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Salinomycin (Procoxacin) Wnt/beta-catenin inhibitor

Name: Salinomycin (Procoxacin)
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S8129
Availability: InStock
Rating: 5 (22 reviews)

Cat.No.S8129

Salinomycin, traditionally used as an anti-coccidial drug, has recently been shown to possess anti-cancer and anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effects.

Chemical Structure

Molecular Weight: 751.00

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Quality Control

Batch: Purity: >97%

Cited in Nature Medicine for its top-tier quality
COA
Datasheet
SDS

Cited in Nature Medicine for its top-tier quality
COA
NMR
Datasheet
SDS

Cited in Nature Medicine for its top-tier quality
COA
Microanalysis

Why microanalysis?
Datasheet
SDS

Related Targets	JAK TGF-beta/Smad ERK GSK-3 ROCK Hedgehog/Smoothened PKA Secretase STAT Casein Kinase
Other Wnt/beta-catenin Inhibitors	IWR-1-endo PRI-724 (Foscenvivint) IWP-2 Tegatrabetan (BC-2059) Isoquercitrin ICG-001 SKL2001 BML-284 Hydrochloride (Wnt agonist 1, AMBMP) PNU-74654 FH535

Cell Culture, Treatment & Working Concentration

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
HL60 cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=0.29 μM	25644674
MV4-11 cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human MV4-11 cells after 72 hrs, IC50=0.33 μM	26163197
LoVo cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50=0.36 μM	25644674
VCaP cells	Proliferation assay			Antiproliferative activity against human VCaP cells, EC50=0.38 μM	23063400
LS180 cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human LS180 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50=0.61 μM	25644674
HT-29 cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50=1.03 μM	25644674
SW707 cells	Proliferation assay		72 h	Antiproliferative activity against human SW707 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50=1.73 μM	25644674
HL60/Vinc cells	Cytotoxicity assay		72 h	Cytotoxicity against vincristine-resistant human HL60/Vinc cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=3.44 μM	23079523
BALB/3T3 cells	Cytotoxicity assay		72 h	Cytotoxicity against mouse BALB/3T3 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50=28.08 μM	23079523
VCaP	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human VCaP cells, EC50 = 0.38 μM.	23063400
HL60	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.44 μM.	23079523
LoVo	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human LoVo cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 1.11 μM.	23079523
HL60/Vinc	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against vincristine-resistant human HL60/Vinc cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 3.44 μM.	23079523
LoVo/DX	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against doxorubicin-resistant human LoVo/DX cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 6.23 μM.	23079523
BALB/3T3	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against mouse BALB/3T3 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 28.08 μM.	23079523
LoVo/DX	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo/DX cells, IC50 = 1 μM.	24631190
HL60	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells, IC50 = 1.2 μM.	24631190
LoVo	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells, IC50 = 1.5 μM.	24631190
HL60/Vinc	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human HL60/Vinc cells, IC50 = 4.7 μM.	24631190
BALB/3T3	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity mouse BALB/3T3 cells, IC50 = 25.8 μM.	24631190
HL60	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.29 μM.	25644674
LoVo	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 0.36 μM.	25644674
LS180	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human LS180 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 0.61 μM.	25644674
LoVo/DX	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human doxorubicin-resistant LoVo/DX cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 0.76 μM.	25644674
HT-29	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 1.03 μM.	25644674
SW707	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human SW707 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 1.73 μM.	25644674
HL60/Vinc	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human vincristine-resistant HL60/Vinc cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 2.09 μM.	25644674
BALB/3T3	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against mouse BALB/3T3 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by SRB method, IC50 = 9.33 μM.	25644674
MV4-11	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human MV4-11 cells after 72 hrs, IC50 = 0.33 μM.	26163197
LoVo	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells after 72 hrs, IC50 = 0.53 μM.	26163197
LoVo/DX	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against doxorubicin-resistant human LoVo/DX cells after 72 hrs, IC50 = 0.59 μM.	26163197
BALB/3T3	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against mouse BALB/3T3 cells after 72 hrs, IC50 = 27.76 μM.	26163197
JIMT1	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human JIMT1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.52 μM.	27326340
MCF7	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.59 μM.	27326340
MCF7	Antiproliferative assay		48 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 2.98 μM.	27876192
MDA-MB-231	Antiproliferative assay		48 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 6.42 μM.	27876192
MIAPaCa2	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MIAPaCa2 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	28177244
DU145	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	28177244
BT474	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human BT474 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	28177244
MDA-MB-231	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	28177244
HT-29	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 1.43 μM.	28262526
HGC27	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HGC27 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 2.57 μM.	28262526
MDA-MB-231	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 6.53 μM.	28262526
OV2008	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human OV2008 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 3.2 μM.	28651817
OV2008	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human OV2008 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 4.78 μM.	28651817
OV2008	Cytotoxicity assay		24 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human OV2008 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 7.44 μM.	28651817
HT-29	Antiproliferative assay		48 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 1.43 μM.	28688275
HEK293	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.195 μM.	29466777
HEK293	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against doxycycline inducible T-Rex/K-Ras G12V HEK293 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.3295 μM.	29466777
HL60	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 0.58 μM.	29466777
SW480	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 3.77 μM.	29466777
4T1	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against mouse 4T1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 3.78 μM.	29466777
A549	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 3.98 μM.	29466777
HeLa	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 4.49 μM.	29466777
MCF7	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 9.08 μM.	29466777
SMMC7721	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 12.04 μM.	29466777
BEAS2B	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human BEAS2B cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTS assay, IC50 = 13.07 μM.	29466777
LoVo	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.44 μM.	30025346
LoVo/DX	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo/DX cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.69 μM.	30025346
SK-BR-3	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human SK-BR-3 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.89 μM.	30025346
JIMT1	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human JIMT1 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 1.3 μM.	30025346
MCF7	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 1.5 μM.	30025346
ALL5	Antiproliferative assay		120 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human ALL5 cells after 120 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 2.4 μM.	30025346
MCF10A	Antiproliferative assay		72 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay, IC50 = 46 μM.	30025346
HMLER	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against HMLER cells by MTT assay Breast cancer stem cell, IC50 = 0.1 μM.	30684870
HeLa	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.32 μM.	30684870
LoVo	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.44 μM.	30684870
JIMT1	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human JIMT1 cells, IC50 = 0.52 μM.	30684870
JIMT1	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human JIMT1 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.52 μM.	30684870
MCF7	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 0.59 μM.	30684870
LoVo/DX	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human LoVo/DX cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.69 μM.	30684870
SKBR3	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 0.89 μM.	30684870
HT-29	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 1.03 μM.	30684870
JIMT1	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human JIMT1 cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 1.3 μM.	30684870
MCF7	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 1.5 μM.	30684870
HGC27	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human HGC27 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 2.57 μM.	30684870
HT-29	Antiproliferative assay		48 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 3.21 μM.	30684870
4T1	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against mouse 4T1 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 3.78 μM.	30684870
A549	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 3.98 μM.	30684870
MDA-MB-231	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 6.42 μM.	30684870
MDA-MB-231	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 6.91 μM.	30684870
HGC27	Antiproliferative assay		48 hrs	Antiproliferative activity against human HGC27 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 8.18 μM.	30684870
Caco2	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human Caco2 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 12.99 μM.	30684870
U87	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human U87 cells by MTT assay, IC50 = 38.7 μM.	30684870
MCF10A	Antiproliferative assay			Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells by SRB assay, IC50 = 46 μM.	30684870
HepG2	Cytotoxicity assay		72 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay, IC50 = 24.5 μM.	30871771
HL60	Cytotoxicity assay		24 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based assay, GI50 = 6.63 μM.	30986574
HL-60	Function assay		24 hrs	Trypanocidal activity against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei infected in human HL-60 cells incubated for 24 hrs followed by compound wash out after 72 hrs, GI50 = 0.18 μM.	31103901
MDCK	Antiviral assay		3 days	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Hong Kong/7/1987(H3N2)) infected in MDCK cells after 3 days by MTT assay, EC50 = 0.4 μM.	31103901
Vero	Antiviral assay		24 hrs	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (viral titer) measured by plaque assay in Vero cells at MOI 0.0125 after 24 hr, IC50 = 0.24 μM.	ChEMBL
MIAPaCa2	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human MIAPaCa2 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay, CC50 = 6.5 μM.	ChEMBL
BT474	Cytotoxicity assay		48 hrs	Cytotoxicity against human BT474 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay, CC50 = 14 μM.	ChEMBL
BT474	Function assay	7.5 uM	3 days	Disruption of preformed spheroids in human BT474 cancer stem cells at 7.5 uM after 3 days by microscopic analysis	ChEMBL
DU145	Function assay	7.5 uM	3 days	Disruption of preformed spheroids in human DU145 cancer stem cells at 7.5 uM after 3 days by microscopic analysis	ChEMBL
Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Solubility

In vitro
Batch:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (133.15 mM)
(Moisture-contaminated DMSO may reduce solubility. Use fresh, anhydrous DMSO.)

Ethanol : 100 mg/mL

Water : Insoluble

Molarity Calculator

Mass	Concentration	Volume	Molecular Weight
Mass value Mass unit	Concentration value Concentration unit	Volume value Volume unit	Molecular weight (g/mol)

Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

In vivo batch selection In vivo Batch:
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	5.000mg/ml (6.66mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 100 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to clarify; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	2.500mg/ml (3.33mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 50 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to clarify; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 Corn oil Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	2.500mg/ml (3.33mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 50 mg/ml clear DMSO stock solution to 950 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage: mg/kg

Average weight of animals: g

Dosing volume per animal: μL

Number of animals:

Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO

% Tween 80

% ddH₂O

% DMSO

Calculation results:

Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such
as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Chemical Information, Storage & Stability

Molecular Weight	751.00	Formula	C₄₂H₇₀O₁₁	Storage (From the date of receipt)	3 years-20°Cpowder
CAS No.	53003-10-4	Download SDF		Storage of Stock Solutions	1 year-80°Cin solvent 1 month-20°Cin solvent
Synonyms	Procoxacin			Smiles	CCC(C1CCC(C(O1)C(C)C(C(C)C(=O)C(CC)C2C(CC(C3(O2)C=CC(C4(O3)CCC(O4)(C)C5CCC(C(O5)C)(CC)O)O)C)C)O)C)C(=O)O

Mechanism of Action

Targets/IC₅₀/Ki	Wnt/β-catenin
In vitro	Salinomycin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces albus, has been shown to kill CSCs in different types of human cancers, most likely by interfering with ABC(ATP-binding cassette) drug transporters, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and other CSC pathways. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus flavus, Sarcina lutea, Mycobacterium spp., some filamentous fungi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites responsible for the poultry disease coccidiosis. In addition, this compound has early been shown to act in different biological membranes, including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes, as a monovalent cation ionophore with strict selectivity for alkali ions and a strong preference for K+, thereby promoting mitochondrial and cytoplasmic K+ efflux and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Salinomycin can induce massive apoptosis in human cancer cells of different origin that display multiple mechanisms of drug and apoptosis resistance.
In vivo	Salinomycin (from Streptomyces albus) is able to effectively eliminate CSCs and to induce partial clinical regression of heavily pretreated and therapy-resistant cancers. It has also been demonstrated as a positive ionotropic and chronotropic agent that increased cardiac output, left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, coronary artery vasodilatation and blood flow, and plasma catecholamine concentration. These results have been obtained in experiments with mongrel dogs that has received a single intravenous injection of 150 μg/kg of this compound. However, It has been reported with a considerable toxicity of salinomycin in mammals, such as horses, pigs, cats, and alpacas after accidental oral or inhalative intake. Risk assessment data recently published by the European Food Safety Authority declare an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 μg/kg salinomycin for humans, because daily intake of more than 500 μg/kg salinomycin by dogs leads to neurotoxic effects, such as myelin loss and axonal degeneration. Intravenous administration of 200-250 μg/kg salinomycin every second day for three weeks results in partial regression of tumor metastasis and shows only minor acute and long-term side effects, but no severe acute and long-term side effects observed with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
References	[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23251084/ [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23028492/ [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23338561/

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