PDGFR

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

THOC5 phospho-Y225 levels were assessed in the populations shown by flow cytometry following 24 h treatment with 5 μM imatinib, 150 nM dasatinib or 5 μM nilotinib. Results are displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (n= 4) ±s.e.m.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

 

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

 

Inhibition of thymidine (a and b) and cytarabine (c and d) uptake with imatinib. K562 cells (a and c) and MEG-01 cells (b and d) were incubated at 37 ◦C for 15 min with imatinib transport buffer, and then incubated with 0.5 Ci of [3H] thymidine or [3H] cytarabine for an additional 5 min in presence of imatinib. Cells were then washed 3 times, lysed and radioactivity associated to cell pellets was quantified. DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPD, dipyridamole.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Hepatoma cells 24 h after plating were treated with vehicle (DMSO), regorafenib (REGO, 0.5 µM), PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil, 2 µM); or the drugs in combination. 24 hours after treatment cells were isolated and viability determined by trypan blue (n=3, SEM). *P 0.05

Effect of HDIL-2/TKI on apoptosis of RCC cells. Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of Pazopanib and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Western blots of EZH2 expression in A549, HCC461, and HCC4006 cells upon treatment with different doses of VEGFR-2-inhibitor AZD2171 (0, 5 and 10 nM). AZD2171 decreased the expression of EZH2 in HCC4006 and HCC461 cells expressing VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not do so in A549 cells lacking expression of VEGFR-2.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.

H&E stained histology slides of A), C), and E) control implants and B), D), and F) drug-loaded implants for 14, 21 and 28 day time points respectively. Location of the implants is denoted by the asterisk ‘*’. Scale bar: 200 μm.

On-chip angiogenesis assay. Fluorescence imaging of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) embryos at 64 hpf. Transgenic embryos were arrayed and immobilized at 16 hpf and continuously perfused with E3 media containing vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide) or selected small-molecule antiangiogenic drugs (Sunitinib and Tivozanib). Right panel: microscopic visualization of patterns of ISV. White arrows: normal ISV growth; blue arrows: partial ISV growth inhibition; and red arrows; complete ISV growth inhibition.

Immunofluorescence staining of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions 14 days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were fluorescently labeled with F-actin-specific marker phalloidin (green channel), endothelial cell marker CD34 (red channel), and nuclear marker DAPI (blue channel). CNV lesions in topical vehicle-treated eye (A, C, E and G) and topical motesanib-treated eye (B, D, F and H). The scale bar represents 100 um.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

Dot Plot Distribution of Live, Preapoptotic and Apoptotic Cells after Administration of DuP-697 and E7080 Combination.

Effect of select kinase inhibitors on DF508-CFTR maturation analyzed by immunoblotting. 293MSR-GT cells stably expressing DF508-CFTR were treated with 15 uM kinase inhibitors or 0.3% DMSO (vehicle control), as indicated, grown at 37°C for 48 h, and the appearance of the mature protein, band C, monitored by immunoblotting with anti-CFTR antibodies. Band B represents the immature protein. DMSO represents vehicle- alone control, 27°C represents temperature rescue of F508-CFTR at 27°C, 37°C represents untreated DF508-CFTR control, and WT represents WT-CFTR. Top panels depict the anti-CFTR immunoblot and bottom panels depict actin (loading) control. ** represents cellular toxicity.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

Pharmacological inhibition of PDGFR-β by cp673451 significantly attenuated the mRNA expression of BCL2A1 (E) and SERPINE (F) in ASCs.

 

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of TKI and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Both V-H cells and V-J cells are treated with MK-2461, XL-184 or ABT-869, respectively. (i-k) Western blot analysis of sFlt-1 expression after incubation with three VEGF-A receptor inhibitors or in the control.

After inoculation with KAT4 cells, administration of compounds including MK-2206 (100 mg/kg), tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg), or a combination of MK-2206 (100 mg/kg) and tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg) was performed. The combination of MK-2206 and tyrphostin AG 1296 induced significant apoptosis of KAT4 tumor cells in vivo measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).

Four FGFR inhibitors, namely PD-173074 (PD-74), PD-166866 (PD-66), SU5402 (SU54) and NVP-BGJ398 (BG-98), inhibit A673, SKNMC, POE, RDES and SKES Ewing cell growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, whereas normal cells (IMR90 fibroblasts) remained unaffected. PD-74 proved to be most effective in four out of five Ewing sarcoma cell lines tested. Cells were grown in 10% FBS conditions and cell proliferation was measured after 72 h using a Resazurin assay.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.

 

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth using sorafenib. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sorafenib for 5 days. Cell number was measured  using a colorimetric growth assay (crystal violet stain) and expressed relative to DMSO treated control cells.

THOC5 phospho-Y225 levels were assessed in the populations shown by flow cytometry following 24 h treatment with 5 μM imatinib, 150 nM dasatinib or 5 μM nilotinib. Results are displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (n= 4) ±s.e.m.

Autophagy inhibition blocks the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib but not AZD6244. Medullary thyroid cancer–1.1 (MTC-1.1) and TT cells were transfected transiently with scrambled or autophagy protein 5 (Atg-5) small inter fering RNA. After transfection, cells with and without Atg-5 knockdown were exposed to sunitinib (50 nM), sorafenib (10 nM), and AZD6244 (30 nM) for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay. Similar experiments were repeated 3 times. Histograms represent the relative percent of OD490 nM absorbance. The asterisk indicates significance versus scrambled small inter fering RNA–treated control ( P < .05). All data are relative multiples of expression compared to untreated cells. The data are representative of 3 experiments and are expressed as the mean ± the standard error.

 

Secondary assay development. The invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was measured using modified Boyden chambers coated with Matrigel™. Invading cells were fixed, stained with DAPI, and quantified by fluorescence microscopy using 5 random fields per filter insert in triplicate. U0126, PF2341066, axitinib, and PKC412 inhibited the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 spheroids by ~90% as compared to untreated spheroids (UT). ***p ≤ 0.001. IGF1R and dasatinib displayed no statistical difference as compared to UT MDA-MB-231 spheroids.

 

Inhibition of thymidine (a and b) and cytarabine (c and d) uptake with imatinib. K562 cells (a and c) and MEG-01 cells (b and d) were incubated at 37 ◦C for 15 min with imatinib transport buffer, and then incubated with 0.5 Ci of [3H] thymidine or [3H] cytarabine for an additional 5 min in presence of imatinib. Cells were then washed 3 times, lysed and radioactivity associated to cell pellets was quantified. DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPD, dipyridamole.

c-MET/RON inhibitors restore sensitivity to lapatinib in SK-BR-3-LR cells. Cell growth was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay. The concentration used was 0.1 uM for crizotinib, MGCD-265, XL880, sunitinib, dasatinib, and TAE-684I. The phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting.

Effect of BIBF 1120 on the accumulation of doxorubicin (Dox) and rhodamine 123. The accumulations of doxorubicin a, b and rhodamine 123 c, d were measured by flow cytometric analysis as described in "Materials and Methods". The results are presented as fold change in fluorescence intensity relative to control MDR cells. Columns, means of triplicate determinations; bars, SDs. **P<0.01 versus control group

Hepatoma cells 24 h after plating were treated with vehicle (DMSO), regorafenib (REGO, 0.5 µM), PDE5 inhibitor (sildenafil, 2 µM); or the drugs in combination. 24 hours after treatment cells were isolated and viability determined by trypan blue (n=3, SEM). *P 0.05

Effect of HDIL-2/TKI on apoptosis of RCC cells. Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of Pazopanib and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Western blots of EZH2 expression in A549, HCC461, and HCC4006 cells upon treatment with different doses of VEGFR-2-inhibitor AZD2171 (0, 5 and 10 nM). AZD2171 decreased the expression of EZH2 in HCC4006 and HCC461 cells expressing VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not do so in A549 cells lacking expression of VEGFR-2.

 

Orthotopic xenografts of HNSCC cell lines (A) SCC-1 and (B) OSC-19 were treated with dovitinib (20 mg/kg/day). In addition, the OSC-19 xenografts were treated with +/ radiation therapy. Marker, mean for triplicate; bars, SE. Statistical significance by unpaired t-test, p < 0.05.

(B and C) KMCH-1 cells were plated alone (monoculture) or together with PDGF-BB-secreting LX-2 cells (co-culture) in a transwell insert co-culture system (KMCH-1 cells in the bottom wells and LX-2 cells in the inserts; 1:1 ratio) for 2 days. Cells were treated as indicated with vehicle, rhTRAIL (10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2), rhTRAIL plus imatinib [rhTRAIL:10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Imatinib: 5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)], or rhTRAIL plus linifanib [rhTRAIL: 10 ng/ml for 6 h on day 2; Linifanib:0.5 μmol/L for 24 h (day2)]. After rhTRAIL treatment for 6 h,KMCH-1 cells were analysed for apoptotic nuclear morphology by DAPI-staining (B) and for DNA fragmentation by transferasemediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (C) with quantification of apoptotic nuclei by fluorescence microscopy.

Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.

H&E stained histology slides of A), C), and E) control implants and B), D), and F) drug-loaded implants for 14, 21 and 28 day time points respectively. Location of the implants is denoted by the asterisk ‘*’. Scale bar: 200 μm.

On-chip angiogenesis assay. Fluorescence imaging of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) embryos at 64 hpf. Transgenic embryos were arrayed and immobilized at 16 hpf and continuously perfused with E3 media containing vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide) or selected small-molecule antiangiogenic drugs (Sunitinib and Tivozanib). Right panel: microscopic visualization of patterns of ISV. White arrows: normal ISV growth; blue arrows: partial ISV growth inhibition; and red arrows; complete ISV growth inhibition.

Immunofluorescence staining of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions 14 days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were fluorescently labeled with F-actin-specific marker phalloidin (green channel), endothelial cell marker CD34 (red channel), and nuclear marker DAPI (blue channel). CNV lesions in topical vehicle-treated eye (A, C, E and G) and topical motesanib-treated eye (B, D, F and H). The scale bar represents 100 um.

Inactivation of AXL by MP470 reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunoblot analyses of lysates from TGFβ/TNFα- treated MCF10A cells treated with varying amounts of MP470 for 72 hours.

Dot Plot Distribution of Live, Preapoptotic and Apoptotic Cells after Administration of DuP-697 and E7080 Combination.

Effect of select kinase inhibitors on DF508-CFTR maturation analyzed by immunoblotting. 293MSR-GT cells stably expressing DF508-CFTR were treated with 15 uM kinase inhibitors or 0.3% DMSO (vehicle control), as indicated, grown at 37°C for 48 h, and the appearance of the mature protein, band C, monitored by immunoblotting with anti-CFTR antibodies. Band B represents the immature protein. DMSO represents vehicle- alone control, 27°C represents temperature rescue of F508-CFTR at 27°C, 37°C represents untreated DF508-CFTR control, and WT represents WT-CFTR. Top panels depict the anti-CFTR immunoblot and bottom panels depict actin (loading) control. ** represents cellular toxicity.

Breast cancer cells line MDA-MB-231 were treated with the indicated concentrations of ENMD-2076.

 

Pharmacological inhibition of PDGFR-β by cp673451 significantly attenuated the mRNA expression of BCL2A1 (E) and SERPINE (F) in ASCs.

 

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Three RCC cell lines treated with different concentrations of TKI and HDIL-2 and incubated for 48 h. Microscopic images show apoptotic materials 48 h following treatment (arrows show the apoptotic materials in the pazopanib-treated cells).

Involvement of EV linc-VLDLR in tumor cell responses to chemotherapy. Cells were incubated with sorafenib, camptothecin, or doxorubicin. EVs were obtained after 24 hours, and qRT-PCR was performed for linc-VLDLR. The bars represent the mean ?SEM of the increase in cell viability from 3 independent studies. *, P < 0.05.

Both V-H cells and V-J cells are treated with MK-2461, XL-184 or ABT-869, respectively. (i-k) Western blot analysis of sFlt-1 expression after incubation with three VEGF-A receptor inhibitors or in the control.

After inoculation with KAT4 cells, administration of compounds including MK-2206 (100 mg/kg), tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg), or a combination of MK-2206 (100 mg/kg) and tyrphostin AG 1296 (100 mg/kg) was performed. The combination of MK-2206 and tyrphostin AG 1296 induced significant apoptosis of KAT4 tumor cells in vivo measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).

Four FGFR inhibitors, namely PD-173074 (PD-74), PD-166866 (PD-66), SU5402 (SU54) and NVP-BGJ398 (BG-98), inhibit A673, SKNMC, POE, RDES and SKES Ewing cell growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, whereas normal cells (IMR90 fibroblasts) remained unaffected. PD-74 proved to be most effective in four out of five Ewing sarcoma cell lines tested. Cells were grown in 10% FBS conditions and cell proliferation was measured after 72 h using a Resazurin assay.

(c) Percent survival for the AGS cancer cell line is shown with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. (d) The KatoIII diffuse gastric cancer cell line was treated with FGFR2 inhibitors of varying specificity. The Y-axis depicts percent survival versus the X-axis with log concentrations. In all panels, error bars represent standard error of the mean. The difference in percent cell survival between KatoIII and AGS cells was statistically significant (P <0.05) at the three highest concentrations of all drugs, except Brivanib which was only significant at the highest concentration.

E, Continuous ERK phosphorylation in FGFR inhibitor resistant cells under 24-hour treatment with 1 μmol/L BGJ398 assessed by immunoblotting. FGFR inhibitors: AZD4547, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493

Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.