ALK

(c) Western blot analyses of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-S6RP (Ser235 and Ser236) in two RCT-E565 transplanted tumors treated with vehicle or PF02341066. Samples were isolated 4 h after the last dose from mice treated with PF02341066 for 3 d. (d) Responses of RCT-E565 transplanted tumors in athymic mice to PF02341066 or vehicle. Data are means ±s.e.m. (each group, n = 6). *P < 0.005, **P < 0.001 (Student^,s t test).

(A) H3122 xenografts harboring the EML4-ALK translocation were treated with control vehicle or the ALK inhibitor, TAE-684, for 2 days; the tumors were excised and lysates were prepared. The TIMM results for the control and treated animals are shown. (B) H3122 cells were treated in the presence or absence of TAE-684 (100 nM) for 6 hours in the presence or absence of the indicated ligands [EGF (50 ng/mL), IGF1 (50 ng/mL), and HGF (50 ng/mL)]. Extracts were probed with the indicated antibodies.

LDN induces signifiant cell death. OVCA429 cells were treated with vehicle (DMSO) or experimental drugs for 6 hr to capture different stages of cell death. OVCA429 cell viability was assessed in response to drug treatment for 6 hr by staining with AO (green) and EB (orange). For clarity the different fluorescent channels to detect AO, EB, and the over-lapping images are shown for 10 mM LDN treatment.

LS 174T and SW480 cells were treated with SB525334 (1 umol/L) for 12 hours. HMGA2 expression was assessed by immunoblotting. Each experiment was repeated 3 times. Bars, SD; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

Sensitivity of the H3122 cell line to ALK inhibitors (crizotinib and alectinib). To examine the sensitivity of ALK inhibitors, used an MTT assay. The experiment was performed in triplicate. (A) Growth inhibitory effect of crizotinib. The H3122 cell line was sensitive to crizotinib under a normoxic state, compared with a hypoxic state. The graphs, mean of independent triplicate experiments; error bars, SD. (B) IC50 of ALK inhibitors. The IC50 values of both inhibitors in the H3122 cell lines were significantly higher under hypoxia than under normoxia (crizotinib, *P=0.028 and alectinib, *P=0.0035). *P<0.05.

Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.

Several ALK inhibitors effectively inhibit the growth of CD74–ROS1–addicted Ba/F3 cells. A, Ba/F3 cells expressing CD74–ROS1 (clone #6) were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with the indicated concentration of crizotinib, ceritinib, AP26113, ASP3026, or alectinib for 72 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using the CellTiter-Glo Assay. B, IC50 values (nmol/L) of Ba/F3 cell lines expressing CD74–ROS1 (clone #6) against various ALK inhibitors are shown. Average IC50 values against crizotinib, ceritinib, or AP26113 were calculated from the three independent experiments. IC50 values against ASP3026 and alectinib were calculated from the single experiment. C, inhibition of phospho-ROS1 by various ALK inhibitors in Ba/F3 models. CD74–ROS1–expressing Ba/F3 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of crizotinib, ceritinib, AP26113, ASP3026, or alectinib for 3 hours. Cell lysates were immunoblotted to detect the indicated proteins.

GSK1838705A suppresses glioma tumor growth and induces apoptosis in vivo. (A) Following inoculation of U87MG cells, formulated vehicle control or GSK1838705A (4 and 8 mg/kg) was injected into the corresponding group of nude mice (n=6/group) once daily. The tumors were measured every other day for 11 days and the tumor volumes were calculated. Starting on day 7, the differences between the treatment groups (4 and 8 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group were significant (P<0.05). (B) Body weights of the mice during the course of treatment were measured as an indication of significant cytotoxic effects. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences are observed between any two of the groups during the course of treatment. (C) At the end of treatment, the tumors were harvested. GSK1838705A (8 mg/kg) induced the apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo, determined using a TUNEL assay (green) and nuclear staining with Hoechst (blue). Representative images are shown (magnification, ×40). TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.

(D): Fluorescence micrographs of SOX2/FOXA2 double-staining of the conditions mentioned above. The TGF-b inhibitor SB-505124 (1 mM) was additionally used together with the complete medium. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Original magnification 310 or 340. Abbreviations: DAPI, 40,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; RA, retinoic acid.

(C) Generation of pluripotent stem cell from Yamanaka factors-induced OG2-MEFs under treatment of diverse chemical compounds. Images of GFP+ colonies were taken on day 10 post-infection. VPA, 0.5 mmol/L. CHIR99021, 3 μmol/L. Repsox, 1 μmol/L. (D) Quantification of GFP+ colonies in (C). All figures are representative of three independent experiments (n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. DMSO

(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44).

A549 cells were transfected with miR-205 inhibitor (IHT-205, 100 nM). Forty hours after transfection, the cells were seeded on transwell plates and treated with or without inhibitor K02288 (10 nM), AG1478 (1 µM), SB431542 (10 µM) for 10 hours. Migrated cells were quantified. All data are shown as mean± SD. N =3. All experiments have been repeated at least 3times independently.

Tumor cells were treated with entrectinib (10 nmol/L) for 4 hours or c-PARP for 48 hours, and harvested lysates were assessed by Western blotting. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments with similar results.

Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.

Representative immunofluorescent images of HuL6 cells treated with EW-7197, TGF-β1, both, or neither for 72 h. Scale bars, 20 μm.

Sub-G1 and cell cycle phase distribution of NBLW and NBLW-R cells treated for 24 hours with DMSO, 1× or 10× the respective GI 50 concentrations of PF-06463922.

FGF21 activates myogenic and aerobic myofiber-associated genes expression via AMPK pathway. The activator (acadesine) or inhibitor (dorsomorphin) of AMPK pathway were used to treat the pcDNA3.1-21 or control transfected C2C12 myoblasts. For this experiment, four groups were set up: FGF21-ACA (pcDNA3.1-21‡acadesine), Control-ACA (control‡acadesine), FGF21-DOR (pcDNA3.1-21‡dorsomorphin), and Control-DOR(control‡dorsomorphin). The qRT-PCR was performed to detect the genes expression of FGF21 (A), AMPK (B), Sirt 1, Myoglobin(C), Desmin (D), MEF2c (E), a-actin (F). (G) The C2C12 myoblasts were transiently transfected with pCDNA3.1-21 or pCDNA3.1, Western blot showed FGF21 activated AMPK signal via FGF21-Sirt1-AMPK. For the phosphorylated AMPK (right), the intensity of band was normalized total AMPK, and then normalized by control. (H and I) FGF21, as well as AMPK activator acadesine (ACA), increased phosphorylation of AMPM, and myogenic genes expression, especially MyHC I, which was activated by ACA (FGF21‡ACA) and suppressed by AMPK inhibitor DOR(FGF21‡DOR). The data are presented as mean±SD (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, and P<0.001), n=ˆ3.

(c) Western blot analyses of p-Akt (Ser473) and p-S6RP (Ser235 and Ser236) in two RCT-E565 transplanted tumors treated with vehicle or PF02341066. Samples were isolated 4 h after the last dose from mice treated with PF02341066 for 3 d. (d) Responses of RCT-E565 transplanted tumors in athymic mice to PF02341066 or vehicle. Data are means ±s.e.m. (each group, n = 6). *P < 0.005, **P < 0.001 (Student^,s t test).

(A) H3122 xenografts harboring the EML4-ALK translocation were treated with control vehicle or the ALK inhibitor, TAE-684, for 2 days; the tumors were excised and lysates were prepared. The TIMM results for the control and treated animals are shown. (B) H3122 cells were treated in the presence or absence of TAE-684 (100 nM) for 6 hours in the presence or absence of the indicated ligands [EGF (50 ng/mL), IGF1 (50 ng/mL), and HGF (50 ng/mL)]. Extracts were probed with the indicated antibodies.

LDN induces signifiant cell death. OVCA429 cells were treated with vehicle (DMSO) or experimental drugs for 6 hr to capture different stages of cell death. OVCA429 cell viability was assessed in response to drug treatment for 6 hr by staining with AO (green) and EB (orange). For clarity the different fluorescent channels to detect AO, EB, and the over-lapping images are shown for 10 mM LDN treatment.

LS 174T and SW480 cells were treated with SB525334 (1 umol/L) for 12 hours. HMGA2 expression was assessed by immunoblotting. Each experiment was repeated 3 times. Bars, SD; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.

Sensitivity of the H3122 cell line to ALK inhibitors (crizotinib and alectinib). To examine the sensitivity of ALK inhibitors, used an MTT assay. The experiment was performed in triplicate. (A) Growth inhibitory effect of crizotinib. The H3122 cell line was sensitive to crizotinib under a normoxic state, compared with a hypoxic state. The graphs, mean of independent triplicate experiments; error bars, SD. (B) IC50 of ALK inhibitors. The IC50 values of both inhibitors in the H3122 cell lines were significantly higher under hypoxia than under normoxia (crizotinib, *P=0.028 and alectinib, *P=0.0035). *P<0.05.

Quantitation of crystal violet uptake by ORF-expressing cells exposed to crizotinib (CRZ) or ceritinib (CER) normalized to Lac Z. Mean and SE are shown for six (CRZ) or four (CER) independent experiments of three replicates each.

Several ALK inhibitors effectively inhibit the growth of CD74–ROS1–addicted Ba/F3 cells. A, Ba/F3 cells expressing CD74–ROS1 (clone #6) were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with the indicated concentration of crizotinib, ceritinib, AP26113, ASP3026, or alectinib for 72 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using the CellTiter-Glo Assay. B, IC50 values (nmol/L) of Ba/F3 cell lines expressing CD74–ROS1 (clone #6) against various ALK inhibitors are shown. Average IC50 values against crizotinib, ceritinib, or AP26113 were calculated from the three independent experiments. IC50 values against ASP3026 and alectinib were calculated from the single experiment. C, inhibition of phospho-ROS1 by various ALK inhibitors in Ba/F3 models. CD74–ROS1–expressing Ba/F3 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of crizotinib, ceritinib, AP26113, ASP3026, or alectinib for 3 hours. Cell lysates were immunoblotted to detect the indicated proteins.

GSK1838705A suppresses glioma tumor growth and induces apoptosis in vivo. (A) Following inoculation of U87MG cells, formulated vehicle control or GSK1838705A (4 and 8 mg/kg) was injected into the corresponding group of nude mice (n=6/group) once daily. The tumors were measured every other day for 11 days and the tumor volumes were calculated. Starting on day 7, the differences between the treatment groups (4 and 8 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group were significant (P<0.05). (B) Body weights of the mice during the course of treatment were measured as an indication of significant cytotoxic effects. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences are observed between any two of the groups during the course of treatment. (C) At the end of treatment, the tumors were harvested. GSK1838705A (8 mg/kg) induced the apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo, determined using a TUNEL assay (green) and nuclear staining with Hoechst (blue). Representative images are shown (magnification, ×40). TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.

(D): Fluorescence micrographs of SOX2/FOXA2 double-staining of the conditions mentioned above. The TGF-b inhibitor SB-505124 (1 mM) was additionally used together with the complete medium. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Original magnification 310 or 340. Abbreviations: DAPI, 40,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; RA, retinoic acid.

(C) Generation of pluripotent stem cell from Yamanaka factors-induced OG2-MEFs under treatment of diverse chemical compounds. Images of GFP+ colonies were taken on day 10 post-infection. VPA, 0.5 mmol/L. CHIR99021, 3 μmol/L. Repsox, 1 μmol/L. (D) Quantification of GFP+ colonies in (C). All figures are representative of three independent experiments (n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. DMSO

(E) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of A4573 and TC32 cells following exposure to media only (Control, C); ST/V and V/ST with (+) or without (-) 20 nM AZD3463 using antibodies against ALK, IGF-1R, STAT3 (Y705), p-STAT3, AKT, p-AKT (S473), MAPK, p-MAPK (p42/44).

A549 cells were transfected with miR-205 inhibitor (IHT-205, 100 nM). Forty hours after transfection, the cells were seeded on transwell plates and treated with or without inhibitor K02288 (10 nM), AG1478 (1 µM), SB431542 (10 µM) for 10 hours. Migrated cells were quantified. All data are shown as mean± SD. N =3. All experiments have been repeated at least 3times independently.

Tumor cells were treated with entrectinib (10 nmol/L) for 4 hours or c-PARP for 48 hours, and harvested lysates were assessed by Western blotting. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments with similar results.

Immunoblotting analysis of H3122 and H3122-CER cells showing that brigatinib did not inhibit EGFR phosphorylation (p-EGFR). Total EGFR (t-EGFR) is also shown. Actin was used as a loading control. The cells were treated with brigatinib for 2 hours.

Representative immunofluorescent images of HuL6 cells treated with EW-7197, TGF-β1, both, or neither for 72 h. Scale bars, 20 μm.

Sub-G1 and cell cycle phase distribution of NBLW and NBLW-R cells treated for 24 hours with DMSO, 1× or 10× the respective GI 50 concentrations of PF-06463922.

FGF21 activates myogenic and aerobic myofiber-associated genes expression via AMPK pathway. The activator (acadesine) or inhibitor (dorsomorphin) of AMPK pathway were used to treat the pcDNA3.1-21 or control transfected C2C12 myoblasts. For this experiment, four groups were set up: FGF21-ACA (pcDNA3.1-21‡acadesine), Control-ACA (control‡acadesine), FGF21-DOR (pcDNA3.1-21‡dorsomorphin), and Control-DOR(control‡dorsomorphin). The qRT-PCR was performed to detect the genes expression of FGF21 (A), AMPK (B), Sirt 1, Myoglobin(C), Desmin (D), MEF2c (E), a-actin (F). (G) The C2C12 myoblasts were transiently transfected with pCDNA3.1-21 or pCDNA3.1, Western blot showed FGF21 activated AMPK signal via FGF21-Sirt1-AMPK. For the phosphorylated AMPK (right), the intensity of band was normalized total AMPK, and then normalized by control. (H and I) FGF21, as well as AMPK activator acadesine (ACA), increased phosphorylation of AMPM, and myogenic genes expression, especially MyHC I, which was activated by ACA (FGF21‡ACA) and suppressed by AMPK inhibitor DOR(FGF21‡DOR). The data are presented as mean±SD (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, and P<0.001), n=ˆ3.