Trichostatin A (TSA)

Name: Trichostatin A (TSA)
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S1045
Rating: 5 (185 reviews)

For research use only.

Catalog No.S1045

185 publications

CAS No. 58880-19-6

Trichostatin A (TSA) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of ~1.8 nM in cell-free assays.

Selleck's Trichostatin A (TSA) has been cited by 185 publications

Cell, 2019, 178(5):1115-1131

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Cell Metab, 2019, 29(4):886-900

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Nature, 2017, 551(7679):247-250

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Cell, 2017, 171(4):824-835.e18

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Nat Biotechnol, 2015, 10.1038/nbt.3130

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Cancer Cell, 2014, 26(4):534-48

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Mol Cell, 2021, S1097-2765(21)00051-4

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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118(22)e2014681118

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Theranostics, 2021, 11(8):3760-3780

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Cell Rep, 2021, 34(3):108646

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Cancer Lett, 2021, 513:36-49

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J Pathol, 2021, 10.1002/path.5657

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Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(6):532

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Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(4):405

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Neoplasia, 2021, 23(1):129-139

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Sci China Life Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s11427-020-1855-4

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Mol Cell Biochem, 2021, 10.1007/s11010-021-04050-3

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Nat Metab, 2021, 3(1):75-89

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Sci Adv, 2021, 7(9)eabe5518

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Cell Rep, 2021, 34(3):108646

PubMed: 33472062 ( click the link to review the publication )

Autophagy, 2020, 10.1080/15548627.2019.1709762

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Autophagy, 2020, 15:1-13

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Theranostics, 2020, 10(21):9644-9662

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Theranostics, 2020, 10(15):6790-6805

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Cell Rep, 2020, 33(11):108507

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mBio, 2020, 11(5)e02343-20

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Free Radic Biol Med, 2020, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.016

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Cell Death Dis, 2020, 11(9):765

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Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020, 13;5(1):53

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Cells, 2020, 21;9(5):E1280

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Front Immunol, 2020, 3;11:36

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Mol Cancer Ther, 2020, molcanther.0417.2020

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Mol Neurobiol, 2020, 10.1007/s12035-019-01812-5

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Am J Cancer Res, 2020, 10(2):523-535

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Oncogenesis, 2020, 13;9(5):48

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Mol Cancer Res, 2020, 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-0669

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Cancer Biol Med, 2020, 17(4):953-969

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Immunol Cell Biol, 2020, 98(4):318-331

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Front Chem, 2020, 23;8:184

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J Immunol Res, 2020, 2020:7263602

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BMC Microbiol, 2020, 20(1):28

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Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 2020, 103(4):e21649

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Cell Rep, 2020, 30(7):2195-2208

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Theranostics, 2020, 10(17):7747-7757

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Theranostics, 2020, 10(5):2188-2200

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Mol Cell, 2019, 73(4):788-802

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Mol Cell, 2019, 74(6):1250-1263

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Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1):5792

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Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1):4353

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Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1):5800

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Nucleic Acids Res, 2019, 19;47(16):8502-8520

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Autophagy, 2019, 1-13

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Autophagy, 2019, 10.1080/15548627.2019.1707488

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PLoS Biol, 2019, 17(10):e3000461

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Cancer Res, 2019, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2486

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J Cell Biol, 2019, 218(1):267-284

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J Cell Biol, 2019, 218(12):4017-4029

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Cell Death Differ, 2019, 26(5):843-859

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Int J Cancer, 2019, 10.1002/ijc.32425

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Mol Ther, 2019, 27(5):1039-1050

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EBioMedicine, 2019, 43:238-252

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J Bone Miner Res, 2019, 10.1002/jbmr.3716

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J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 38(1):428

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J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 38(1):84

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J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 38(1):463

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J Mol Cell Biol, 2019, 10.1093/jmcb/mjz093

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Mol Cancer Ther, 2019, 18(5):900-908

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Mol Neurobiol, 2019, 10.1007/s12035-019-1565-7

PubMed: 30963442 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Mol Med (Berl), 2019, 97(4):541-552

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Pharmacol Res, 2019, 146:104281

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Cancer Sci, 2019, 110(11):3442-3452

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J Neurochem, 2019, 10.1111/jnc.14935

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J Virol, 2019, 93(4)e01896-18

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Front Cell Neurosci, 2019, 13:468

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Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):1897

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Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):4360

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PLoS Comput Biol, 2019, 15(2):e1006826

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Front Genet, 2019, 10:422

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Life Sci, 2019, 223:1-8

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J Cell Biochem, 2019, 10.1002/jcb.29470

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Cell Adh Migr, 2019, 13(1):285-292

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Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2019, 43(5):822-832

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Oncol Rep, 2019, 41(6):3209-3218

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Int J Mol Med, 2019, 44(5):1789-1800

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Int J Mol Med, 2019, 43(1):285-293

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Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2019, 118:101861

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ACS Omega, 2019, 4(22):19895-19904

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Reprod Fertil Dev, 2019, 31(3):473-481

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Res Vet Sci, 2019, 126:207-212

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Exp Ther Med, 2019, 17(6):4547-4553

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bioRxiv, 2019, 10.1101/748129

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Sci Adv, 2019, 5(3):eaav1118

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Nat Biomed Eng, 2018, 2(8):578-588

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J Clin Invest, 2018, 128(9):4098-4114

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Cancer Res, 2018, 78(20):5731-5740

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Cell Rep, 2018, 24(7):1722-1729

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Mol Ther, 2018, 26(7):1828-1839

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Oncogene, 2018, 37(8):1049-1061

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Oncogene, 2018, 37(50):6414-6424

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Cancer Lett, 2018, 432:121-131

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Mol Oncol, 2018, 12(5):724-755

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Oncogenesis, 2018, 7(11):91

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Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):8492

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J Proteome Res, 2018, 17(4):1436-1451

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Plant Cell Rep, 2018, 37(1):115-123

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Exp Cell Res, 2018, 371(1):231-237

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Int Immunopharmacol, 2018, 65:303-311

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Oncol Rep, 2018, 39(4):1892-1900

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Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 503(2):420-427

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Cell Biochem Funct, 2018, 36(8):398-407

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Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24:461-472

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Methods Mol Biol, 2018, 1755:179-195

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Curr Protoc Pharmacol, 2018, 81(1):e41

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Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1):13072

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Cell Res, 2017, 27(7):898-915

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Mol Cell, 2017, 67(4):566-578

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Cell Mol Immunol, 2017, 14(4):371-379

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Oncogene, 2017, 36(12):1707-1720

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Plant Physiol, 2017, 175(3):1484-1496

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Chemistry, 2017, 23(13):3107-3116

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Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2017, 26(9):1411-1419

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Eur J Med Chem, 2017, 127:531-553

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Sci Rep, 2017, 7:46195

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J Biol Chem, 2017, 292(31):12842-12859

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J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2017, 363(2):211-220

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J Diabetes Res, 2017, 2017:8208065

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Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 2017, 7(1):51-60

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PLoS One, 2017, 12(10):e0186620

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Connect Tissue Res, 2017, 58(1):64-75

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Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2017, 485(2):454-460

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Oncotarget, 2017, 8(11):17995-18009

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Oncotarget, 2017, 8(7):11937-11949

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Bioorg Med Chem, 2017, 25(7):2105-2132

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Nat Commun, 2016, 7:10690

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Nucleic Acids Res, 2016, 45(3):1159-1176

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Clin Cancer Res, 2016, 22(8):1978-88

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Thorax, 2016, 633-45

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EMBO Rep, 2016, 17(7):999-1012

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J Med Chem, 2016, 59(4):1613-33

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PLoS Pathog, 2016, 12(10):e1005950

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Free Radic Biol Med, 2016, 99:167-178

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Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2016, 2016:4085727

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FEBS J, 2016, 283(20):3739-3754

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Am J Pathol, 2016, 186(10):2701-8

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Mol Cell Biol, 2016, 36(22):2838-2854

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Int J Oncol, 2016, 48(6):2591-607

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BMC Cancer, 2016, 16(1):886

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Mol Cell Biochem, 2016, 415(1-2):197-205

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Oncotarget, 2016, 8(60):100975-100988

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Genet Mol Res, 2016, 15(4)

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Sci Rep, 2016, 6:21678

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Tumour Biol, 2016, 37(6):8293-304

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Tumour Biol, 2016, 37(8):10269-78

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Nat Commun, 2015, 3;6:10091

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EMBO Mol Med, 2015, 10.15252/emmm.201404396

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Cancer Lett, 2015, 356(2 Pt B):828-36

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Am J Transplant, 2015, 10.1111/ajt.13106

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Cell Death Dis, 2015, 6:e1586

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J Antimicrob Chemother, 2015, 10.1093/jac/dku549

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Mol Nutr Food Res, 2015, 59(2):189-202

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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2015, 309(12):L1410-9

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Chem Biol Interact, 2015, 242:227-34

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J Appl Physiol (1985), 2015, 119(4):342-51

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PLoS One, 2015, 10(3):e0120587

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Oncotarget, 2015, 6(18):15814-27

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EMBO J, 2014, 34(1):115-29

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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2014, 111(3):E364-73

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PLoS Biol, 2014, 12(1):e1001758

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Cancer Lett, 2014, 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.034

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Development, 2014, 141(7):1534-43

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Mol Cell Biol, 2014, 34(22):4143-64

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Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2014, 274(1):7-16

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Life Sci, 2014, 99(1-2):31-6

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Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014, 445(2):320-6

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Exp Hematol, 2014, 42(7):574-80

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Oncotarget, 2014, 5(16):6701-15

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Sci Rep, 2014, 4:4663

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Science, 2014, 344(6183):1252304

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Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013, 38(9):1674-84

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Plant J, 2013, 74(5):815-28

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Cytokine, 2013, 65(2):121-5

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Adv Genet, 2010, 70:341-86

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Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective HDAC Inhibitors

Biological Activity

Description

Trichostatin A (TSA) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of ~1.8 nM in cell-free assays.

Targets

HDAC ^[1]
(Cell-free assay)

~1.8 nM

In vitro

Trichostatin A inhibits the proliferation of eight breast carcinoma cell lines including MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, BT-474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, CAL 51, and SK-BR-3 with mean IC50 of 124.4 nM (range, 26.4-308.1 nM), with more potency against cell lines that express ERα than the ERα-negative cell lines. Trichostatin A inhibits HDAC activity similarly in all the breast cancer cell lines with mean IC50 of 2.4 nM (range, 0.6-2.6 nM), and results in pronounced histone H4 hyperacetylation. ^[1] Unlike Trapoxin (TPX) and Chlamydocin which potently inhibit HDAC1 or HDAC4 but not HDAC6, Trichostatin A inhibits these HDACs to a similar extent with IC50 of 6 nM, 38 nM, and 8.6 nM, respectively. ^[2] Trichostatin A (100 ng/mL) treatment induces the expression of transforming growth factor β type II receptor (TβRII) in MIA PaCa-2 cells through the recruitment of p300 and PCAF into a Sp1-NF-Y HDAC complex that binds the DNA element of TβRII promoter, which is associated with a concomitant acetylation of Sp1 and an overall decrease in the amount of HDAC associated with the complex. ^[4]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Formulation	Activity Description	PMID
HeLa	MVTHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NUXrO\|lCOTBxM{CvOVAhdk1?	M2LkbVczKGh?	Mn3ESG1UVw>?	MlTQbY5kemWjc3XzJJRp\SCwdX3i[ZIhd2ZiTV3QJEjPnM7qbTmgcI9{eyClZXzsd{Bld3OnIHTldIVv\GWwdHz5	NEHCdoU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{G2OVc1QCd-MkOxOlU4PDh:L3G+
HeLa	NEPtVnNIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	M1GwVVIxKG6P	NEG4UYE4OiCq	NFzzWI5FVVOR	NEHIbohKSzVyIH;mJFIxdk1?	M2X5N\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|MU[1O\|Q5Lz5{M{G2OVc1QDxxYU6=
HeLa	M3rXbGdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NUXWR5VTPDBibl2=	MWC0PEBp	MVrEUXNQ	MXfJR\|UxKG:oIESwcm0>	MoPzQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjNzNkW3OFgoRjJ\|MU[1O\|Q5RC:jPh?=
HeLa	M4XuUmdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NXTkepBmOTByIH7N	M{j2V\|I1KGh?	MWLEUXNQ	M1[4VGlEPTBib3[gNVAxdk1?	Mkf1QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjNzNkW3OFgoRjJ\|MU[1O\|Q5RC:jPh?=
Caco-2	MXrGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NHXFdlgyKML3TdMg	MUiyOEBp		MUfk[YNz\WG\|ZYOgV2VTXCCycn;0[YlvKGW6cILld5Nqd25?	NHrnNmU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{M{G5OVA4OCd-MkOxPVUxPzB:L3G+
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HLEB3	NHTjWGhIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MXSwMlIh\|ryP	M4\m[FQ5KGh?	M1rhWGROW09?	MWPzeZBxemW\|c3XzJINmdGxicILvcIln\XKjdHnvckB1cHKxdXfoJJN2eHC{ZYPzbY5oKHSqZTDQTVNMN0GtdDygdFM5VUGSSzDhcoQhTVKNMT:yJJNq\26jbHnu[{Bx[XSqd3H5dy=>	MnzPQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjRzNUe4O\|goRjJ2MUW3PFc5RC:jPh?=
SRA01/04	MWXHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	M4ToWVAvOiEQvF2=	M4fRW\|Q5KGh?	NWnVe2F{TE2VTx?=	MVnzeZBxemW\|c3XzJINmdGxicILvcIln\XKjdHnvckB1cHKxdXfoJJN2eHC{ZYPzbY5oKHSqZTDQTVNMN0GtdDygdFM5VUGSSzDhcoQhTVKNMT:yJJNq\26jbHnu[{Bx[XSqd3H5dy=>	NFXjXW89[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEG1O\|g4QCd-MkSxOVc5Pzh:L3G+
A2780	M4DRWWdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	MYWwMlA2NTJizszN	M2G4bFExNzJ2L{S4JIg>	MYjEUXNQ	NHnZRmxu\WSrYYTld{Boem:5dHigZZJz\XO2IHnuJIEh[2:wY3XueJJifGmxbj2gZY5lKHSrbXWt[IVx\W6mZX70JI1idm6nch?=	NIXR[VI9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEKyN\|gxOSd-MkSyNlM5ODF:L3G+
SKOV3	MoPVS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	NXfIOYdQOC5yNT2yJO69VQ>?	NVfKfZRjOTBxMkSvOFghcA>?	M3rJW2ROW09?	NVK2U3JSdWWmaXH0[ZMh\3Kxd4ToJIFzemW\|dDDpckBiKGOxbnPlcpRz[XSrb36tJIFv\CC2aX3lMYRmeGWwZHXueEBu[W6wZYK=	M{PiR\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2MkKzPFAyLz5{NEKyN\|gxOTxxYU6=
Huh7	MoX6SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M{nt[VAvOS9yLkWvNU4xKM7:TR?=	M2\S[\|I1cA>?		MVLzeZBxemW\|c3XzJHlVUESFMjDn[Y5mKGW6cILld5Nqd25?	M4ToRVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2Mk[5OlczLz5{NEK2PVY4OjxxYU6=
hMSCs	MojpSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MnvCOk4zPSCwTR?=	MXOyOEBp	NXWySYU{TE2VTx?=	MXfzeIFjcWyrenXzJGhqe3SxbnWgRYNmfHmuYYTpc44h[W6mIITo[UBGgHC{ZYPzbY9vKG:oIGDseZJqeG:2ZX70JGdmdmW\|	NHznRo89[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEOxNlM2Pid-MkSzNVI{PTZ:L3G+
HT29	MlTsS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	MVWxPFAhdk1?	MoLKO\|IhcA>?		M3TTZ2lEPTBib3[gNVgxKG6P	MmX2QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR\|NkiyOlUoRjJ2M{[4NlY2RC:jPh?=
RPE	NFHkPWJIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	M3SzcFAvOi9yLkSvNE45NzFizszN	NXq5THFsOjRxNEivO\|IhcA>?	MlzNSG1UVw>?	NWP1W3B4cW6qaXLpeJMhfGinIIDyc4xq\mW{YYTpc44h[nliY3XscEBkgWOuZTDhdpJme3R?	NXLMVFBrRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS0OVY3ODJpPkK0OFU3PjB{PD;hQi=>
U87 GBM	NUj4S2x5TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MYKxNFAwPTByIF7t	M1rGTlQ5KGh?	MkPaNVAxLSCndHjhco9t	NXHOXnltUW6mdXPld{BU\W6nc3PlcoNmNUyra3WgRYx1\XKjdHnvcpMhcW5iToXjcIVieiCPb4LwbI9td2e7	MWC8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDR4NEi0NUc,OjR2NkS4OFE9N2F-
U87 GBM	NHLRb49Iem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MXqxNFAwOzByL{WwNEBvVQ>?	Mnm1O\|IhcA>?	NGnTN4YyODBnIHX0bIFvd2x?	MonGdoVlfWOnczDt[YFvKGOnbHygcpVu[mW{IHL5JFMyNCB3NDygZY5lKDV6wrCl	MUm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDR4NEi0NUc,OjR2NkS4OFE9N2F-
ACP03	NWnnZVU{T3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NEK1PIUzPTBxM{WwM\|UxOG6P	NWq0UmJPOjSq		MUTk[YNz\WG\|ZYOgZ4VtdCC4aXHibYxqfHlib3[gZZBxem:6aX3heIVtgSB5MNMgKUBifCB{NUFCpI5O	NH:zRWc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NE[2PFU1Pyd-MkS2Olg2PDd:L3G+
ACP02	NVvj[\|JKT3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MkPXNlUxNzN3MD:1NFBvVQ>?	NWnGbWl7OjSq		NFPXd\|Rl\WO{ZXHz[ZMh[2WubDD2bYFjcWyrdImgc4Yh[XCycn;4bY1ifGWueTC3NOKhLSCjdDCyOVDDqG6P	NFXKZVU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NE[2PFU1Pyd-MkS2Olg2PDd:L3G+
HeLa	MlfCSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MlvqNY1O	M3X1[\|AvPWh?		NFW1NHFi[m:uaYPo[ZMhfGinIITveIFtKEiGQVOgZYN1cX[rdIm=	NYXNU4dWRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS3NFc1PzRpPkK0O\|A4PDd2PD;hQi=>
HMEC-1	M4ezbmZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NU[xV2JIOzBybl2=	Ml\MNlRp		NE\4ZmhqdmO{ZXHz[ZMh\XiycnXzd4lwdiCxZtMgWmVITlJ\|wrDtVm5C	MXq8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDdzME[zNUc,OjR5MUC2N\|E9N2F-
HeLa	NX7DTlJ7T3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NFHuUVAz\|ryP	NU\ubHpNPDiq		MXzk[YNz\WG\|ZYOgZ4VtdCC4aXHibYxqfHliYXLveZQhOjVn	NXW1fHl1RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS4OFYyOzVpPkK0PFQ3OTN3PD;hQi=>
LNCaP	MonmS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	MlTDNVAxNTFyMEDuUS=>	NWL3fmdlOjSq		NWTTXHNUUUN3MDDv[kA{ODCwTR?=	NWPoNZB7RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS4OVQ3PThpPkK0PFU1PjV6PD;hQi=>
PC3	NF3qdXZIem:5dHigTY5pcWKrdHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	NHLtfYUyODBvMUCwNI5O	NHzDUXQzPGh?		MVXJR\|UxKG:oIEOwNI5O	MV:8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPDh3NE[1PEc,OjR6NUS2OVg9N2F-
CNE2	NV3YZXBuT3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	MoDvNVAxNTZyMH7N	M1jQSlI1NzR6L{eybC=>		MmDsbY5pcWKrdIOgeIhmKHC{b3zp[oVz[XSrb36gbY4h[SC2aX3lMUBidmRiZH;z[U1l\XCnbnTlcpQhdWGwbnXy	MnfHQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR7Nkm5NFEoRjJ2OU[5PVAyRC:jPh?=
HeLa	NHzBPFNHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MY[yOVBvVQ>?	MnjtNVZp	NFfrVZlFVVOR	M{XUeolv[3KnYYPld{BEYVBzQUGgcXJPSSCneIDy[ZN{cW:wwrC=	MoriQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjVzMU[2PFgoRjJ3MUG2Olg5RC:jPh?=
A549	MmHKS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	MY[wMlAyNTBwOd88US=>	MnvGO\|Jp	NYrOfHQ1TE2VTx?=	M3PZfGlEPTBib3[gNE4xPs7:TR?=	M2\JXVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3MU[5OFkyLz5{NUG2PVQ6OTxxYU6=
SKOV-3	Mo[wS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	MXGwMlAyNTBwOd88US=>	M3u3cVczcA>?	MkPmSG1UVw>?	MV3JR\|UxKG:oIECuN\|LPxE1?	M4rodFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3MU[5OFkyLz5{NUG2PVQ6OTxxYU6=
A549	MkfTS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	MVuwMlEuOc7:TR?=	NIPqelA1QGh?	MmPxSG1UVw>?	NFTsU2tKSzVyIH;mJFAvOjkQvF2=	NWHrdohwRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWxOlk1QTFpPkK1NVY6PDlzPD;hQi=>
SKOV-3	MXXHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NE\W[FExNjFvMd88US=>	NWD3fmpJPDiq	M4fDcGROW09?	MVvJR\|UxKG:oIECuO:69VQ>?	MmXwQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjVzNkm0PVEoRjJ3MU[5OFkyRC:jPh?=
A549	MkPVS5Jwf3SqIFnubIljcXSrb36gRZN{[Xl?	NWHKUJV6OS1zMN88US=>	M1zPNVI1cA>?	NGHtNmJFVVOR	M3j0OGlEPTBib3[gN{4z\|ryP	NGO0bJU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUG2PVQ6OSd-MkWxOlk1QTF:L3G+
SKOV-3	NYq3eXRZT3Kxd4ToJGlvcGmkaYTpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NX7mW2I1OS1zMN88US=>	NUnFRndkOjSq	NED3OGZFVVOR	NIjyepNKSzVyIH;mJFUvPs7:TR?=	NEfwb249[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUG2PVQ6OSd-MkWxOlk1QTF:L3G+
MCF7	MUjHdo94fGhiSX7obYJqfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	M1PLUFAuPjBybl2=	M2fGc\|I1cA>?	M{XZbmROW09?	MYrJR\|UxKG:oIEe1cm0>	NXjYWpFoRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkWxPVI4OjFpPkK1NVkzPzJzPD;hQi=>
MDA-MB-231	M1rkcmdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	Mnu5NE03ODCwTR?=	MWKyOIg>	MXrEUXNQ	MXfJR\|UxKG:oIEGwNI5O	M4e0NlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3MUmyO\|IyLz5{NUG5NlczOTxxYU6=
A431	NVnZcXM5TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	NUj2UmlzPTCwTR?=	MoHqNk83NzF{L{K0bC=>	MnHvSG1UVw>?	NIjTdWli[3SrdnH0[ZMheDJzIHHu[EBqdmirYnn0d{BCXEZ\|IHX4dJJme3Orb36=	M335bVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3M{exNFY6Lz5{NUO3NVA3QTxxYU6=
A431	MmL5RZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	Mlf0Nk8yOC93MD:xNFBvVQ>?	MkSyOFhp	NUjkPHk6TE2VTx?=	MVXpcohq[mm2czD0bIUh[2WubDDndo94fGh?	MoPmQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV\|N{GwOlkoRjJ3M{exNFY6RC:jPh?=
PC3	Mmj1SpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M{DId\|AvOc7:TR?=	MYq0PIg>	NIPyPFdFVVOR	NFHq[opqdmS3Y3XzJIlv[3KnYYPlJI9nKEiGQVOxJIFv\CCKRFHDNkBwdiCVbIXnJIdmdmW\|IIDyc41wfGW{	MU[8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTR\|NEm5O{c,OjV2M{S5PVc9N2F-
SW480	NUWwPVc1TnWwY4Tpc44hSXO\|YYm=	M4fGVVAvOc7:TR?=	MlL0OFhp	NWTVbVhCTE2VTx?=	NVftXJI4cW6mdXPld{BqdmO{ZXHz[UBw\iCKRFHDNUBidmRiSFTBR\|Ihd25iU3z1[{Bo\W6nczDwdo9ud3Snch?=	M1:xSFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEO0PVk4Lz5{NUSzOFk6PzxxYU6=
PC3	MYjGeY5kfGmxbjDBd5NigQ>?	NYPJSVFvOC5zzszN	M4nDcVQ5cA>?	MWLEUXNQ	MVPheJRmdnWjdHXzJIlvfmG\|aX;uJIFv\CCvaXfyZZRqd25?	NYLj[mV2RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW0N\|Q6QTdpPkK1OFM1QTl5PD;hQi=>
PC3	MlLLSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	M{m3N\|AvOc7:TR?=	NWPL[XY2PDiq	M3TEOmROW09?	MlLGdoV3\XK\|ZYOgSW1V	Mnu4QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV2M{S5PVcoRjJ3NEO0PVk4RC:jPh?=
SW480	MoLoSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	NInXWZYxNjIQvF2=	M2S1bVQ5cA>?	NEDKZZRFVVOR	NUXFe3A4[XS2ZX71ZZRmeyCrbo\hd4lwdiCjbnSgcYloemG2aX;u	NYHPSJJ4RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW0N\|Q6QTdpPkK1OFM1QTl5PD;hQi=>
SW480	M{HRWGZ2dmO2aX;uJGF{e2G7	M1TlO\|AvOc7:TR?=	NU\jT3BQPDiq	NUfRemV{TE2VTx?=	NUm4SoU1emW4ZYLz[ZMhTU2W	NYq1fXBzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW0N\|Q6QTdpPkK1OFM1QTl5PD;hQi=>
MEFs	NHeyVWRHfW6ldHnvckBCe3OjeR?=	MX:1{txO	NXHZZ4MzOT[q		NYe2XYNwcW6lcnXhd4V{KHSqZTDFVGVEKGG2dHHjbI1mdnRuIGTpdkBl\WyrdnXyfUBidmRidHjlJIVn\mmlaXXuZ5khd2ZicHXk[ZN1[WxiZn;ycYF1cW:w	M1LaTVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3NEiyOlM1Lz5{NUS4NlY{PDxxYU6=
TE13	MkiwRZBweHSxc3nzJGF{e2G7	MlzvNE4{\|ryP	MVyyOIg>		M{\seIlvcGmkaYTzJJRp\SClZXzsJJBzd2yrZnXyZZRqd25?	MmG3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3N{m2OlUoRjJ3NUe5OlY2RC:jPh?=
TE13	MnvOSpVv[3Srb36gRZN{[Xl?	MY[wMlPPxE1?	MUSyOIg>		NEHOXXp2eC2{ZXf1cIF1\XNiUlHTV2Y2SSCuZY\lcC=>	MnmyQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3N{m2OlUoRjJ3NUe5OlY2RC:jPh?=
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MDA-MB-231	M1rDcmdzd3e2aDDJcohq[mm2aX;uJGF{e2G7	NWDRcnZUOjVvNECwJI5O	NHv3TII1QCCq		NWPWemE5UUN3MDDv[kAzPjNwMn7NxsA>	M4rofFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|MEW1NVk5Lz5{M{C1OVE6QDxxYU6=
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melanoma B16/BL6	MlrpSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				NIftSXFKdmirYnn0c5J6KGGldHn2bZR6KGGpYXnud5QhcGm\|dH;u[UBl\WGlZYT5cIF{\SBqSFTBR\|QqKHC{ZYDhdoVlKG[{b32gcY92e2VibXXsZY5wdWFiQkG2M2JNPiClZXzsd{whUUN3MDC9JFAvODJizszNMi=>	MlSwQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTVzMEm2NlYoRjF3MUC5OlI3RC:jPh?=
melanoma B16/BL6	NYrofG97TnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=				M2e5XmlvcGmkaYTvdpkh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpcXO2b37lJIRm[WOndInsZZNmKDZicILldIFz\WRiZoLvcUBud3W\|ZTDt[Yxidm:vYTDCNVYwSkx4IHPlcIx{NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC5yMkig{txONg>?	MWS8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPTFyOU[yOkc,OTVzMEm2NlY9N2F-
melanoma B16/BL6	M3XUPGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				NWDpWnFxUW6qaXLpeI9zgSCjY4Tpeol1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGirc4TvcoUh\GWjY3X0fYxie2ViODDwdoVx[XKnZDDmdo9uKG2xdYPlJI1mdGGwb33hJGIyPi:ETE[gZ4VtdHNuIFnDOVAhRSByLkC0JO69VS5?	NV:0OI9jRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUWxNFk3OjZpPkG1NVA6PjJ4PD;hQi=>
293T	M37jV2Z2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				NHToO2NKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIHj1cYFvKGirc4TvcoUh\GWjY3X0fYxie2ViNDDwdoVx[XKnZDDmdo9uKDJ7M2SgZ4VtdHNuIFnDOVAhRSByLkCyJO69VS5?	NYm3[FdzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUW0OVQzOjRpPkG1OFU1OjJ2PD;hQi=>
293T	MnXlSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				NITJTXVKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIHj1cYFvKGirc4TvcoUh\GWjY3X0fYxie2ViMTDwdoVx[XKnZDDmdo9uKDJ7M2SgZ4VtdHNuIFnDOVAhRSByLkCyJO69VS5?	NEXTelU9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zNUS1OFIzPCd-MUW0OVQzOjR:L3G+
293T	MlvvSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				M2rNUmlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiaIXtZY4hcGm\|dH;u[UBl\WGlZYT5cIF{\SB4IIDy[ZBiemWmIH\yc40hOjl\|VDDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMEKg{txONg>?	NUHjOoU5RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUW0OVQzOjRpPkG1OFU1OjJ2PD;hQi=>
293T	MVzGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?				MlHWTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCqdX3hckBpcXO2b37lJIRm[WOndInsZZNmKDhicILldIFz\WRiZoLvcUAzQTOWIHPlcIx{NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC5yNDFOwG0v	MVW8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPTR3NEKyOEc,OTV2NUSyNlQ9N2F-
HeLa	NGL3UWxHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				Mlz2TY5pcWKrdH;yfUBkd26lZX70doF1cW:wIHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hcGm\|dH;u[UBl\WGlZYT5cIF{\SBqSFTBR{kh\nKxbTDI[WxiKGOnbHzzJJdqfGhic4Xid5Rz[XSnIEXhMEBKSzVyIE2gNE4xPTR3IN88UU4>	MmfLQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTV2NU[yOlcoRjF3NEW2NlY4RC:jPh?=
HCT116	MUXBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?				M2rlc2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgTGNVOTF4IHPlcIx{NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC5yMEGzJO69VS5?	MX:8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPjlyNEi5NEc,OTZ7MES4PVA9N2F-
H1299	NYnrc3hNSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=				M{nLdmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgTFEzQTliY3XscJMtKEmFNUCgQUAxNjFizszNMi=>	M3LhPFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF4OUC0PFkxLz5zNkmwOFg6ODxxYU6=
H661	NH7XVJhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=				NGfpZmRCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JGg3PjFiY3XscJMtKEmFNUCgQUAxNjNizszNMi=>	MlnMQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTZ7MES4PVAoRjF4OUC0PFkxRC:jPh?=
H661	M37KZWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		MYm0PEBpenN?		MkfCRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDIOlYyKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IES4JIhzeyCkeTDYWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTBiPTCwMlA5PSEQvF2u	MX28ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPzZ{NEe3N{c,OTd4MkS3O\|M9N2F-
WiDr	NFjk[5VIem:5dHigbY5pcWKrdHnvckBie3OjeR?=				NXexVpRUUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDTRXAyOzBibXXkbYF1\WRiY3XscEBoem:5dHigbY4hcHWvYX6gW4lFeiClZXzsd{whUUN3MDC9JFAvPTd5NjFOwG0v	NFzYWHM9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zN{[0N\|EyOid-MUe2OFMyOTJ:L3G+
U251	Mmj3SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				NHP5XIRKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIGPBVFE{OCCrbjDWSWdHNXO2aX31cIF1\WRiaIXtZY4hXTJ3MTDj[YxteyCkeTDQUGFRKHKncH;yeIVzKGenbnWgZZN{[XluIFnDOVAhRSByLk[xNVIh\|ryPLh?=	M{nqclxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF5NkSzNVEzLz5zN{[0N\|EyOjxxYU6=
293T	MXXGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?				Mnq0TY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCqdX3hckBJTEGFMTDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hOjl\|VDDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMECxPUDPxE1w	M2\w[FxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF5OEixNlMzLz5zN{i4NVI{OjxxYU6=
293T	NED6VIdHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MonkTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCqdX3hckBJTEGFNDDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hOjl\|VDDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMECyJO69VS5?	NXLvV5NRRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUe4PFEzOzJpPkG3PFgyOjN{PD;hQi=>
293T	M3HzWWZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				MnzvTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCvb4Xz[UBJTEGFNjDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hOjl\|VDDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMECyPEDPxE1w	NEfLfVg9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zN{i4NVI{Oid-MUe4PFEzOzJ:L3G+
H661	M17jbWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NIHXPGU1QCCqcoO=		Mkj3RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDIOlYyKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IES4JIhzeyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMEi1JO69VS5?	NUDiN29iRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUe4PVc5OjRpPkG3PFk4QDJ2PD;hQi=>
293T	NEDxTIxHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MV;Jcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEiGQVOxJIV5eHKnc4Pl[EBqdiB{OUPUJINmdGy\|LDDJR\|UxKD1iMD6xPUDPxE1w	MmOyQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTd7MEC5NVEoRjF5OUCwPVEyRC:jPh?=
293T	M1vJTGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				NG[5eYlKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFjERWM1KGW6cILld5Nm\CCrbjCyPVNVKGOnbHzzMEBKSzVyIE2gNE4zKM7:TT6=	MnfRQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTd7MEC5NVEoRjF5OUCwPVEyRC:jPh?=
293T	NYfSfpp4TnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=				MUXJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKEiGQVO2JIV5eHKnc4Pl[EBqdiB{OUPUJINmdGy\|LDDJR\|UxKD1iMD6yPEDPxE1w	MoHoQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTd7MEC5NVEoRjF5OUCwPVEyRC:jPh?=
NIH3T3	Mnn4SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				NGT3UnlKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIHj1cYFvKHKnY3;tZolv[W62IFjERWMyKGW6cILld5Nm\CCrbjDOTWg{XDNiY3XscJMtKEmFNUCgQUAxNjB{MTFOwG0v	NHHkR209[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zN{myPVc6QCd-MUe5Nlk4QTh:L3G+
human 293	NHnyPZFHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				NWPWd5R7UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDoeY1idiC{ZXPvcYJqdmGwdDDISGFEPCCneIDy[ZN{\WRiaX6gNlk{KGOnbHzzMEBKSzVyIE2gNE4xOzRizszNMi=>	NYXnZodzRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUe5Nlk4QThpPkG3PVI6Pzl6PD;hQi=>
mouse 293	M4jxRmZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				NFrmfZlKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIH3veZNmKHKnY3;tZolv[W62IFjERWM3KGW6cILld5Nm\CCrbjCyPVMh[2WubIOsJGlEPTBiPTCwMlA5OSEQvF2u	MXi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yPzl{OUe5PEc,OTd7Mkm3PVg9N2F-
SKBR3	NEXHUGNCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=				NY[z[XkxSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDTT2JTOyClZXzsd{whUUN3MDC9JFAvODJizszNMi=>	M2PPU\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF6MkS3OVU1Lz5zOEK0O\|U2PDxxYU6=
MM96L	NIHHTYFHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MXjJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKGi3bXHuJG1OQT[OIHPlcIx{NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC5yMzFOwG0v	MX28ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yQDJ2N{W1OEc,OTh{NEe1OVQ9N2F-
SNU16	MoXaSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				MlHHTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCKRFHDJIZzd21iaIXtZY4hW06XMU[gZ4VtdHNuIFnDOVAhRSByLkC1N{DPxE1w	M2LJcVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF6MkS3OVU1Lz5zOEK0O\|U2PDxxYU6=
A549	NXTXWm1XSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=				NHfHN2xCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFG1OFkh[2WubIOsJGlEPTBiPTCwMlA5KM7:TT6=	NE\VXHQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zOEK0O\|U2PCd-MUiyOFc2PTR:L3G+
MKN45	NY\UdXkxSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=				NH7Qe4FCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIF3LUlQ2KGOnbHzzMEBKSzVyIE2gNE4yKM7:TT6=	MmP3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTh{NEe1OVQoRjF6MkS3OVU1RC:jPh?=
SQ20B	MlzESpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?				M2DsdWlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiaIXtZY4hW1F{MFKgZ4VtdHNuIFnDOVAhRSByLkKg{txONg>?	NEW2ZVM9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zOEK0O\|U2PCd-MUiyOFc2PTR:L3G+
neonatal foreskin fibroblasts	NHnJOYZIem:5dHigbY5pcWKrdHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MYXHdo94fGhiaX7obYJqfGmxbjDv[kBpfW2jbjDu[Y9v[XSjbDDmc5Jme2urbjDmbYJzd2KuYYP0d{Bk\WyuczygTWM2OCB;IECuNkDPxE1w	MmizQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTh{NEe1OVQoRjF6MkS3OVU1RC:jPh?=
HeLa	MYPGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?				MlzTTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCKRFHDJIZzd21iaIXtZY4hUGWOYTDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMzFOwG0v	MlT5QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTh{NEe1OVQoRjF6MkS3OVU1RC:jPh?=
MM96L/NFF	NF[wUY9HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MX\T[Yxm[3Srdnn0fUBqdmSneDygdoF1cW9ib3[gTWM2OCCob4KgbJVu[W5iTV25Omwh[2WubIOgeI8hUUN3MDDmc5IhcHWvYX6gUmZHKGOnbHzzMEBKSzVyIE2gOk44KM7:TT6=	MlHHQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTh{NEe1OVQoRjF6MkS3OVU1RC:jPh?=
293T	NGWwXIxHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MkHtTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCqdX3hckBJTEGFMTDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hOjl\|VDDj[YxteyxiSVO1NEA:KDBwMEO2OkDPxE1w	MXG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yQDN7N{iyOkc,OTh\|OUe4NlY9N2F-
293T	NYrsOndSTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=				NVXDXWQ5UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDoeY1idiCKRFHDOEBmgHC{ZYPz[YQhcW5iMkmzWEBk\WyuczygTWM2OCB;IECuNFYzQSEQvF2u	MWG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yQDN7N{iyOkc,OTh\|OUe4NlY9N2F-
293T	NF\JTFBHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				MULJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKGi3bXHuJGhFSUN4IHX4dJJme3OnZDDpckAzQTOWIHPlcIx{NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC5yOEOzJO69VS5?	MXi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8yQDN7N{iyOkc,OTh\|OUe4NlY9N2F-
HeLa	NILNTVVHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				M4m3SGlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiaIXtZY4hUESDQzDpckBJ\UyjIHPlcIx{KGK7IH\sc5VzKGSnIHz5d{Bie3OjeTygTWM2OCB;IECuNFA2KM7:TT6=	NYrwUWNlRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMUizPVc5OjdpPkG4N\|k4QDJ5PD;hQi=>
S2	M{nMd2Z2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				MkDOTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCSbHHzcY9lcXWvIH\hcINqeGG{dX2gTGRCSzFiZYjwdoV{e2WmIHnuJGRzd3OxcHjpcIEhdWWuYX7v[4F{fGW{IGOyJINmdGy\|LDDJR\|UxKD1iMD6wNFA3KM7:TT6=	MnKyQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOTl\|MUe0OVAoRjF7M{G3OFUxRC:jPh?=
NCI-H661	MmXZRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MUC0PEBpenN?		MnXYRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCQQ1mtTFY3OSClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgXHRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyIE2gNE4yKM7:TT6=	M4HPT\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzF7M{i1OlAxLz5zOUO4OVYxODxxYU6=
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HEK293	MYDDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		Mkn3PVYhcHK\|		NVvYR\|A1S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hUEWNMkmzJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDl4IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVAhRSByLkG2JO69VS5?	Mo\iQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3NU[xNFIoRjJ3NUW2NVAzRC:jPh?=
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HepG2	MX;DfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		NH;NdVg6PiCqcoO=		NETtPVZEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBJ\XCJMjDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA6PiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwJF0hOC57NjFOwG0v	MoHjQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV3NU[xNFIoRjJ3NUW2NVAzRC:jPh?=
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insect cell	Ml7aSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		M1LHT\|YxKG2rboO=		NEHrbmRKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIH\1cIwhdGWwZ4ToJIh2dWGwIILlZ49u[mmwYX70JGMufGW{bXnuZYwhT1OWLYTh[4dm\CCKRFHDNkApOSC2bzC0PFghemW\|aXT1[ZMqKGW6cILld5Nm\CCrbjDpcpNm[3RiY3XscJMhfXOrbnegVmhMNUtqQXOpMWFOSyCjczDzeYJ{fHKjdHWgbY5kfWKjdHXkJIZweiB4MDDtbY5{KGK7IH\seY9z\XOlZX7j[UBie3OjeTygTWM2OCB;IECuNFExPTFizszNMi=>	MnXlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjdyNkC3OlQoRjJ5ME[wO\|Y1RC:jPh?=
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insect cell	M3e0dGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7		Ml\kOlAhdWmwcx?=		MnfCTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCqdX3hckBz\WOxbXLpcoFvfCCFLYTldo1qdmGuIFjpd{11[WepZXSgTGRCSzhiKEGgeI8hOzd5IILld4llfWW\|KTDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4hcW6\|ZXP0JINmdGy\|IIXzbY5oKFKKSz3LLGFkMS2NKFHjLU1CVUNiYYOgd5Vje3S{YYTlJIlv[3WkYYTl[EBnd3JiNkCgcYlveyCkeTDmcJVwemW\|Y3XuZ4Uh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTBiPTCwMlMxPzRizszNMi=>	NHjoN4E9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{C2NFc3PCd-MkewOlA4PjR:L3G+
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insect cell	NUTH[HUyTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		MX[2NEBucW6\|		NITOSHhKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIH\1cIwhdGWwZ4ToJJJm[2:vYnnuZY51KGi3bXHuJGMufGW{bXnuZYwhUGm\|LYTh[4dm\CCKRFHDN{9PNXSncn3pcoFtKEeVVD30ZYdo\WRicnXjc41jcW6jboSgbJVu[W5iTlPPVlIhMDN7NTD0c{A1QDlicnXzbYR2\XNrIHX4dJJme3OnZDDpckBj[WO3bH;2bZJ2ey2rbn\lZ5Rm\CCrboPlZ5Qh[2WubIOgeZNqdmdiUljLT{hC[ymDTVOgZZMhe3Wkc4TyZZRmKGGodHXyJFYxKG2rboOgZpkh\my3b4LpcYV1\XJuIFvpJF0hOC5yMEC4OEDPxE1w	NVnY[3JsRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkm1PFk1PDFpPkK5OVg6PDRzPD;hQi=>
insect cell	NXHje\|dwTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		NHW0XJk3OCCvaX7z		MXLJcohq[mm2aX;uJI9nKG[3bHygcIVv\3SqIILlZ49u[mmwYX70JIh2dWGwIFOteIVzdWmwYXygS3NVNXSjZ3fl[EBJTEGFMjDlfJBz\XO\|ZXSgbY4h[mGldXzveolzfXNvaX7m[YN1\WRiaX7z[YN1KGOnbHzzJJV{cW6pIGLIT2spSWNrQV3DJIF{KHO3YoP0doF1\SCjZoTldkA3OCCvaX7zJIJ6KG[udX;ybY1mfGW{LDDLbUA:KDBwMECzOVUh\|ryPLh?=	MnvlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl3OEm0OFEoRjJ7NUi5OFQyRC:jPh?=
insect cell	NFvUc4VHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				NXOxT4dxUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDy[YNwdWKrbnHueEBpfW2jbjDISGFEOTBiZYjwdoV{e2WmIHnuJIJi[3Wub4\pdpV{NWmwZnXjeIVlKGmwc3XjeEBk\WyuczD1d4lv\yCobIXvdo9o\W6rYzDw[ZB1cWSnIGLIT2tC[yCjczDzeYJ{fHKjdHWgZpkh\my3b4LpcYV1\XJuIFvpJF0hOC5yMES3OkDPxE1w	MmP6QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl3OEm0OFEoRjJ7NUi5OFQyRC:jPh?=
insect cell	MUXGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?		MW[2NEBucW6\|		M4nPOWlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZicnXjc41jcW6jboSgbJVu[W5iQz30[ZJucW6jbDDIbZMufGGpZ3XkJGhFSUN6IDixJJRwKDN5NzDy[ZNq\HWnczmg[ZhxemW\|c3XkJIlvKGKjY4Xsc5ZqenW\|LXnu[oVkfGWmIHnud4VkfCClZXzsd{B2e2mwZzDSTGspSWNrSzjBZ{lCVUNiYYOgd5Vje3S{YYTlJIFnfGW{IE[wJI1qdnNiYomg[ox2d3KrbXX0[ZItKEurIE2gNE4yPDVizszNMi=>	Ml3jQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjl3OEm0OFEoRjJ7NUi5OFQyRC:jPh?=
insect cell	M2LJVmZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7				NEX6VGJKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIILlZ49u[mmwYX70JIh2dWGwIF6teIVzdWmwYXygTIl{NXSjZ3fl[EBJTEGFMUGgLFEhfG9iM{S3JJJme2mmdXXzLUBmgHC{ZYPz[YQhcW5iYnHjeYxwfmm{dYOtbY5n\WO2ZXSgbY5{\WO2IHPlcIx{KHW\|aX7nJHJJU0tqQXOpRW1EKGG\|IIP1ZpN1emG2ZTDifUBndHWxcnnt[ZRmeixiS3mgQUAxNjRyMTFOwG0v	MYm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zQTV6OUS0NUc,Ojl3OEm0OFE9N2F-
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HEK293	M1LoPGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	MorSOlAxKG6P			MoHtTY5kemWjc3WgbY4heHKxdHXpckBlcXO3bH\p[IUhcXOxbXXyZZNmKGyndnXsJIlvKEiHS{K5N{Bk\WyuczDheEA3ODBibl2gZpkhcW2vdX7vZoxwfA>?	NFfjcmE9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zN{W2Olc{Oid-MUe1OlY4OzJ:L3G+
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primary bronchial epithelial cell	MV;GeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MnXSNE4yKHWP			NU\0ZXZ5UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEPyCrbjDoeY1idiCycnntZZJ6KGK{b37jbIlidCCncHn0bIVtcWGuIHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHnu[JVkfGmxbjDv[kBufXSjboSgSoRmdHSjNUC4JGNHXFJicILveIVqdiCjcHnjZYwhe3W{ZnHj[UBtd2OjbHn6ZZRqd25iYYSgNE4yKHWP	NFjybJg9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9zOUm2Olc5QSd-MUm5OlY4QDl:L3G+
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MCF7	MXTGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	MnTXNE42KHWP	Mn3UNlQhcHK\|		NYXqXnFzUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEOSCrbjDoeY1idiCPQ1[3JINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJJVxNXKnZ4XsZZRqd25ib3[gZYNmfHmuYYTl[EBpcXO2b37lJGg{KHC{b4TlbY4hdGW4ZXygZZQhOC53IIXNJIFnfGW{IEK0JIhzeyCkeTDX[ZN1\XKwIHLsc5Qh[W6jbInzbZM>	Ml;2QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjJ{OECzOlMoRjJ{MkiwN\|Y{RC:jPh?=
PC12	NUDFWolnTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NF60dXgyOCC3TR?=	Mne3OFghcHK\|		M3;5ZmlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiSFTBR\|YhcW5icnH0JHBEOTJiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiYXPleJlt[XSrb36gc4YhcGm\|dH;u[UBJOyCjdDCxNEB2VSCjZoTldkA1QCCqcoOgZpkhX2W\|dHXyckBjdG:2dHnu[{BidmGueYPpdy=>	NXLP[mVGRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkO5NFU3QDBpPkKzPVA2PjhyPD;hQi=>
PC12	M1PZOGZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	NI[2Z3kyOCC3TR?=	NWPkfnozPDhiaILz		NWnKfJhUUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEPiCrbjDyZZQhWENzMjDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDpcoR2[3Srb36gc4Yh[WyyaHGteJVjfWyrbjDhZ4V1gWyjdHnvckBifCBzMDD1UUBi\nSncjC0PEBpenNiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91fGmwZzDhcoFtgXOrcx?=	M4nT[\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|OUC1OlgxLz5{M{mwOVY5ODxxYU6=
PC12	NIHRXoVHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NYfURVJCOTBidV2=	NXvsNm9wPSCmYYnz		Mn:wTY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKG6ndYLpeIUhd3W2Z4Lve5RpKGmwIILheEBRSzF{IHPlcIx{KGG2IEGwJJVOKGGodHXyJFUh\GG7cx?=	NWe4R\|g{RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkO5NFU3QDBpPkKzPVA2PjhyPD;hQi=>
SH-SY5Y	MkP5SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?	M{nqUVExKHWP	M3npWFUh\GG7cx?=		MoS4TY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKG6ndYLpeIUhd3W2Z4Lve5RpKGmwIHj1cYFvKFOKLWPZOXkh[2WubIOgZZQhOTBidV2gZYZ1\XJiNTDkZZl{	M{fqVFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ\|OUC1OlgxLz5{M{mwOVY5ODxxYU6=
A549	NF;GflBCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=	Mn3wNE41KHWP	NHzUTZczPCCqcoO=		NVzWW4RVSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDBOVQ6KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KHOqcoXub4VvKGGwZDDzbIFzeCC\|aHHw[UBifCByLkSgeW0h[W[2ZYKgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JJBp[XOnIHPvcpRz[XO2IH3pZ5Jwe2OxcIm=	Mor2QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV6OESxNVIoRjJ3OEi0NVEzRC:jPh?=
HeLa	NFLOSY1HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=				NFrYU4RKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFjERWM3KGmwIHj1cYFvKEinTHGgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgeJVjfWyrbjDhZ4V1gWyjdHnvckBqdmO3YnH0[YQh\m:{IH;2[ZJvcWeqdDDifUBqdW23bn;mcJVwemW\|Y3XuZ4UhdWmlcn;zZ49xcWNiYX7hcJl{cXN?	NVqzPJNXRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[2NVE6OTlpPkK2OlEyQTF7PD;hQi=>
C127-LT	NFjqc4xHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	NVzEbJZHOjByIH7N	MnjQNlQhcHK\|		NVHsPGM3UW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEKGmwIH3veZNmKENzMketUHQh[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMh[WO2aY\heIlwdiCxZjDFS2ZRKGW6cILld5Nqd25iYYSgNlAxKG6PIHHmeIVzKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCobIXvdoV{[2WwY3WgcYlkem:\|Y3;wfS=>	NH\oRo49[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{Nkm5OlM4Oid-Mk[5PVY{PzJ:L3G+
HeLa nuclear	NHzFeY5HfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	MUSxNEB1dyB{NTD1US=>	M4jsblMxKG2rboO=		MmfER49ueGW2aYTpeoUhcW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEKGmwIHj1cYFvKEinTHGgcpVkdGWjcjDj[YxteyCjdDCxNEB1dyB{NTD1UUB2e2mwZzDCc4Mu[WOndInsMYx6e2mwZT3BUWMh[XNic4Xid5Rz[XSnIHHmeIVzKDNyIH3pcpMh[nliTHnu[Zdm[X[ncj3CeZJsKHCub4SgZY5idHm\|aYO=	NV\OfVdJRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[5PVY{PzJpPkK2PVk3Ozd{PD;hQi=>
HeLa	NEfaNHlHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	M3zwW\|IhfU1?	NIrWdoYzPCCqcoO=		NVSyWpVpUW6qaXLpeIlwdiCxZjDISGFEOSCrbjDoeY1idiCKZVzhJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIh6eGW{YXPleJlt[XSrb36gc4YhcGm\|dH;u[UBJOyCjdDCyJJVOKGmwY4XiZZRm\CCob4KgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JHdme3Sncn6gZoxwfCCjbnHsfZNqew>?	NIPReWY9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{C2NFc3PCd-MkewOlA4PjR:L3G+
HN13	NXW4O4Y5TnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=		M{nDUVI1KGi{cx?=		M4WxR2lvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiSFTBR{BqdiCqdX3hckBJVjF\|IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBpcXO2b37lJGg{KEy7c{mgZYNmfHmuYYTpc44hcW6ldXLheIVlKG[xcjCyOEBpenNiYomgbY1ufW6xZnz1c5Jme2OnbnPlJIF{e2G7	NUPYWJNORGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkmwN\|ExPjZpPkK5NFMyODZ4PD;hQi=>
HeLaS3	MVfGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	M373Z\|ExKHWP			M37ncWlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiSFTBR{BqdiCqdX3hckBJ\UyjU{OgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgbY5kemWjc3WgbY4hcGm\|dH;u[UBJO0t7IHHj[ZR6dGG2aX;uJIF1KDFyIIXNJI1m[XO3cnXkJIludWWmaXH0[Yx6KGK7IHntcZVvd2Kub4SgZY5idHm\|aYO=	MYm8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{ODJ3OEWzOUc,OzB{NUi1N\|U9N2F-
HeLaS3	NYq5[XlsTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	NWPEfXI6OTBidV2=	NFjDWlgyPiCqcoO=		NHK0TodKdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFjERWMhcW5iaIXtZY4hUGWOYWOzJINmdGy\|IHHzd4V{e2WmIHHzJIlv[3KnYYPlJIlvKGirc4TvcoUhUDONOTDhZ4V1gWyjdHnvckBifCBzMDD1UUB1emWjdHXkJIZweiBzNjDodpMh\m:ubH;3[YQh[nliY3;tdI92dmRid3HzbI92fCCjbnSgcYVie3W{ZXSgeZAhfG9iMkSgbJJ{KGK7IHntcZVvd2Kub4SgZY5idHm\|aYO=	NHjEXpc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MEK1PFU{PSd-M{CyOVg2OzV:L3G+

... Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID
Western blot	EGFR / STAT3 ; PubMed: 31289542 Oncol Lett Expression of EGFR and STAT3 in PC3 cells treated with TSA. PC3 cells were plated in 6-cm dishes, and 0.25, 0.5 or 1 µM TSA was added for 24 h. DMSO was added into the control group wells. Cells were collected and lysed with lysis buffer and the protein expression analyzed via western blotting. Cyclin D1 / CDK6 / CDK4 / p-RB / RB; PubMed: 31289542 Oncol Lett Expression of cyclin D1, CDK6, CDK4 and RB, and the phosphorylation of RB, was detected in PC3 cells treated with TSA for 24 h. MMP-1 / MMP-3 / MMP-13 / TIMP-1; PubMed: 27431944 Mol Med Rep Chondrocytes were pretreated with increasing concentrations of TSA for 2 h, followed by stimulation with 5 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 h. Acetyl-H3 (Lys27) / H3 (96C10) / Acetyl-H4(Lys8) / H4(L64C1); PubMed: 27431944 Mol Med Rep Chondrocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of TSA for 24 h. α-H3Ac / α-H4Ac / α-H3K9Ac / α-H3K9 S10 / α-H3K4 me / α-H3K4 me2 / α-H3K9 me2; PubMed: 23802098 Front Oncol Histone acetylation occurs directly at the promoter region of IL-23R. The ChIP assay demonstrates that TSA treatment results in an increase in the acetylation of histone H3 and H4. A549 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of TSA (250 ng/mL) for a period of 24 h. Subsequently, a ChIP assay was performed using the following antibodies; pan acetyl-histone H3 (H3Ac), pan acetyl-histone H4 (H4Ac), acetyl-histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9Ac), acetyl-histone H3 Lys 9/14 (H3K9/14ac), acetyl-histone H3 Lys 9 phosphoSer10 (H3K9S10), methyl-histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4Me), di methyl-histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4Me2), and di methyl-histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9Me2). Input DNA serves as a positive control as recommended by the manufacturer (Diagenode). A no antibody control was included to test for non-specific binding (UT, untreated; TSA, Trichostatin A).	31289542 27431944 23802098
Immunofluorescence	α-C/EBPβ / α-HP1α ; PubMed: 21122806 Exp Cell Res 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were grown on coverslips for three days and induced to differentiate by treatment with MDI (48 h) in the presence of vehicle (-TSA) or 87 nM Trichostatin A (+TSA). Under these experimental conditions: A-H Cells were fixed and permeabilized in cold methanol, subjected to IIF with the indicated antibodies, and nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar, 5 μm. α-HDAC1 ; PubMed: 29045501 PLoS One MCF-7 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of trichostatin A (optical sections E-H, respectively) for 12 hours, fixed, permeabilized and optical sections were obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Fluorescence signal for HDAC1 is shown in green (left panels), DAPI staining is shown in blue (middle panels), and merged optical sections are shown in the right panels. α-tubulin / acetylated histone 3; PubMed: 27957719 Neurotherapeutics Immunocytochemistry for acetylated α-tubulin (red) and acetylated histone 3 (green) on N2a cells treated with 1 μM TSA, ACY-738, and ACY-775.	21122806 29045501 27957719
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability (A549 cells); PubMed: 27571418 PLoS One Cytotoxicity of histamine determined by MTT assay in A549 cells. Cell viability (MDA-MB-231 cells); PubMed: 27548148 Int J Mol Sci The human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were incubated with various concentrations of TSA (0–300 nM) for 24 h. Cell viability was measured by WST-8. Cell viability (PC3 cells); PubMed: 31289542 Oncol Lett PC3 cells were plated in a 96-well plate and treated with different doses of TSA (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 µM) for 72 h; an MTT assay was used to measure the effects of TSA on PC3 cell proliferation.	27571418 27548148 31289542

In vivo

Administration of Trichostatin A at 0.5 mg/kg for 4 weeks displays potent antitumor activity in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinoma model, without any measurable toxicity at doses up to 5 mg/kg. ^[1] Single intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg/kg Trichostatin A in nontransgenic and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) model mice results in increased levels of acetylated H3 and H4 histones and modest increases in survival motor neuron (SMN) gene expression. Administration of Trichostatin A at 10 mg/kg/day improves survival, attenuates weight loss, and enhances motor behavior in the SMA model mice. ^[5]

Protocol

Kinase Assay: ^[1]	- Collapse In vitro HDAC activity: Total cellular extracts are prepared from each breast cancer cell line (MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, BT-474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, CAL 51, or SK-BR-3). A 20 μL crude cell extract (~2.5 ×10⁵ cells), in the presence of varying concentrations of Trichostatin A in 0.1% (v/v) ethanol or 0.1% (v/v) ethanol as vehicle control, are incubated for 60 minutes at 25 °C with 1 μL (~1.5 × 10⁶ cpm) of [³H]acetyl-labeled histone H4 peptide substrate (NH2-terminal residues 2-20) that has been acetylated with [³H]acetic acid, sodium salt (3.7 GBq/mmol) by an in vitro incorporation method. Each 200 μL reaction is quenched with 50 μL of 1 M HCl/0.16 M acetic acid and extracted with 600 μL of ethyl acetate, and released [³H]acetate is quantified by scintillation counting. IC50 values are determined graphically using nonlinear regression to fit inhibition data to the appropriate dose-response curve.
Cell Research: ^[1]	- Collapse Cell lines: MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, BT-474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, CAL 51, and SK-BR-3 Concentrations: Dissolved in absolute ethanol, final concentrations ~10 μM Incubation Time: 96 hours Method: Cells are exposed to various concentrations of Trichostatin A for 96 hours. After treatment, cell proliferation is estimated using the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay. Cell viability is determined by trypan blue exclusion. (Only for Reference)
Animal Research: ^[1]	- Collapse Animal Models: Inbred virgin female (Ludwig/Wistar/Olac) rats bearing tumors induced with NMU Dosages: ~5 mg/kg/day Administration: Injection s.c. (Only for Reference)

References

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Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	DMSO	23 mg/mL (76.05 mM)
	Water	Insoluble
	Ethanol	Insoluble
In vivo	Add solvents to the product individually and in order(Data is from Selleck tests instead of citations): 2% DMSO+30% PEG 300+2% Tween 80+ddH2O For best results, use promptly after mixing.	1.5mg/mL

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information Download Trichostatin A (TSA) SDF

Molecular Weight	302.4
Formula	C₁₇H₂₂N₂O₃
CAS No.	58880-19-6
Storage	3 years-20°C powder 2 years-80°C in solvent
Synonyms	N/A
Smiles	CC(C=C(C)C=CC(=O)NO)C(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N(C)C

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

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Working concentration： mg/ml；

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL， Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note：1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

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Molarity Calculator

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Mass (mg) = Concentration (mM) × Volume (mL) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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The Serial Dilution Calculator Equation

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Computed Result

C1=C0/X	C1:	LOG(C1):
C2=C1/X	C2:	LOG(C2):
C3=C2/X	C3:	LOG(C3):
C4=C3/X	C4:	LOG(C4):
C5=C4/X	C5:	LOG(C5):
C6=C5/X	C6:	LOG(C6):
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Molecular Weight Calculator

Enter the chemical formula of a compound to calculate its molar mass and elemental composition:

Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C10H16N2O2 c10h16n2o2

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To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound, please enter its chemical formula and click 'Calculate'.

Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:

Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
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Molarity Calculator

Clinical Trial Information (data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2021-05-17)

NCT Number	Recruitment	interventions	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT03887650	Unknown status	Drug: Liposomal Bupivicaine 1.3%\|Drug: Bupivacaine 0.5%	Post-operative Pain\|Total Shoulder Arthroplasty\|Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder\|Pain Management	Hartford Hospital	January 14 2019	Phase 4
NCT03838926	Unknown status	Drug: Trichostatin A	Relapsed or Refractory Hematologic Malignancies	Vanda Pharmaceuticals	September 27 2018	Phase 1
NCT02976272	Unknown status	Other: bortezomib	Multiple Myeloma\|Bortezomib Regimen\|Adult	University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand\|Laboratoires Takeda	June 7 2016	--

Tech Support

Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.

Handling Instructions

Tel: +1-832-582-8158 Ext:3

If you have any other enquiries, please leave a message.

Frequently Asked Questions

Question 1:
I would like to obtain the enantiomers of TSA, as separate chemicals: R-TSA and S-TSA. Do you have any ideas?
Answer:
Our S1045 Trichostatin A (TSA) is R enantiomer.

HDAC Signaling Pathway Map

HDAC Inhibitors with Unique Features

Selective HDAC Inhibitor

Rocilinostat (ACY-1215) : HDAC5-selective, IC50=5 nM.
Most Potent HDAC Inhibitor

Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585) : HDAC1, IC50=0.11 nM; HDAC2, IC50=0.33 nM.
FDA-approved HDAC Inhibitor

Vorinostat (SAHA, MK0683) : Approved by FDA against cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
Newest HDAC Inhibitor

RG2833 (RGFP109) ^New : Brain-penetrant HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 60 nM and 50 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively.

Related HDAC Products

CAY10603 ^New

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Panobinostat (LBH589)

Panobinostat (LBH589, NVP-LBH589) is a novel broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay. Panobinostat (LBH589) induces autophagy and apoptosis. Panobinostat effectively disrupts HIV latency in vivo. Phase 3.
Vorinostat (SAHA)

Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA, MK0683) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of ~10 nM in a cell-free assay. Vorinostat abrogates productive HPV-18 DNA amplification.
Entinostat (MS-275)

Entinostat (MS-275, SNDX-275) strongly inhibits HDAC1 and HDAC3 with IC50 of 0.51 μM and 1.7 μM in cell-free assays, compared with HDACs 4, 6, 8, and 10. Entinostat induces autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 3.
Romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide)

Romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide, FR 901228, NSC 630176) is a potent HDAC1 and HDAC2 inhibitor with IC50 of 36 nM and 47 nM in cell-free assays, respectively. Romidepsin (FK228/depsipeptide) controls growth and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma tumor cells.

Features:More effective than other classical HDAC inhibitors such as TSA, TPX, and butyrate.
Tubastatin A

Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay. It is selective against all the other isozymes (1000-fold) except HDAC8 (57-fold). Tubastatin A promotes autophagy and increases apoptosis.
Mocetinostat (MGCD0103)

Mocetinostat (MGCD0103, MG0103) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with most potency for HDAC1 with IC50 of 0.15 μM in a cell-free assay, 2- to 10- fold selectivity against HDAC2, 3, and 11, and no activity to HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) induces apoptosis and autophagy. Phase 2.

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Trichostatin A (TSA)