrochloride (Buphenine), a β-adrenergic agonist, is used therapeutically for its vasodilating effect on the peripheral circulation and possibly on the cerebral circulation as well.
S6487	fluticasone furoate Fluticasone furoate (GW685698) is an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist combination with a prolonged bronchodilator duration of action. It is used for the treatment of non-allergic and allergic rhinitis administered by a nasal spray.
S3185	Adrenalone HCl Adrenalone is an adrenergic agonist used as a topical vasoconstrictor and hemostatic, mainly acts on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S3153	Levalbuterol tartrate Levalbuterol HCl is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma.

Catalog No.

Information

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Product Validations

S3153

Levalbuterol tartrate

Levalbuterol HCl is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S4243	Deoxycorticosterone acetate Deoxycorticosterone acetate (11-Deoxycorticosterone, DOC, Cortexone) is a steroid hormone used for intramuscular injection for replacement therapy of the adrenocortical steroid.	Nat Cancer, 2020, 1(2):235-248

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S4243

Deoxycorticosterone acetate

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (11-Deoxycorticosterone, DOC, Cortexone) is a steroid hormone used for intramuscular injection for replacement therapy of the adrenocortical steroid.

Nat Cancer, 2020, 1(2):235-248

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