Mitophagy

Mitophagy Products

  • All (34)
  • Mitophagy Inhibitors (6)
  • Mitophagy Activators (27)
  • Mitophagy Modulator (1)
  • New Mitophagy Products
Catalog No. Product Name Information Product Use Citations Product Validations
S1060 Olaparib (AZD2281) Olaparib (AZD2281, KU0059436) is a selective inhibitor of PARP1/2 with IC50 of 5 nM/1 nM in cell-free assays, 300-times less effective against tankyrase-1. Olaparib induces significant autophagy that is associated with mitophagy in cells with BRCA mutations.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):866
Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(2):101396
Cells, 2024, 13(2)159
S1208 Doxorubicin (DOX) HCl Doxorubicin (DOX) HCl is an antibiotic agent that inhibits human DNA topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II with IC50s of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK. Doxorubicin is used in the concomitant treatment of HIV-infected patients but is found to be at high risk of HBV reactivation.This product may precipitate when dissolved in PBS solution. It is recommended to prepare the stock solution in pure water and dilute with either pure water or saline to obtain the working solution.
iScience, 2024, 27(1):108667
Cell, 2023, 186(14):3013-3032.e22
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.011
S1076 Adezmapimod (SB203580) Adezmapimod (SB203580, RWJ 64809, PB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.3-0.5 μM in THP-1 cells, 10-fold less sensitive to SAPK3(106T) and SAPK4(106T) and blocks PKB phosphorylation with IC50 of 3-5 μM. SB203580 induces mitophagy and autophagy.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1300
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):987
mBio, 2024, e0313623.
S1102 U0126-EtOH U0126-EtOH is a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.06 μM in cell-free assays, 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than PD98059. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy with antiviral activity.
Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):31
Cell Mol Life Sci, 2024, 81(1):59
mBio, 2024, e0313623.
S1378 Ruxolitinib Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Theranostics, 2024, 14(3):1224-1240
Cell Rep, 2024, 43(2):113600.
Antiviral Res, 2024, 222:105811
S1002 ABT-737 ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2.
Gastroenterology, 2024, S0016-5085(24)00062-3
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):830
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1041
S1225 Etoposide Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, which inhibits DNA synthesis via topoisomerase II inhibition activity which enhances double-strand and single-strand cleavage of DNA and reversibly inhibits repair by topoisomerase II binding. Etoposide induces autophagy, mitophagy and apoptosis.
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.16.575847
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(7):1696-1719
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.011
S5243 Ruxolitinib Phosphate Ruxolitinib Phosphate (INCB018424, INC424) is the phosphate salt form of Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7)6228
Front Oncol, 2023, 13:1043694
Cell Adh Migr, 2023, 17(1):1-10
S1042 Sunitinib malate Sunitinib malate is a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 80 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, and also inhibits c-Kit. Sunitinib Malate effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α. Sunitinib Malate increases both death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2024, 17(1)108
Cell Cycle, 2024, 1-13.
J Cancer, 2024, 15(5):1429-1441
S1802 AICAR (Acadesine) AICAR (Acadesine, NSC105823, AICA Riboside), an AMPK activator, results in accumulation of ZMP, which mimics the stimulating effect of AMP on AMPK and AMPK kinase. AICAR (Acadesine) induces mitophagy. Phase 3.
Cell Death Discov, 2024, 10(1):95
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(8):1028-1042.e7
Mil Med Res, 2023, 10(1):64
S1141 Tanespimycin (17-AAG) Tanespimycin (17-AAG, CP127374, NSC-330507, KOS 953) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for HSP90 derived from tumour cells than HSP90 from normal cells. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) induces apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and mitophagy. Phase 3.
Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):35
Sci Adv, 2024, 10(8):eadk3663
Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1):229
S2218 Torkinib (PP242) Torkinib (PP242) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 8 nM in cell-free assays; targets both mTOR complexes with >10- and 100-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3Kδ or PI3Kα/β/γ, respectively. Torkinib (PP242) induces mitophagy and apoptosis.
Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2023, 21:1157-1168
Mol Cell Biol, 2023, 43(1):1-21
J Cell Commun Signal, 2023, 17(3):975-989
S2730 Crenolanib Crenolanib is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDGFRα/β with Kd of 2.1 nM/3.2 nM in CHO cells, also potently inhibits FLT3, sensitive to D842V mutation not V561D mutation, >100-fold more selective for PDGFR than c-Kit, VEGFR-2, TIE-2, FGFR-2, EGFR, erbB2, and Src. Crenolanib helps to induce mitophagy.
Cell Rep Med, 2023, 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101286
Cell Death Discov, 2023, 9(1):44
Cells, 2023, 12(17)2171
S1322 Dexamethasone Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone induces autophagy and mitophagy. Dexamethasone is tested in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is found to have benefits for critically ill patients.
Cell Host Microbe, 2024, S1931-3128(24)00005-2
Oncogene, 2024, 43(4):235-247
bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.01.29.577409
S1950 Metformin HCl Metformin HCl (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl) decreases hyperglycemia in hepatocytes primarily by suppressing glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis). Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
Clin Respir J, 2024, 18(1):e13731
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):469
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):469
S7162 Mdivi-1 Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of mitochondrial division DRP1 (dynamin-related GTPase) and mitochondrial division Dynamin I (Dnm1) with IC50 of 1-10 μM. Mdivi-1 attenuates mitophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Immunity, 2024, 57(2):287-302.e12
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1669
Theranostics, 2024, 14(4):1561-1582
S1396 Resveratrol Resveratrol has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases(LOX, IC50=2.7 μM), kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects. Resveratrol induces mitophagy/autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis.
J Hazard Mater, 2023, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132932
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(6):367
Antiviral Res, 2023, 216:105674
S7046 Brefeldin A (BFA) Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):203
Commun Biol, 2024, 7(1):161
Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2024, 73(1):7
S1792 Simvastatin Simvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with Ki of 0.1-0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Simvastatin induces ferroptosis, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis.
Neuron, 2023, S0896-6273(23)00513-5
Cancer Res, 2023, 83(13):2248-2261
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(4):234
S2391 Quercetin Quercetin, a natural flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4-5.4 μM. Quercetin induces mitophagy, apoptosis and protective autophagy. Phase 4.
MedComm (2020), 2023, 4(5):e346
MedComm -2020), 2023, 4(5):e346
Aging Cell, 2023, e13771.
S5958 Metformin Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, e2303785.
Kidney Int, 2023, 103(5):917-929
Free Radic Biol Med, 2023, 206:1-12
S1168 Valproic Acid sodium Valproic Acid sodium is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches. Valproic acid induces Notch1 signaling in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α.
Sci Total Environ, 2022, 838(Pt 2):155825
Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2022, 10.1038/s41401-022-00932-4
Transl Psychiatry, 2022, 12(1):130
S1204 Melatonin Melatonin is a MT receptor agonist, used as a dietary supplement. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and downregulates COX-2. Melatonin enhances mitophagy and regulates the homeostasis of apoptosis and autophagy.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2023, 255:114719
Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480
Cell Oncol (Dordr), 2023, 10.1007/s13402-023-00875-w
S3944 VPA (Valproic acid) VPA (Valproic acid) is a fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α. Valproic acid activates Notch-1 signaling.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):668
Cell Mol Life Sci, 2024, 81(1):92
Cell Death Discov, 2024, 10(1):95
S3017 Aspirin Aspirin is a salicylate, and irreversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin induces autophagy and stimulates mitophagy.
Cell Death Discov, 2023, 10.1038/s41420-023-01664-y
iScience, 2023, 26(7):107105
Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2022, 20:5750-5760
S1290 Celastrol Celastrol is a potent proteasome inhibitor for the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM. Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. Celastrol inhibits dopaminergic neuronal death of Parkinson's disease through activating mitophagy.
Redox Biol, 2023, 66:102845
Redox Biol, 2023, 66:102845
J Pharm Anal, 2023, 13(2):156-169
S1759 Pitavastatin calcium Pitavastatin calcium, a novel member of the medication class of statins, is a calcium salt formulation of pitavastatin which is a highly effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium attenuates AGEs-induced mitophagy via inhibition of ROS generation. Pitavastatin Calcium induces autophagy and apoptosis.
bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.02.02.578510
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.16.575899
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3251
S1351 Ivermectin Ivermectin is a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCls) activator, used as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. Ivermectin (MK-933, IVM) is a specific positive allosteric effector of P2X4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus. Ivermectin induces autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and mitophagy.
Life Sci Alliance, 2023, 6(8)e202302133
Cell Rep Methods, 2023, 3(10):100599
Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:934746
S5312 Urolithin A Urolithin A (3,8-Dihydroxy Urolithin, 2',7-Dihydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin), a metabolite of ellagitannin, is a first-in-class natural compound that induces mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo following oral consumption.
Biomedicines, 2023, 11(4), 1125
Biomedicines, 2023, 11(4)1125
Neural Regen Res, 2022, 17(9):2007-2013
S2396 Salidroside Salidroside (Rhodioloside), a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea, has been reported to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. Salidroside is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor. Salidroside alleviates cachexia symptoms in mouse models of cancer cachexia via activating mTOR signalling. Salidroside protects dopaminergic neurons by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Mol Med Rep, 2023, 27(2)37
Research Square, 2023, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696850/v1
FASEB J, 2021, 35(12):e22044
S0881 Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) reduces mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of mitophagy. Mitochonic acid 5 regulates mitophagy via Bnip3 through the MAPK-ERK-Yap signaling pathway. Mitochonic acid 5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
Animals (Basel), 2024, 14(3):368.
J Ovarian Res, 2022, 15(1):103
Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820
E2988New Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium) is a long chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain with IC50 of 4 μM. It inhibits CD36 mediated LCFA transport. It exhibits anti-inflammatory effect.
S9424 Liensinine diperchlorate Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It is a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor.
S2348 Rotenone Rotenone is a botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Rotenone inhibits NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC50 of 28.8 nM and 5.1 nM, respectively. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103039
Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1):16893
J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(1):144-154
S1102 U0126-EtOH U0126-EtOH is a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.06 μM in cell-free assays, 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than PD98059. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy with antiviral activity.
Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):31
Cell Mol Life Sci, 2024, 81(1):59
mBio, 2024, e0313623.
S7162 Mdivi-1 Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of mitochondrial division DRP1 (dynamin-related GTPase) and mitochondrial division Dynamin I (Dnm1) with IC50 of 1-10 μM. Mdivi-1 attenuates mitophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Immunity, 2024, 57(2):287-302.e12
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1669
Theranostics, 2024, 14(4):1561-1582
S7046 Brefeldin A (BFA) Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):203
Commun Biol, 2024, 7(1):161
Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2024, 73(1):7
S1759 Pitavastatin calcium Pitavastatin calcium, a novel member of the medication class of statins, is a calcium salt formulation of pitavastatin which is a highly effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium attenuates AGEs-induced mitophagy via inhibition of ROS generation. Pitavastatin Calcium induces autophagy and apoptosis.
bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.02.02.578510
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.16.575899
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):3251
E2988New Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium) is a long chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain with IC50 of 4 μM. It inhibits CD36 mediated LCFA transport. It exhibits anti-inflammatory effect.
S9424 Liensinine diperchlorate Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It is a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor.
S1060 Olaparib (AZD2281) Olaparib (AZD2281, KU0059436) is a selective inhibitor of PARP1/2 with IC50 of 5 nM/1 nM in cell-free assays, 300-times less effective against tankyrase-1. Olaparib induces significant autophagy that is associated with mitophagy in cells with BRCA mutations.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):866
Cell Rep Med, 2024, 5(2):101396
Cells, 2024, 13(2)159
S1208 Doxorubicin (DOX) HCl Doxorubicin (DOX) HCl is an antibiotic agent that inhibits human DNA topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II with IC50s of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK. Doxorubicin is used in the concomitant treatment of HIV-infected patients but is found to be at high risk of HBV reactivation.This product may precipitate when dissolved in PBS solution. It is recommended to prepare the stock solution in pure water and dilute with either pure water or saline to obtain the working solution.
iScience, 2024, 27(1):108667
Cell, 2023, 186(14):3013-3032.e22
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.011
S1076 Adezmapimod (SB203580) Adezmapimod (SB203580, RWJ 64809, PB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.3-0.5 μM in THP-1 cells, 10-fold less sensitive to SAPK3(106T) and SAPK4(106T) and blocks PKB phosphorylation with IC50 of 3-5 μM. SB203580 induces mitophagy and autophagy.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1300
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):987
mBio, 2024, e0313623.
S1378 Ruxolitinib Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Theranostics, 2024, 14(3):1224-1240
Cell Rep, 2024, 43(2):113600.
Antiviral Res, 2024, 222:105811
S1002 ABT-737 ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2.
Gastroenterology, 2024, S0016-5085(24)00062-3
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):830
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1041
S1225 Etoposide Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, which inhibits DNA synthesis via topoisomerase II inhibition activity which enhances double-strand and single-strand cleavage of DNA and reversibly inhibits repair by topoisomerase II binding. Etoposide induces autophagy, mitophagy and apoptosis.
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.16.575847
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(7):1696-1719
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.011
S5243 Ruxolitinib Phosphate Ruxolitinib Phosphate (INCB018424, INC424) is the phosphate salt form of Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.
Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7)6228
Front Oncol, 2023, 13:1043694
Cell Adh Migr, 2023, 17(1):1-10
S1042 Sunitinib malate Sunitinib malate is a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 80 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, and also inhibits c-Kit. Sunitinib Malate effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α. Sunitinib Malate increases both death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2024, 17(1)108
Cell Cycle, 2024, 1-13.
J Cancer, 2024, 15(5):1429-1441
S1802 AICAR (Acadesine) AICAR (Acadesine, NSC105823, AICA Riboside), an AMPK activator, results in accumulation of ZMP, which mimics the stimulating effect of AMP on AMPK and AMPK kinase. AICAR (Acadesine) induces mitophagy. Phase 3.
Cell Death Discov, 2024, 10(1):95
Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(8):1028-1042.e7
Mil Med Res, 2023, 10(1):64
S1141 Tanespimycin (17-AAG) Tanespimycin (17-AAG, CP127374, NSC-330507, KOS 953) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for HSP90 derived from tumour cells than HSP90 from normal cells. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) induces apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and mitophagy. Phase 3.
Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(1):35
Sci Adv, 2024, 10(8):eadk3663
Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1):229
S2218 Torkinib (PP242) Torkinib (PP242) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 8 nM in cell-free assays; targets both mTOR complexes with >10- and 100-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3Kδ or PI3Kα/β/γ, respectively. Torkinib (PP242) induces mitophagy and apoptosis.
Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2023, 21:1157-1168
Mol Cell Biol, 2023, 43(1):1-21
J Cell Commun Signal, 2023, 17(3):975-989
S2730 Crenolanib Crenolanib is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDGFRα/β with Kd of 2.1 nM/3.2 nM in CHO cells, also potently inhibits FLT3, sensitive to D842V mutation not V561D mutation, >100-fold more selective for PDGFR than c-Kit, VEGFR-2, TIE-2, FGFR-2, EGFR, erbB2, and Src. Crenolanib helps to induce mitophagy.
Cell Rep Med, 2023, 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101286
Cell Death Discov, 2023, 9(1):44
Cells, 2023, 12(17)2171
S1322 Dexamethasone Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone induces autophagy and mitophagy. Dexamethasone is tested in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is found to have benefits for critically ill patients.
Cell Host Microbe, 2024, S1931-3128(24)00005-2
Oncogene, 2024, 43(4):235-247
bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.01.29.577409
S1950 Metformin HCl Metformin HCl (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl) decreases hyperglycemia in hepatocytes primarily by suppressing glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis). Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
Clin Respir J, 2024, 18(1):e13731
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):469
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):469
S1396 Resveratrol Resveratrol has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases(LOX, IC50=2.7 μM), kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects. Resveratrol induces mitophagy/autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis.
J Hazard Mater, 2023, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132932
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(6):367
Antiviral Res, 2023, 216:105674
S1792 Simvastatin Simvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with Ki of 0.1-0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Simvastatin induces ferroptosis, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis.
Neuron, 2023, S0896-6273(23)00513-5
Cancer Res, 2023, 83(13):2248-2261
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(4):234
S2391 Quercetin Quercetin, a natural flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4-5.4 μM. Quercetin induces mitophagy, apoptosis and protective autophagy. Phase 4.
MedComm (2020), 2023, 4(5):e346
MedComm -2020), 2023, 4(5):e346
Aging Cell, 2023, e13771.
S5958 Metformin Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
Adv Healthc Mater, 2024, e2303785.
Kidney Int, 2023, 103(5):917-929
Free Radic Biol Med, 2023, 206:1-12
S1168 Valproic Acid sodium Valproic Acid sodium is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches. Valproic acid induces Notch1 signaling in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α.
Sci Total Environ, 2022, 838(Pt 2):155825
Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2022, 10.1038/s41401-022-00932-4
Transl Psychiatry, 2022, 12(1):130
S1204 Melatonin Melatonin is a MT receptor agonist, used as a dietary supplement. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and downregulates COX-2. Melatonin enhances mitophagy and regulates the homeostasis of apoptosis and autophagy.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2023, 255:114719
Microbiol Res, 2023, 276:127480
Cell Oncol (Dordr), 2023, 10.1007/s13402-023-00875-w
S3944 VPA (Valproic acid) VPA (Valproic acid) is a fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α. Valproic acid activates Notch-1 signaling.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):668
Cell Mol Life Sci, 2024, 81(1):92
Cell Death Discov, 2024, 10(1):95
S3017 Aspirin Aspirin is a salicylate, and irreversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin induces autophagy and stimulates mitophagy.
Cell Death Discov, 2023, 10.1038/s41420-023-01664-y
iScience, 2023, 26(7):107105
Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2022, 20:5750-5760
S1290 Celastrol Celastrol is a potent proteasome inhibitor for the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM. Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. Celastrol inhibits dopaminergic neuronal death of Parkinson's disease through activating mitophagy.
Redox Biol, 2023, 66:102845
Redox Biol, 2023, 66:102845
J Pharm Anal, 2023, 13(2):156-169
S1351 Ivermectin Ivermectin is a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCls) activator, used as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. Ivermectin (MK-933, IVM) is a specific positive allosteric effector of P2X4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus. Ivermectin induces autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and mitophagy.
Life Sci Alliance, 2023, 6(8)e202302133
Cell Rep Methods, 2023, 3(10):100599
Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:934746
S5312 Urolithin A Urolithin A (3,8-Dihydroxy Urolithin, 2',7-Dihydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin), a metabolite of ellagitannin, is a first-in-class natural compound that induces mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo following oral consumption.
Biomedicines, 2023, 11(4), 1125
Biomedicines, 2023, 11(4)1125
Neural Regen Res, 2022, 17(9):2007-2013
S0881 Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) reduces mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of mitophagy. Mitochonic acid 5 regulates mitophagy via Bnip3 through the MAPK-ERK-Yap signaling pathway. Mitochonic acid 5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
Animals (Basel), 2024, 14(3):368.
J Ovarian Res, 2022, 15(1):103
Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820
S2348 Rotenone Rotenone is a botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Rotenone inhibits NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC50 of 28.8 nM and 5.1 nM, respectively. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
Redox Biol, 2024, 70:103039
Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1):16893
J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(1):144-154
S2396 Salidroside Salidroside (Rhodioloside), a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea, has been reported to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. Salidroside is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor. Salidroside alleviates cachexia symptoms in mouse models of cancer cachexia via activating mTOR signalling. Salidroside protects dopaminergic neurons by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Mol Med Rep, 2023, 27(2)37
Research Square, 2023, 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3696850/v1
FASEB J, 2021, 35(12):e22044
E2988New Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium) is a long chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain with IC50 of 4 μM. It inhibits CD36 mediated LCFA transport. It exhibits anti-inflammatory effect.

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