Vitamin

Inhibitory Selectivity

Vitamin Products

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S1469	Calcifediol Calcifediol (Calcidiol, Didrogyl, Hidroferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol) is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 and acts as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 3.9 μM. It also suppresses PTH secretion and mRNA (ED50=2 nM).	Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149 J Immunol, 2020, ji2000129 Dev Comp Immunol, 2020, 107:103644	(E) Qualitative representations of zebrafish larvae, showing ISV to be unchanged or slightly reduced in response to 20 μM seocalcitol, maxacalcitol, calcitriol, calcifediol and tacalcitol treatment between 6 hpf and 2 dpf. Scale bar represents 200 μm. (F) Qualitative representation of intact ISV after 10 μM seocalcitol, maxacalcitol, calcitriol, calcifediol and tacalcitol treatment from 2-5 dpf. Scale bar represents 200 μm.
S1468	Alfacalcidol Alfacalcidol (1-hydroxycholecalciferol) is a non-selective VDR activator medication.	Nature, 2020, 10.1038/s41586-020-2946-9 Dev Cell, 2019, 48(6):853-863.e5 Pharmacol Rep, 2019, 71(5):917-925	Vitamin D analogs induce adenylate kinase release from S. mutans planktonic cells. S. mutans UA159 cultures were grown in TY medium + 1% (w/v) glucose to exponential phase and used to inoculate fresh medium containing ciprofloxacin (positive control), DMSO (negative control), alfacalcidol, calcitriol, or doxercalciferol at 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL for 4h. Cell lysis was detected using the AK assay as described in Materials and Methods. Data is represented as relative luminescence units (RLU) normalized to background (DMSO) and is representative of three replicate cultures performed in triplicate. (* p<0.05; Student’s t-Test; two-tailed).
S1921	Phenindione Phenindione (Rectadione, phenylindandione) is an anticoagulant which functions as a Vitamin K antagonist.
S5668	Chlorindione Chlorindione is an antagonist of vitamin K.
S4144	Amprolium HCl Amprolium chloride is a thiamin antagonist, which prevents carbohydrate synthesis by blocking thiamine uptake.
S6681	Paricalcitol Paricalcitol (Paracalcin, Zemplar, 19-Nor-1-25-OH2D2, 19-Nor-colecalciferol) is a selective vitamin D receptor agonist. Paricalcitol suppresses parathyroid hormone mRNA expression and inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation. Pariccitol is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease.
S1466	Calcitriol (RO215535) Calcitriol (RO215535, Topitriol, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) is a nonselective vitamin D receptor activator/agonist(VDRA), exhibiting a 10-fold higher vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding affinity(IC50=0.4 nM) than the selective VDRA paricalcitol. Solutions are best fresh-prepared.	Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(2)E285 Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149 Mol Oncol, 2021, 10.1002/1878-0261.13013
S3114	Vitamin C Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy.	Transl Oncol, 2021, 14(8):101146 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(43):48296-48309 Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 81:106212
S1467	Doxercalciferol Doxercalciferol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D2) is a synthetic vitamin D2 analog, suppressing parathyroid synthesis and secretion, used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease.	Br J Pharmacol, 2017, 174(16):2636-2651 Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(1):481-487
S5955^New	Thiamine nitrate Thiamine (Vitamin B1) nitrate is an essential vitamin that plays an important role in cellular production of energy from ingested food and enhances normal neuronal actives.
S4486^New	Thiamine monochloride Thiamine (Vitamin B1) monochloride is an essential vitamin that plays an important role in cellular production of energy from ingested food and enhances normal neuronal actives.
S3130	Biotin (Vitamin B7) Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341 J Biol Chem, 2018, 293(24):9461-9472
S1902	Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin) is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood.	Cell Chem Biol, 2021, S2451-9456(21)00213-0 Gastroenterology, 2019, 10.1053/j
S1744	Nicotinic Acid Nicotinic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family.	Sci Adv, 2021, 7(30)eabf3895 Sci Adv, 2021, 7(30)eabf3895
S4063	cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3, Cholecalciferol, Colecalciferol) is a form of vitamin D, binds and activates a H305F/H397Y mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR) with EC50 of 300 nM.	Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149 Oncogene, 2020, 10.1038/s41388-020-01453-2
S1767	Beta Carotene Beta Carotene is an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A.
S2540	Riboflavin Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and other animals.
S3211	Thiamine HCl (Vitamin B1) Thiamine or vitamin B1 is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex, its phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes.
S5082	Vitamin K2 Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) is an important fat-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in protecting heart and brain, and building strong bones. It also plays an important role in cancer protection.	Int J Stem Cells, 2020, 10.15283/ijsc20152
S5592	Vitamin A Vitamin A (Retinol) is a naturally occuring fat-soluble vitamin that is important for normal vision, the immune system, and reproduction. It also plays roles in normal functioning of heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.	Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(9):1803-1814
S4503	Calcium D-Panthotenate Calcium D-Panthotenate (D-Pantothenic Acid Calcium), also called vitamin B5 Calcium, is a water-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for many animals.
S5568	Tocofersolan Tocofersolan (Tocophersolan) is a synthetic water-soluble version of vitamin E that is used in treatment of vitamin E deficiency.
S5386	7-Dehydrocholesterol 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC, Provitamin D3) is the direct precursor of free cholesterol in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in mammalian tissues and also a biosynthetic precursor to vitamin D3.
S4126	Retinyl (Vitamin A) Palmitate Retinyl (Vitamin A) Palmitate is a more stable, synthetic version of the essential nutrient vitamin A joined to palmitic acid.
S5474	Dibenzoyl Thiamine Dibenzoyl Thiamine (Bentiamine, O,S-Dibenzoylthiamine), a lipophilic derivative of vitamin B (thiamine), is a kind of food additive that can be rapidly absorbed into the body and converted to thiamine.
S6104	(±)-α-Tocopherol (±)-α-Tocopherol is a biologically active form of vitamin E, which is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes from oxidative damage.	CHEM ENG J, 2021, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130083 J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2021, 150:65-76 J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2021, 150:65-76
S5203	Sulbutiamine Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1), belonging to a class of supplements shown to help improve memory, learning capacity, decision-making, concentration, and focus.
S4605	Folic acid Folic acid (Folacin, Vitamin B9, Vitamin M, Pteroylglutamic acid, Folate), a B vitamin, plays an important role in cell division and in the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids like DNA.
S6102	Thiamine pyrophosphate hydrochloride Thiamine pyrophosphate hydrochloride (cocarboxylase) is a thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase. It is a coenzyme of many enzymes, most of which occur in prokaryotes and is involved in the regulation of basic metabolism.
S2297	Ergosterol Ergosterol is a sterol and a biological precursor (a provitamin) to vitamin D2.
S4871	Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate is an active vitamin B6 metabolite, which is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism.
S6614	Fursultiamine Fursultiamine (Thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide) is a nutritional supplement and vitamin B1 derivative, with potential antineoplastic activity.
S4695	D panthenol D panthenol (Dexpanthenol, D-Panthenol, Pantothenol, Ilopan, D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent.
S4083	Vitamin A Acetate Vitamin A Acetate (Retinyl, Retinol) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.	Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(9):1803-1814
S3681	Vitamin E Acetate Vitamin E Acetate (Tocopherol) is the stable form of Vitamin E most often used in cosmetic formulations for its skin care benefits. It protects the cells against free radicals and prevents the peroxidation of body fats as an in-vivo antioxidant.
S3665	Trolox Trolox is a cell-permeable, water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties.	Eur Respir J, 2021, 57(5)2000443 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 163:234-242 Eur Respir J, 2020, 2000443
S4698	Vitamin K1 Vitamin K1 (Phyllohydroquinone, Phylloquinone, Phytomenadione, Phytonadione), made by plants, is a major type of dietary vitamin K, which is well-known for its role in blood clotting. Vitamin K1 is directly involved in photosynthesis.
S3739	Calcipotriene Calcipotriene (Calcipotriol, MC903) is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol, a form of vitamin D. It can induce differentiation and suppresses proliferation of keratinocytes, reversing abnormal keratinocyte changes in psoriasis, and lead to normalization of epidermal growth. Calcipotriol is a synthetic VitD3 analogue with a high affinity for the vitamin D receptor.	J Immunol, 2020, 22;ji1900758 J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2018, 183:142-151
S4779	Menadiol Diacetate Menadiol Diacetate (Vitamin K4, Acetomenaphthone, Kapilin) is a synthetic hydrophilic menadione compound, which is clinically used as hemostasis medicine. It induces caspase-3-related apoptosis pathway via mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA fragmentation.
S3113	Pyridoxine HCl Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6) is a form of vitamin B6.
S4994	Methylcobalamin Methylcobalamin (Mecobalamin, Vancomin, Methycobal, Cobametin) is one active form of vitamin B12 which can directly participate in homocysteine metabolism. It is used to treat some nutritional diseases and other diseases in clinic, such as Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
S5846	Apocarotenal Apocarotenal is a carotenoid found in spinach and citrus fruits and plays a role as a precursor of vitamin A.
S4245	Sodium ascorbate Sodium Ascorbate is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.	Clin Transl Med, 2021, 11(7):e495 J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(1):54-65 Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 503(2):420-427
S4987	Inositol niacinate Inositol Niacinate (Inositol hexanicotinate, Myo-Inositol hexanicotinate) is a formulation of niacin, which is also called vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient.
S3980	Pyridoxine Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol, Vitamin B6, Gravidox), also known as vitamin B6, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as dietary supplement. It is a cofactor for both glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase.
S5220	D-Pantethine Pantethine (Bis-pantethine, Pantetina, Pantomin, Pantosin) is a naturally occurring compound synthesized in the body from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) via addition of cysteamine and used as a dietary supplement for lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides.
S5558	D-Pantothenate Sodium D-Pantothenate Sodium, the sodium salt of D-pantothenate, is a derivative of vitamin B5 which is an an essential nutrient and plays important roles in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids.	Front Cell Dev Biol, 2019, 7:204
S4811	VitaMin U Vitamin U (Methylmethioninesulfonium Chloride, Cabagin-U, Smethylmethionine) is a vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.
S5311	Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal phosphate (Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PAL-P, PLP, Vitamin B6), the active form of vitamin B6, acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids.

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S1469

Calcifediol

Calcifediol (Calcidiol, Didrogyl, Hidroferol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol) is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 and acts as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 3.9 μM. It also suppresses PTH secretion and mRNA (ED50=2 nM).

Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149

J Immunol, 2020, ji2000129

Dev Comp Immunol, 2020, 107:103644

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S1468	Alfacalcidol Alfacalcidol (1-hydroxycholecalciferol) is a non-selective VDR activator medication.	Nature, 2020, 10.1038/s41586-020-2946-9 Dev Cell, 2019, 48(6):853-863.e5 Pharmacol Rep, 2019, 71(5):917-925	Vitamin D analogs induce adenylate kinase release from S. mutans planktonic cells. S. mutans UA159 cultures were grown in TY medium + 1% (w/v) glucose to exponential phase and used to inoculate fresh medium containing ciprofloxacin (positive control), DMSO (negative control), alfacalcidol, calcitriol, or doxercalciferol at 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL for 4h. Cell lysis was detected using the AK assay as described in Materials and Methods. Data is represented as relative luminescence units (RLU) normalized to background (DMSO) and is representative of three replicate cultures performed in triplicate. (* p<0.05; Student’s t-Test; two-tailed).

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S1468

Alfacalcidol

Alfacalcidol (1-hydroxycholecalciferol) is a non-selective VDR activator medication.

Nature, 2020, 10.1038/s41586-020-2946-9

Dev Cell, 2019, 48(6):853-863.e5

Pharmacol Rep, 2019, 71(5):917-925

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S1921	Phenindione Phenindione (Rectadione, phenylindandione) is an anticoagulant which functions as a Vitamin K antagonist.
S5668	Chlorindione Chlorindione is an antagonist of vitamin K.
S4144	Amprolium HCl Amprolium chloride is a thiamin antagonist, which prevents carbohydrate synthesis by blocking thiamine uptake.

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S1921

Phenindione

Phenindione (Rectadione, phenylindandione) is an anticoagulant which functions as a Vitamin K antagonist.

S5668

Chlorindione

Chlorindione is an antagonist of vitamin K.

S4144

Amprolium HCl

Amprolium chloride is a thiamin antagonist, which prevents carbohydrate synthesis by blocking thiamine uptake.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations	Product Validations
S6681	Paricalcitol Paricalcitol (Paracalcin, Zemplar, 19-Nor-1-25-OH2D2, 19-Nor-colecalciferol) is a selective vitamin D receptor agonist. Paricalcitol suppresses parathyroid hormone mRNA expression and inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation. Pariccitol is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease.

Catalog No.

Information

Product Use Citations

Product Validations

S6681

Paricalcitol

Paricalcitol (Paracalcin, Zemplar, 19-Nor-1-25-OH2D2, 19-Nor-colecalciferol) is a selective vitamin D receptor agonist. Paricalcitol suppresses parathyroid hormone mRNA expression and inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation. Pariccitol is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease.

Catalog No.	Information	Product Use Citations
S1466	Calcitriol (RO215535) Calcitriol (RO215535, Topitriol, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) is a nonselective vitamin D receptor activator/agonist(VDRA), exhibiting a 10-fold higher vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding affinity(IC50=0.4 nM) than the selective VDRA paricalcitol. Solutions are best fresh-prepared.	Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(2)E285 Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149 Mol Oncol, 2021, 10.1002/1878-0261.13013
S3114	Vitamin C Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy.	Transl Oncol, 2021, 14(8):101146 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(43):48296-48309 Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 81:106212
S1467	Doxercalciferol Doxercalciferol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D2) is a synthetic vitamin D2 analog, suppressing parathyroid synthesis and secretion, used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease.	Br J Pharmacol, 2017, 174(16):2636-2651 Oncol Rep, 2017, 38(1):481-487
S5955^New	Thiamine nitrate Thiamine (Vitamin B1) nitrate is an essential vitamin that plays an important role in cellular production of energy from ingested food and enhances normal neuronal actives.
S4486^New	Thiamine monochloride Thiamine (Vitamin B1) monochloride is an essential vitamin that plays an important role in cellular production of energy from ingested food and enhances normal neuronal actives.
S3130	Biotin (Vitamin B7) Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.	PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341 J Biol Chem, 2018, 293(24):9461-9472
S1902	Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin) is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood.	Cell Chem Biol, 2021, S2451-9456(21)00213-0 Gastroenterology, 2019, 10.1053/j
S1744	Nicotinic Acid Nicotinic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family.	Sci Adv, 2021, 7(30)eabf3895 Sci Adv, 2021, 7(30)eabf3895
S4063	cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3, Cholecalciferol, Colecalciferol) is a form of vitamin D, binds and activates a H305F/H397Y mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR) with EC50 of 300 nM.	Cells, 2021, 10(8)2149 Oncogene, 2020, 10.1038/s41388-020-01453-2
S1767	Beta Carotene Beta Carotene is an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A.
S2540	Riboflavin Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and other animals.
S3211	Thiamine HCl (Vitamin B1) Thiamine or vitamin B1 is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex, its phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes.
S5082	Vitamin K2 Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) is an important fat-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in protecting heart and brain, and building strong bones. It also plays an important role in cancer protection.	Int J Stem Cells, 2020, 10.15283/ijsc20152
S5592	Vitamin A Vitamin A (Retinol) is a naturally occuring fat-soluble vitamin that is important for normal vision, the immune system, and reproduction. It also plays roles in normal functioning of heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.	Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(9):1803-1814
S4503	Calcium D-Panthotenate Calcium D-Panthotenate (D-Pantothenic Acid Calcium), also called vitamin B5 Calcium, is a water-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for many animals.
S5568	Tocofersolan Tocofersolan (Tocophersolan) is a synthetic water-soluble version of vitamin E that is used in treatment of vitamin E deficiency.
S5386	7-Dehydrocholesterol 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC, Provitamin D3) is the direct precursor of free cholesterol in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in mammalian tissues and also a biosynthetic precursor to vitamin D3.
S4126	Retinyl (Vitamin A) Palmitate Retinyl (Vitamin A) Palmitate is a more stable, synthetic version of the essential nutrient vitamin A joined to palmitic acid.
S5474	Dibenzoyl Thiamine Dibenzoyl Thiamine (Bentiamine, O,S-Dibenzoylthiamine), a lipophilic derivative of vitamin B (thiamine), is a kind of food additive that can be rapidly absorbed into the body and converted to thiamine.
S6104	(±)-α-Tocopherol (±)-α-Tocopherol is a biologically active form of vitamin E, which is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes from oxidative damage.	CHEM ENG J, 2021, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130083 J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2021, 150:65-76 J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2021, 150:65-76
S5203	Sulbutiamine Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1), belonging to a class of supplements shown to help improve memory, learning capacity, decision-making, concentration, and focus.
S4605	Folic acid Folic acid (Folacin, Vitamin B9, Vitamin M, Pteroylglutamic acid, Folate), a B vitamin, plays an important role in cell division and in the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids like DNA.
S6102	Thiamine pyrophosphate hydrochloride Thiamine pyrophosphate hydrochloride (cocarboxylase) is a thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase. It is a coenzyme of many enzymes, most of which occur in prokaryotes and is involved in the regulation of basic metabolism.
S2297	Ergosterol Ergosterol is a sterol and a biological precursor (a provitamin) to vitamin D2.
S4871	Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate is an active vitamin B6 metabolite, which is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism.
S6614	Fursultiamine Fursultiamine (Thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide) is a nutritional supplement and vitamin B1 derivative, with potential antineoplastic activity.
S4695	D panthenol D panthenol (Dexpanthenol, D-Panthenol, Pantothenol, Ilopan, D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent.
S4083	Vitamin A Acetate Vitamin A Acetate (Retinyl, Retinol) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.	Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(9):1803-1814
S3681	Vitamin E Acetate Vitamin E Acetate (Tocopherol) is the stable form of Vitamin E most often used in cosmetic formulations for its skin care benefits. It protects the cells against free radicals and prevents the peroxidation of body fats as an in-vivo antioxidant.
S3665	Trolox Trolox is a cell-permeable, water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties.	Eur Respir J, 2021, 57(5)2000443 Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 163:234-242 Eur Respir J, 2020, 2000443
S4698	Vitamin K1 Vitamin K1 (Phyllohydroquinone, Phylloquinone, Phytomenadione, Phytonadione), made by plants, is a major type of dietary vitamin K, which is well-known for its role in blood clotting. Vitamin K1 is directly involved in photosynthesis.
S3739	Calcipotriene Calcipotriene (Calcipotriol, MC903) is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol, a form of vitamin D. It can induce differentiation and suppresses proliferation of keratinocytes, reversing abnormal keratinocyte changes in psoriasis, and lead to normalization of epidermal growth. Calcipotriol is a synthetic VitD3 analogue with a high affinity for the vitamin D receptor.	J Immunol, 2020, 22;ji1900758 J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2018, 183:142-151
S4779	Menadiol Diacetate Menadiol Diacetate (Vitamin K4, Acetomenaphthone, Kapilin) is a synthetic hydrophilic menadione compound, which is clinically used as hemostasis medicine. It induces caspase-3-related apoptosis pathway via mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA fragmentation.
S3113	Pyridoxine HCl Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6) is a form of vitamin B6.
S4994	Methylcobalamin Methylcobalamin (Mecobalamin, Vancomin, Methycobal, Cobametin) is one active form of vitamin B12 which can directly participate in homocysteine metabolism. It is used to treat some nutritional diseases and other diseases in clinic, such as Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
S5846	Apocarotenal Apocarotenal is a carotenoid found in spinach and citrus fruits and plays a role as a precursor of vitamin A.
S4245	Sodium ascorbate Sodium Ascorbate is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.	Clin Transl Med, 2021, 11(7):e495 J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(1):54-65 Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 503(2):420-427
S4987	Inositol niacinate Inositol Niacinate (Inositol hexanicotinate, Myo-Inositol hexanicotinate) is a formulation of niacin, which is also called vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient.
S3980	Pyridoxine Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol, Vitamin B6, Gravidox), also known as vitamin B6, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as dietary supplement. It is a cofactor for both glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase.
S5220	D-Pantethine Pantethine (Bis-pantethine, Pantetina, Pantomin, Pantosin) is a naturally occurring compound synthesized in the body from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) via addition of cysteamine and used as a dietary supplement for lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides.
S5558	D-Pantothenate Sodium D-Pantothenate Sodium, the sodium salt of D-pantothenate, is a derivative of vitamin B5 which is an an essential nutrient and plays important roles in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids.	Front Cell Dev Biol, 2019, 7:204
S4811	VitaMin U Vitamin U (Methylmethioninesulfonium Chloride, Cabagin-U, Smethylmethionine) is a vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.
S5311	Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal phosphate (Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PAL-P, PLP, Vitamin B6), the active form of vitamin B6, acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids.

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