Potassium Channel

Low-micromolar amounts of chlorpromazine inhibit SARS-CoV-induced cytopathology. Vero E6 cells in 96-well plates were infected with SARS-CoV isolate Frankfurt-1 (MOI, 0.005) in the presence of 0 to 16  μM CPZ (B), given at t of +1 h p.i. Cells were incubated for 3 days, and viability was monitored using an MTS assay. In parallel, potential compound cytotoxicity was monitored in mock-infected Vero E6 cells. Graphs show the results (averages and SD) of a representative experiment that was performed in quadruplicate. All experiments were repeated at least twice. For each compound, the EC50, CC50, and SI values are given.

Drugs across therapeutic indications induce lipid formation in hiPS-CM. Lipid accumulation was detected in cardiac cells using the LipidTox plate-based fluorescent assay on the Thermo Scientific CellInsight High Content platform. A) Ten drugs increased lipid levels in hiPS-CM following 48 h treatment. The lowest drug dose that induced a N1.5-fold increase in lipid formation is shown. B) Representative images (20×) from the assay are shown to the right. All drugs had >55% cell viability at 48 h at these tested concentrations. C) Of these 10 drugs, 8 significantly increased lipid accumulation following only 24 h treatment (images not shown). All drugs had >80% cell viability at 24 h at these drug doses. The graphs represent the mean fold-change of the lowest concentration of drug that significantly induced lipid formation >1.5-fold more than vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.0001.

(E) ELISA analysis for C-peptide levels in the presence of vehicle, diazoxide and glimepiride. (F) The fold change of C-peptide content after diazoxide and glimepiride stimulation. Diazoxide and glimepiride decreased and increased C-peptide secretion in wild-type and heterozygous mutated cells, respectively. Neither diazoxide nor glimepiride had an effect on homozygous mutated cells.

Results of hit validation experiments for these four compounds for animals treated at L1 stage at four different concentrations (0.5, 5, 25, and 50 μM). The blue bars represent the values obtained from the original screen as reference points. Error bars are standard error of the mean. Statistical significance for all different doses for individual compounds was calculated with respect to the lowest concentration using two-tailed, t-test (nZ70 animals except n = 37 for Geld 25 μM). The statistical significance values are represented as P<0.05 (*) and P<0.005 (**).

Concentration-dependent effects of nicorandil to protect against stress and recovery (S/R)-induced cell injury and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nonaffected induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. The N-iCMs were subjected to 2 hours of oxidative stress followed by recovery. Protective effects of different concentrations of nicorandil (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μmol/L) on cell injury and ROS production were assessed after 4 hours of recovery by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the supernatant and evaluating dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent intensity, respectively. A, Stress induces an increase in LDH release in N-iCMs, which is mitigated by 10 and 100 μmol/L nicorandil but not 0.1 and 1 μmol/L. B, Stress induced an increase in ROS levels as indicated by DHE fluorescence, which is abolished by 10 and 100 μmol/L nicorandil but not 0.1 and 1 μmol/L. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of values from 3 independent experiments (n = 3/group). *P ≤ .05 versus control.

Low-micromolar amounts of chlorpromazine inhibit SARS-CoV-induced cytopathology. Vero E6 cells in 96-well plates were infected with SARS-CoV isolate Frankfurt-1 (MOI, 0.005) in the presence of 0 to 16  μM CPZ (B), given at t of +1 h p.i. Cells were incubated for 3 days, and viability was monitored using an MTS assay. In parallel, potential compound cytotoxicity was monitored in mock-infected Vero E6 cells. Graphs show the results (averages and SD) of a representative experiment that was performed in quadruplicate. All experiments were repeated at least twice. For each compound, the EC50, CC50, and SI values are given.

Drugs across therapeutic indications induce lipid formation in hiPS-CM. Lipid accumulation was detected in cardiac cells using the LipidTox plate-based fluorescent assay on the Thermo Scientific CellInsight High Content platform. A) Ten drugs increased lipid levels in hiPS-CM following 48 h treatment. The lowest drug dose that induced a N1.5-fold increase in lipid formation is shown. B) Representative images (20×) from the assay are shown to the right. All drugs had >55% cell viability at 48 h at these tested concentrations. C) Of these 10 drugs, 8 significantly increased lipid accumulation following only 24 h treatment (images not shown). All drugs had >80% cell viability at 24 h at these drug doses. The graphs represent the mean fold-change of the lowest concentration of drug that significantly induced lipid formation >1.5-fold more than vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.0001.

(E) ELISA analysis for C-peptide levels in the presence of vehicle, diazoxide and glimepiride. (F) The fold change of C-peptide content after diazoxide and glimepiride stimulation. Diazoxide and glimepiride decreased and increased C-peptide secretion in wild-type and heterozygous mutated cells, respectively. Neither diazoxide nor glimepiride had an effect on homozygous mutated cells.

Results of hit validation experiments for these four compounds for animals treated at L1 stage at four different concentrations (0.5, 5, 25, and 50 μM). The blue bars represent the values obtained from the original screen as reference points. Error bars are standard error of the mean. Statistical significance for all different doses for individual compounds was calculated with respect to the lowest concentration using two-tailed, t-test (nZ70 animals except n = 37 for Geld 25 μM). The statistical significance values are represented as P<0.05 (*) and P<0.005 (**).

Concentration-dependent effects of nicorandil to protect against stress and recovery (S/R)-induced cell injury and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nonaffected induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. The N-iCMs were subjected to 2 hours of oxidative stress followed by recovery. Protective effects of different concentrations of nicorandil (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μmol/L) on cell injury and ROS production were assessed after 4 hours of recovery by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the supernatant and evaluating dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent intensity, respectively. A, Stress induces an increase in LDH release in N-iCMs, which is mitigated by 10 and 100 μmol/L nicorandil but not 0.1 and 1 μmol/L. B, Stress induced an increase in ROS levels as indicated by DHE fluorescence, which is abolished by 10 and 100 μmol/L nicorandil but not 0.1 and 1 μmol/L. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of values from 3 independent experiments (n = 3/group). *P ≤ .05 versus control.