IGF-1R
Signaling Pathway Map
Research Area
Inhibitory Selectivity
Isoform-specific Inhibitors
IGF-1R Products
| Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1069 |
Luminespib (NVP-AUY922)Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922) is a highly potent HSP90 inhibitor for HSP90α/β with IC50 of 13 nM /21 nM in cell-free assays, weaker potency against the HSP90 family members GRP94 and TRAP-1, exhibits the tightest binding of any small-molecule HSP90 ligand. Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922) effectively downregulates and destabilizes the IGF-1Rβ protein and results in growth inhibition, autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 2. |
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| S1091 |
Linsitinib (OSI-906)Linsitinib (OSI-906) is a selective inhibitor of IGF-1R with IC50 of 35 nM in cell-free assays; modestly potent to InsR with IC50 of 75 nM, and no activity towards Abl, ALK, BTK, EGFR, FGFR1/2, PKA etc. Phase 3. |
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| S1034 |
NVP-AEW541NVP-AEW541 is a potent inhibitor of IGF-1R/InsR with IC50 of 150 nM/140 nM in cell-free assays, greater potency and selectivity for IGF-1R in a cell-based assay. |
Inhibition of IGF-IR/InsR or PI3K abrogates AKT membrane localization and phosphorylation. MCF-7/LTED cells were transfected with an AKT PH-GFP plasmid. On day four, cells were treated with 100 ng/ml IGF-I in serum-free medium for 15 minutes, or pre-incubated with 10% DCC-FBS ?1 uM AEW541 or 1 uM BKM120 for 30 minutes followed by treatment with 2 uM AZD5363 for four hours. Cells were viewed in a LSM 510Meta confocal microscope at 40x magnification.
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| S1093 |
GSK1904529AGSK1904529A (GSK 4529) is a selective inhibitor of IGF-1R and IR with IC50 of 27 nM and 25 nM in cell-free assays, >100-fold more selective for IGF-1R/InsR than Akt1/2, Aurora A/B,B-Raf, CDK2, EGFR etc. |
Inhibition of IGF-1 induced IGF-1R phosphorylation by GSK1904529A. A549 cells were serum-starved O/N and pre-incubated for 4 h with 5 μM GSK1904529A, followed by stimulation with 50ng/ml IGF-1. + IGF-1: positive control; -S: negative control. |
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| S1088 |
NVP-ADW742NVP-ADW742 (GSK 552602A) is an IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 0.17 μM, >16-fold more potent against IGF-1R than InsR; little activity to HER2, PDGFR, VEGFR-2, Bcr-Abl and c-Kit. |
HER3 plus IGF-1R up-regulation contribute to enhanced SKOV3/T cell proliferation. (A) SKOV3/T cells transfected with HER3 or control shRNA were treated with 2 μM NVP-ADW742 (NVP) followed by SRB assay. Values are mean ± SD from 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, NVP-ADW742 treated group or HER3 shRNA group vs. control. (B) SKOV3/T cells transfected with HER3 or control shRNA were treated with or without 2 μM NVP-ADW742 (NVP) and their cell cycle distribution determined by flow cytometry. The data are representative of 3 independent experiments. |
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| S1272New |
XL228XL228 is a protein kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM, 1.4 nM, 3.1 nM, 1.6 nM, 6.1 nM and 2 nM for wild-type ABL kinase, ABL T315I, Aurora A, IGF-1R, SRC and LYN, respectively. |
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| S1012 |
BMS-536924BMS-536924 (CS-0117) is an ATP-competitive IGF-1R/IR inhibitor with IC50 of 100 nM/73 nM, modest activity for Mek, Fak, and Lck with very little activity for Akt1, MAPK1/2. |
A, cell viability reduction. TC1889 cells were treated with pharmacological inhibitors against IGF-1R (NVP and BMS), as well as a neutralizing IGF-1R antibody (aIR3) and cell viability was assessed using MTT-assays. Mouse IgG1 antibody was employed as a reference control for the effects of aIR3 at respective concentrations. Assays were performed in sextuple. Data are expressed as the mean SD (n 3). B, induction of cell death. TC1889 cells were treated with pharmacological inhibitors against IGF-1R as well as a neutralizing IGF-1R antibody and cell death was evaluated by FACS-analyses following PI-staining. Data are expressed as the mean SD (n =3). |
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| S7083 |
Ceritinib (LDK378)Ceritinib (LDK378) is potent inhibitor against ALK with IC50 of 0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Ceritinib (LDK378) also inhibits IGF-1R, InsR, STK22D and FLT3 with IC50 of 8 nM, 7 nM, 23 nM and 60 nM, respectively. Phase 3. |
Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.
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| S1234 |
AG-1024AG-1024 (Tyrphostin, AGS 200) inhibits IGF-1R autophosphorylation with IC50 of 7 μM, is less potent to IR with IC50 of 57 μM and specifically distinguishes between InsR and IGF-1R (as compared to other tyrphostins). |
(A) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 15 µM AG1024, 1µM PPP or 1µM linsitinib for 24h and cell survival was determined by flow cytometry. Results are shown as mean ± SEM, n=20. (B)CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 15 µM AG1024 (AG) or 1µM linsitinib (L) and immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n=6). (C) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1µM PPP and immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n=4). (D) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with 5-15 µM AG1024 and subject to a Western blot analysis using the indicated antibodies. Results are represented as mean±SEM (n=10). Supplementary Figure 1C shows the associated densitometrical analysis after treatment with 15 µM AG1024. (E) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with 10-500nM rhIGF-1 and immunoblotted for the expression of IGF1R, pIGF1R, pAkt, Akt, pERK and Erk. A representative example from four independent experiments is shown. |
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| S2703 |
GSK1838705AGSK1838705A is a potent IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 2.0 nM, modestly potent to IR and ALK with IC50 of 1.6 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively, and little activity to other protein kinases. |
GSK1838705A suppresses glioma tumor growth and induces apoptosis in vivo. (A) Following inoculation of U87MG cells, formulated vehicle control or GSK1838705A (4 and 8 mg/kg) was injected into the corresponding group of nude mice (n=6/group) once daily. The tumors were measured every other day for 11 days and the tumor volumes were calculated. Starting on day 7, the differences between the treatment groups (4 and 8 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group were significant (P<0.05). (B) Body weights of the mice during the course of treatment were measured as an indication of significant cytotoxic effects. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences are observed between any two of the groups during the course of treatment. (C) At the end of treatment, the tumors were harvested. GSK1838705A (8 mg/kg) induced the apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo, determined using a TUNEL assay (green) and nuclear staining with Hoechst (blue). Representative images are shown (magnification, ×40). TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. |
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| S1124 |
BMS-754807BMS-754807 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of IGF-1R/InsR with IC50 of 1.8 nM/1.7 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to Met (c-Met), Aurora A/B, TrkA/B and Ron, and shows little activity to Flt3, Lck, MK2, PKA, PKC etc. Phase 2. |
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| S8003 |
PQ 401PQ401 inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-1R domain with IC50 of <1 μM. |
IGF-1R is key determinant of the EI24-mediated gefitinib sensitivity. (A and B) EI24-knockdown cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of inhibitorsfor 24 h before cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Error bars, S.D., p-values were calculated using unpaired t-test.*p < 0.01,**p = 0.0003,***p < 0.0001. (C and D)EI24-knockdown cells were fixed and stained with crystal violet after 14 days treatment with concentrations of gefitinib (0.1 M), PQ401 (5 M), and AG1024 (20 M). (Eand F) Kaplan–Meier survival plots were obtained using Kaplan–Meier Plotter and display the probability of overall survival of lung cancer patients grouped according toEI24 (208289 s at, E) and IGF-1R (203627 at, F) expression. p-Values were calculated using the log-rank test.
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| S7106 |
AZD3463AZD3463 is a novel orally bioavailable ALK inhibitor with Ki of 0.75 nM, which also inhibits IGF1R with equivalent potency. AZD3463 suppresses cell viability by inducing both cell apoptosis and autophagy. |
(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44). |
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| S3984 |
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic antioxidant found in the leaves and twigs of the evergreen desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC) Coville (creosote bush). It is a recognized inhibitor of lipoxygenase (LOX) and has antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a cytotoxic insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R)/HER2 inhibitor and induces apoptosis. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits p300 and activates autophagy. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) protects cells from ferroptosis. |
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| S8228 |
NT157NT157, a selective inhibitor of IRS-1/2(insulin receptor substrate), has the potential to inhibit IGF-1R and STAT3 signaling pathways in cancer cells and stroma cells of TME leading to a decrease in cancer cell survival. |
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| S8229 |
Brigatinib (AP26113)Brigatinib (AP26113) is a potent and selective ALK (IC50, 0.6 nM) and ROS1 (IC50, 0.9 nM) inhibitor. It also inhibits IGF-1R, FLT3, and mutant variants of FLT3 (D835Y) and EGFR with lower potentcy. |
Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.
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| S7668 |
Picropodophyllin (PPP)Picropodophyllin (PPP, AXL1717) is a IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM. It displays selectivity for IGF-1R and does not coinhibit tyrosine phosphorylation the IR, or of a selected panel of receptors less related to IGF-IR(FGF-R, PDGF-R, OR EGF-R). Picropodophyllin (PPP) induces apoptosis with antineoplastic activity. |
CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1 µM PPP and were immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n = 4).
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| S6922New |
S961S961 is a biosynthetic insulin receptor antagonist that inhibits cellular proliferation and colony formation in breast tumour cells. |
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| S6955New |
Insulin (human)Insulin (human) (Insulin regular) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates the level of glucose. Insulin is commonly used to treat hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Potency: 29 units/mg. |
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| S7453 |
MSDC-0160MSDC-0160 (CAY10415) is a prototype mTOT-modulating insulin sensitizer being studied to treat diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Phase 2. |
| Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1069 |
Luminespib (NVP-AUY922)Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922) is a highly potent HSP90 inhibitor for HSP90α/β with IC50 of 13 nM /21 nM in cell-free assays, weaker potency against the HSP90 family members GRP94 and TRAP-1, exhibits the tightest binding of any small-molecule HSP90 ligand. Luminespib (AUY-922, NVP-AUY922) effectively downregulates and destabilizes the IGF-1Rβ protein and results in growth inhibition, autophagy and apoptosis. Phase 2. |
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| S1091 |
Linsitinib (OSI-906)Linsitinib (OSI-906) is a selective inhibitor of IGF-1R with IC50 of 35 nM in cell-free assays; modestly potent to InsR with IC50 of 75 nM, and no activity towards Abl, ALK, BTK, EGFR, FGFR1/2, PKA etc. Phase 3. |
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| S1034 |
NVP-AEW541NVP-AEW541 is a potent inhibitor of IGF-1R/InsR with IC50 of 150 nM/140 nM in cell-free assays, greater potency and selectivity for IGF-1R in a cell-based assay. |
Inhibition of IGF-IR/InsR or PI3K abrogates AKT membrane localization and phosphorylation. MCF-7/LTED cells were transfected with an AKT PH-GFP plasmid. On day four, cells were treated with 100 ng/ml IGF-I in serum-free medium for 15 minutes, or pre-incubated with 10% DCC-FBS ?1 uM AEW541 or 1 uM BKM120 for 30 minutes followed by treatment with 2 uM AZD5363 for four hours. Cells were viewed in a LSM 510Meta confocal microscope at 40x magnification.
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| S1093 |
GSK1904529AGSK1904529A (GSK 4529) is a selective inhibitor of IGF-1R and IR with IC50 of 27 nM and 25 nM in cell-free assays, >100-fold more selective for IGF-1R/InsR than Akt1/2, Aurora A/B,B-Raf, CDK2, EGFR etc. |
Inhibition of IGF-1 induced IGF-1R phosphorylation by GSK1904529A. A549 cells were serum-starved O/N and pre-incubated for 4 h with 5 μM GSK1904529A, followed by stimulation with 50ng/ml IGF-1. + IGF-1: positive control; -S: negative control. |
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| S1088 |
NVP-ADW742NVP-ADW742 (GSK 552602A) is an IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 0.17 μM, >16-fold more potent against IGF-1R than InsR; little activity to HER2, PDGFR, VEGFR-2, Bcr-Abl and c-Kit. |
HER3 plus IGF-1R up-regulation contribute to enhanced SKOV3/T cell proliferation. (A) SKOV3/T cells transfected with HER3 or control shRNA were treated with 2 μM NVP-ADW742 (NVP) followed by SRB assay. Values are mean ± SD from 3 independent experiments. **P < 0.01, NVP-ADW742 treated group or HER3 shRNA group vs. control. (B) SKOV3/T cells transfected with HER3 or control shRNA were treated with or without 2 μM NVP-ADW742 (NVP) and their cell cycle distribution determined by flow cytometry. The data are representative of 3 independent experiments. |
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| S1272New |
XL228XL228 is a protein kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM, 1.4 nM, 3.1 nM, 1.6 nM, 6.1 nM and 2 nM for wild-type ABL kinase, ABL T315I, Aurora A, IGF-1R, SRC and LYN, respectively. |
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| S1012 |
BMS-536924BMS-536924 (CS-0117) is an ATP-competitive IGF-1R/IR inhibitor with IC50 of 100 nM/73 nM, modest activity for Mek, Fak, and Lck with very little activity for Akt1, MAPK1/2. |
A, cell viability reduction. TC1889 cells were treated with pharmacological inhibitors against IGF-1R (NVP and BMS), as well as a neutralizing IGF-1R antibody (aIR3) and cell viability was assessed using MTT-assays. Mouse IgG1 antibody was employed as a reference control for the effects of aIR3 at respective concentrations. Assays were performed in sextuple. Data are expressed as the mean SD (n 3). B, induction of cell death. TC1889 cells were treated with pharmacological inhibitors against IGF-1R as well as a neutralizing IGF-1R antibody and cell death was evaluated by FACS-analyses following PI-staining. Data are expressed as the mean SD (n =3). |
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| S7083 |
Ceritinib (LDK378)Ceritinib (LDK378) is potent inhibitor against ALK with IC50 of 0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Ceritinib (LDK378) also inhibits IGF-1R, InsR, STK22D and FLT3 with IC50 of 8 nM, 7 nM, 23 nM and 60 nM, respectively. Phase 3. |
Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.
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| S1234 |
AG-1024AG-1024 (Tyrphostin, AGS 200) inhibits IGF-1R autophosphorylation with IC50 of 7 μM, is less potent to IR with IC50 of 57 μM and specifically distinguishes between InsR and IGF-1R (as compared to other tyrphostins). |
(A) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 15 µM AG1024, 1µM PPP or 1µM linsitinib for 24h and cell survival was determined by flow cytometry. Results are shown as mean ± SEM, n=20. (B)CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 15 µM AG1024 (AG) or 1µM linsitinib (L) and immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n=6). (C) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1µM PPP and immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n=4). (D) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with 5-15 µM AG1024 and subject to a Western blot analysis using the indicated antibodies. Results are represented as mean±SEM (n=10). Supplementary Figure 1C shows the associated densitometrical analysis after treatment with 15 µM AG1024. (E) CLL B cells purified from freshly isolat ed or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with 10-500nM rhIGF-1 and immunoblotted for the expression of IGF1R, pIGF1R, pAkt, Akt, pERK and Erk. A representative example from four independent experiments is shown. |
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| S2703 |
GSK1838705AGSK1838705A is a potent IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 2.0 nM, modestly potent to IR and ALK with IC50 of 1.6 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively, and little activity to other protein kinases. |
GSK1838705A suppresses glioma tumor growth and induces apoptosis in vivo. (A) Following inoculation of U87MG cells, formulated vehicle control or GSK1838705A (4 and 8 mg/kg) was injected into the corresponding group of nude mice (n=6/group) once daily. The tumors were measured every other day for 11 days and the tumor volumes were calculated. Starting on day 7, the differences between the treatment groups (4 and 8 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group were significant (P<0.05). (B) Body weights of the mice during the course of treatment were measured as an indication of significant cytotoxic effects. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences are observed between any two of the groups during the course of treatment. (C) At the end of treatment, the tumors were harvested. GSK1838705A (8 mg/kg) induced the apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo, determined using a TUNEL assay (green) and nuclear staining with Hoechst (blue). Representative images are shown (magnification, ×40). TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. |
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| S1124 |
BMS-754807BMS-754807 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of IGF-1R/InsR with IC50 of 1.8 nM/1.7 nM in cell-free assays, less potent to Met (c-Met), Aurora A/B, TrkA/B and Ron, and shows little activity to Flt3, Lck, MK2, PKA, PKC etc. Phase 2. |
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| S8003 |
PQ 401PQ401 inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-1R domain with IC50 of <1 μM. |
IGF-1R is key determinant of the EI24-mediated gefitinib sensitivity. (A and B) EI24-knockdown cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of inhibitorsfor 24 h before cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Error bars, S.D., p-values were calculated using unpaired t-test.*p < 0.01,**p = 0.0003,***p < 0.0001. (C and D)EI24-knockdown cells were fixed and stained with crystal violet after 14 days treatment with concentrations of gefitinib (0.1 M), PQ401 (5 M), and AG1024 (20 M). (Eand F) Kaplan–Meier survival plots were obtained using Kaplan–Meier Plotter and display the probability of overall survival of lung cancer patients grouped according toEI24 (208289 s at, E) and IGF-1R (203627 at, F) expression. p-Values were calculated using the log-rank test.
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| S7106 |
AZD3463AZD3463 is a novel orally bioavailable ALK inhibitor with Ki of 0.75 nM, which also inhibits IGF1R with equivalent potency. AZD3463 suppresses cell viability by inducing both cell apoptosis and autophagy. |
(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44). |
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| S3984 |
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic antioxidant found in the leaves and twigs of the evergreen desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC) Coville (creosote bush). It is a recognized inhibitor of lipoxygenase (LOX) and has antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a cytotoxic insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R)/HER2 inhibitor and induces apoptosis. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits p300 and activates autophagy. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) protects cells from ferroptosis. |
||
| S8228 |
NT157NT157, a selective inhibitor of IRS-1/2(insulin receptor substrate), has the potential to inhibit IGF-1R and STAT3 signaling pathways in cancer cells and stroma cells of TME leading to a decrease in cancer cell survival. |
||
| S8229 |
Brigatinib (AP26113)Brigatinib (AP26113) is a potent and selective ALK (IC50, 0.6 nM) and ROS1 (IC50, 0.9 nM) inhibitor. It also inhibits IGF-1R, FLT3, and mutant variants of FLT3 (D835Y) and EGFR with lower potentcy. |
Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.
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| S7668 |
Picropodophyllin (PPP)Picropodophyllin (PPP, AXL1717) is a IGF-1R inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM. It displays selectivity for IGF-1R and does not coinhibit tyrosine phosphorylation the IR, or of a selected panel of receptors less related to IGF-IR(FGF-R, PDGF-R, OR EGF-R). Picropodophyllin (PPP) induces apoptosis with antineoplastic activity. |
CLL B cells purified from freshly isolated or freeze-thawed PBMCs from CLL patient samples were treated with a single dose of 1 µM PPP and were immunoblotted for the expression of phosphorylated IGF1R and IRS-1 (n = 4).
|
| Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
|---|---|---|---|
| S6922New |
S961S961 is a biosynthetic insulin receptor antagonist that inhibits cellular proliferation and colony formation in breast tumour cells. |
| Catalog No. | Information | Product Use Citations | Product Validations |
|---|---|---|---|
| S6955New |
Insulin (human)Insulin (human) (Insulin regular) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates the level of glucose. Insulin is commonly used to treat hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Potency: 29 units/mg. |
||
| S7453 |
MSDC-0160MSDC-0160 (CAY10415) is a prototype mTOT-modulating insulin sensitizer being studied to treat diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Phase 2. |
