Androgen Receptor

ONC1-0013B inhibits AR activity in vitro. A. ONC1-0013B structure. B. LnCAP cells cultured (10% CSS) for 3 days, then treated with tested compounds in presence of 1nM DHT for 1 day. PSA expression plotted as percentage of vehicle control (DMSO; n=2, mean±SEM). Ki values: 20.0±5.5nM (ONC1-13B), 30.8±7.7nM (MDV3100), 38.4nM (ARN-509). Mean±SEM from 5 replicate experiments (except ARN-509). C. LnCAP cells cultured (10% CSS) for 3 days, then treated with tested compounds in presence of 1nM DHT for 5 days. Viable cells plotted as percentage of vehicle control (DMSO; n=2, mean±SEM). IC50 values: 30nM (ONC1-13B), 148nM (MDV3100), 240nM (ARN-509). D. Competitive-binding assay vs AR ligand Fluormone™ (PolarScreen™ Androgen Receptor Competitor Assay). IC50 values: 19nM (DHT), 7.9uM (ONC1-13B), 16.3uM (MDV3100).

HEC-1A cells were treated with pterostilbene (75 μM), megestrol acetate (75 μM) or the combination for 24 h. Whole cell lysates were collected and measured for the change of cell cycle and apoptosis pathways by Western blot. Results are representative of 3 or more preparations.

Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 was performed to determine cell proliferation in the tumors. Each tissue section was counted manually in three different areas to assess the Ki67-positive cell index. Data were then presented as number of Ki67-positive cells per x 400 microscope field. Results are presented as the means s.d. **P < 0.001 by Student 's t-test, compared with control.

C. Impact of CYP17A1 inhibitors on genes involved in androgen biosynthesis. H295R cells were treated with control (DMSO) or 1 μM orteronel and galeterone for 72 h and then RNA was isolated and transcribed to cDNA. Results of qRT-PCR validation of HSD3B2, CYP17A1 and AKR1C3 genes relative to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin A. Expression of the genes was analyzed by SYBR Green real-time PCR. Analysis of relative gene expression was determined by the 2−ΔΔCt method. *p < 0.05.

Active Stat5a/b increases nuclear levels of antiandrogen-liganded AR in PC-3 cells. PC-3 cells were infected with AdAR, AdPrlR and AdWTStat5a, serum-starved for 12 h, and pretreated with 1 nM DHT, 10 μM Bicalutamide (Bic), 10 μM Flutamide (Flu) or 10 μM MDV3100 (MDV) for 1 h before stimulation with 10 nM Prl for 30 min, where indicated. Immunostaining depicts DAPI, Stat5a/b, AR and merged imaging of Stat5a/b and AR.

(C) Effect of AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (0–5 nM) on androgen-induced ADTRP transactivation in HeLa cells. (D) Effect of AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (0–0.5 nM) on androgen-induced ADTRP transactivation in HeLa cells

(h and i) Triptolide inhibits transcription. After exposure to triptolide (1 μm), spironolactone (10 μm), actinomycin D (2 μm, transcription inhibitor used as a positive control) or DMSO for 6 h, the global RNA synthesis was evaluated by the measurement of 5-EU incorporation. The figure shows representative merged pictures of DAPI and 5-EU signal. The intensity of the signal was evaluated through fluorescence microscopy (h) and quantified with the CellProfiler Software. Triptolide but not spironolactone inhibits global transcription.

Growth suppression effect of different antiandrogens and Chk1 inhibitors on MDA-MB-453 and SUM185PE cells. The effects of a range of concentrations of three antiandrogens (enzalutamide, ENZA; darolutamide, ODM-201; and abiraterone acetate, AA) and two Chk1 inhibitors (GDC-0575 and AZD7762) were assessed by MTT. Histograms represent the respective IC50s (mean of n = 3–4 experiments; error bars show the 95% confidence interval).

ONC1-0013B inhibits AR activity in vitro. A. ONC1-0013B structure. B. LnCAP cells cultured (10% CSS) for 3 days, then treated with tested compounds in presence of 1nM DHT for 1 day. PSA expression plotted as percentage of vehicle control (DMSO; n=2, mean±SEM). Ki values: 20.0±5.5nM (ONC1-13B), 30.8±7.7nM (MDV3100), 38.4nM (ARN-509). Mean±SEM from 5 replicate experiments (except ARN-509). C. LnCAP cells cultured (10% CSS) for 3 days, then treated with tested compounds in presence of 1nM DHT for 5 days. Viable cells plotted as percentage of vehicle control (DMSO; n=2, mean±SEM). IC50 values: 30nM (ONC1-13B), 148nM (MDV3100), 240nM (ARN-509). D. Competitive-binding assay vs AR ligand Fluormone™ (PolarScreen™ Androgen Receptor Competitor Assay). IC50 values: 19nM (DHT), 7.9uM (ONC1-13B), 16.3uM (MDV3100).

HEC-1A cells were treated with pterostilbene (75 μM), megestrol acetate (75 μM) or the combination for 24 h. Whole cell lysates were collected and measured for the change of cell cycle and apoptosis pathways by Western blot. Results are representative of 3 or more preparations.

Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 was performed to determine cell proliferation in the tumors. Each tissue section was counted manually in three different areas to assess the Ki67-positive cell index. Data were then presented as number of Ki67-positive cells per x 400 microscope field. Results are presented as the means s.d. **P < 0.001 by Student 's t-test, compared with control.

C. Impact of CYP17A1 inhibitors on genes involved in androgen biosynthesis. H295R cells were treated with control (DMSO) or 1 μM orteronel and galeterone for 72 h and then RNA was isolated and transcribed to cDNA. Results of qRT-PCR validation of HSD3B2, CYP17A1 and AKR1C3 genes relative to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin A. Expression of the genes was analyzed by SYBR Green real-time PCR. Analysis of relative gene expression was determined by the 2−ΔΔCt method. *p < 0.05.

Active Stat5a/b increases nuclear levels of antiandrogen-liganded AR in PC-3 cells. PC-3 cells were infected with AdAR, AdPrlR and AdWTStat5a, serum-starved for 12 h, and pretreated with 1 nM DHT, 10 μM Bicalutamide (Bic), 10 μM Flutamide (Flu) or 10 μM MDV3100 (MDV) for 1 h before stimulation with 10 nM Prl for 30 min, where indicated. Immunostaining depicts DAPI, Stat5a/b, AR and merged imaging of Stat5a/b and AR.

(C) Effect of AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (0–5 nM) on androgen-induced ADTRP transactivation in HeLa cells. (D) Effect of AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (0–0.5 nM) on androgen-induced ADTRP transactivation in HeLa cells

(h and i) Triptolide inhibits transcription. After exposure to triptolide (1 μm), spironolactone (10 μm), actinomycin D (2 μm, transcription inhibitor used as a positive control) or DMSO for 6 h, the global RNA synthesis was evaluated by the measurement of 5-EU incorporation. The figure shows representative merged pictures of DAPI and 5-EU signal. The intensity of the signal was evaluated through fluorescence microscopy (h) and quantified with the CellProfiler Software. Triptolide but not spironolactone inhibits global transcription.

Growth suppression effect of different antiandrogens and Chk1 inhibitors on MDA-MB-453 and SUM185PE cells. The effects of a range of concentrations of three antiandrogens (enzalutamide, ENZA; darolutamide, ODM-201; and abiraterone acetate, AA) and two Chk1 inhibitors (GDC-0575 and AZD7762) were assessed by MTT. Histograms represent the respective IC50s (mean of n = 3–4 experiments; error bars show the 95% confidence interval).