GluR

Spatial memory performance. a Latency to find the hidden platform. LPS-infused controls and Aged controls were impaired (*p<0.001) compared to young aCSF-infused rats. The performance of Aged rats improved across days only when treated with Ril (†t=0.035). b Distance. LPS controls swam a greater distance than aCSF controls and Aged controls (*p≤0.036). c Swim Speed. Aged rats swam the most slowly (*p≤0.001). d Thigmotaxis. Aged controls spent the greatest percentage of time within the pool perimeter (*p<0.001).

The expression of mGluR5 and Homer were detected by Western blot and analysed by ImageJ. a–c Cells were treated with various concentrations of pu-erh tea for 12 h. d–f Cells were treated with 62.5 μg/mL pu-erh tea for 3, 6, 9, 12 h. g-i Cells were treated with 62.5 μg/mL pu-erh, black, or green teas for 12 h. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism software (***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle control, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control, n = 3)

LY404039 avoids reduction in phospho-Akt levels caused by DETA/NO. Total cellular proteins were extracted as described in Materials and Methods from astrocytes exposed to 1 mM DETA/NO6100 mM LY40403961 mM db-cAMP for 30 min, and 50 mg of protein extracts were assayed for phospho-Akt by western-blot. (A) Specificity of the western-blot was analyzed by incubating astrocytes with the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, 20 mM LY294002, which completely prevented LY404039-induced Akt phosphorylation, and LPS/IFNc was used as positive control of Akt activation. Membranes were stripped and incubated with anti-total Akt antibody, which was considered loading control. (B) Data were expressed as phospho-Akt/ total Akt ratio and related to control group. Bars represent the mean 6 SEM of 4 independent experiments. *p,0.05, ***p,0.001 versus control, ‘‘p,0.01 versus LY404039.

Spatial memory performance. a Latency to find the hidden platform. LPS-infused controls and Aged controls were impaired (*p<0.001) compared to young aCSF-infused rats. The performance of Aged rats improved across days only when treated with Ril (†t=0.035). b Distance. LPS controls swam a greater distance than aCSF controls and Aged controls (*p≤0.036). c Swim Speed. Aged rats swam the most slowly (*p≤0.001). d Thigmotaxis. Aged controls spent the greatest percentage of time within the pool perimeter (*p<0.001).

The expression of mGluR5 and Homer were detected by Western blot and analysed by ImageJ. a–c Cells were treated with various concentrations of pu-erh tea for 12 h. d–f Cells were treated with 62.5 μg/mL pu-erh tea for 3, 6, 9, 12 h. g-i Cells were treated with 62.5 μg/mL pu-erh, black, or green teas for 12 h. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism software (***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle control, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control, n = 3)

LY404039 avoids reduction in phospho-Akt levels caused by DETA/NO. Total cellular proteins were extracted as described in Materials and Methods from astrocytes exposed to 1 mM DETA/NO6100 mM LY40403961 mM db-cAMP for 30 min, and 50 mg of protein extracts were assayed for phospho-Akt by western-blot. (A) Specificity of the western-blot was analyzed by incubating astrocytes with the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, 20 mM LY294002, which completely prevented LY404039-induced Akt phosphorylation, and LPS/IFNc was used as positive control of Akt activation. Membranes were stripped and incubated with anti-total Akt antibody, which was considered loading control. (B) Data were expressed as phospho-Akt/ total Akt ratio and related to control group. Bars represent the mean 6 SEM of 4 independent experiments. *p,0.05, ***p,0.001 versus control, ‘‘p,0.01 versus LY404039.