ATM/ATR

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

 

Effects of NVP-BKM120 and KU-55933 and their combination on the DNA damage response. A, HCC1937 cells were treated for 18 hours with NVP-BKM120 at 2.5 μmol/L, KU-55933 at 10 μmol/L, or their combination, subjected to ionizing radiation(IR) with 10 Gy or mock, lysed 6 hours later, and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated.

Western blot for γH2AX in H460 cells treated with Cr(VI) in the presence of a second set of inhibitors (ATM-i2—10 uM KU55933, DNAPK-i2—10 uM NU7441, ATR-i2—10 uM VE821). “γH2AX-total” numbers indicate a total normalized intensity of both γH2AX bands from 2 Western blots.

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

K562 and K562R cells were pre-treated for 1 h with CGK733 (5 μM), then treated with CTD (10 μM) for 24 h, and protein levels of cleaved PARP, Mcl-1, and phosphorylated H3 were determined by Western blotting. GAPDH served as a normal control.

(B) SAHA treatment impairs the HR capacity of GBM03 cells. AZ20(ATRi) as a positive control.

Number of γH2AX foci per cell of irradiated (2 Gy) SAS cells treated with inhibitors against ATM (ATMi, KU55933), DNA-PK (DNA-PKi, KU57788), or ATR (ATRi, AZD6738) with or without LY364947.

Wildtype bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with and without the MRN complex inhibitor mirin (administered dose of 100 μM) for 2 hours, then were treated with PM (100 μg/mL) for an additional 24 hours. (A) The relative levels of Cxcl1, Cxcl2 and Ifn-γ mRNA transcripts were determined using quantitative PCR. (B) The protein levels of Cxcl1, Cxcl2 and Ifn-γ in the culture supernatants were measured using ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SEMs across at least 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

 

Effects of NVP-BKM120 and KU-55933 and their combination on the DNA damage response. A, HCC1937 cells were treated for 18 hours with NVP-BKM120 at 2.5 μmol/L, KU-55933 at 10 μmol/L, or their combination, subjected to ionizing radiation(IR) with 10 Gy or mock, lysed 6 hours later, and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated.

Western blot for γH2AX in H460 cells treated with Cr(VI) in the presence of a second set of inhibitors (ATM-i2—10 uM KU55933, DNAPK-i2—10 uM NU7441, ATR-i2—10 uM VE821). “γH2AX-total” numbers indicate a total normalized intensity of both γH2AX bands from 2 Western blots.

L3.6pl cells at 6,000 cells per well were incubated in MEM with 5% FBS in triplicate in a 96-well culture plate and then treated alone with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 10 umol/L wortmannin, or with BMS-777607 in combination with individual inhibitors. Polyploidy was examined under BK71 Olympus microscope and photographed 72 hours after treatment.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

K562 and K562R cells were pre-treated for 1 h with CGK733 (5 μM), then treated with CTD (10 μM) for 24 h, and protein levels of cleaved PARP, Mcl-1, and phosphorylated H3 were determined by Western blotting. GAPDH served as a normal control.

(B) SAHA treatment impairs the HR capacity of GBM03 cells. AZ20(ATRi) as a positive control.

Number of γH2AX foci per cell of irradiated (2 Gy) SAS cells treated with inhibitors against ATM (ATMi, KU55933), DNA-PK (DNA-PKi, KU57788), or ATR (ATRi, AZD6738) with or without LY364947.

Wildtype bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with and without the MRN complex inhibitor mirin (administered dose of 100 μM) for 2 hours, then were treated with PM (100 μg/mL) for an additional 24 hours. (A) The relative levels of Cxcl1, Cxcl2 and Ifn-γ mRNA transcripts were determined using quantitative PCR. (B) The protein levels of Cxcl1, Cxcl2 and Ifn-γ in the culture supernatants were measured using ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SEMs across at least 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

NCI-H929 EV and miR-137 OE cells were treated with ATM activator Chloroquine Phosphate (CQ), specific ATM inhibitor KU-55933, and ATR inhibitor AZ20 for 12 hr. Immunoblotting showed the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-BRCA1, p-ATR and p-Chk1.