Piperlongumine

Name: Piperlongumine
Brand: Selleck Chemicals
SKU: S7551
Rating: 5 (18 reviews)

For research use only.

Catalog No.S7551 Synonyms: PPLGM, Piplartine

18 publications

CAS No. 20069-09-4

Piperlongumine (PPLGM, Piplartine), a natural alkaloid from Piper longum L., increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selectively kills cancer cells. It is a direct TrxR1 inhibitor with suppressive activity against gastric cancer and a novel inhibitor of CRM1; also an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt/mTOR in human breast cancer cells.

Selleck's Piperlongumine has been cited by 18 publications

Cancer Cell, 2019, 36(2):179-193

PubMed: 31378681 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell, 2019, 36(2):179-193

PubMed: 28162770 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cancer Cell, 2018, 33(5):890-904.e5

PubMed: 29657129 ( click the link to review the publication )

SLAS Discov, 2021, 24725552211020678

PubMed: 34151632 ( click the link to review the publication )

Toxicol In Vitro, 2020, 65:104775

PubMed: 31987842 ( click the link to review the publication )

Onco Targets Ther, 2020, 13:5591-5603

PubMed: 32606774 ( click the link to review the publication )

Protein Sci, 2020, 29(6):1366-1372

PubMed: 31495993 ( click the link to review the publication )

Adv Sci (Weinh), 2020, 7(13):2000112

PubMed: 32670759 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Rep, 2019, 28(2):512-525.e6

PubMed: 31291585 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Death Dis, 2019, 10(8):600

PubMed: 31395855 ( click the link to review the publication )

Biochem Pharmacol, 2019, 163:101-110

PubMed: 30753811 ( click the link to review the publication )

Int J Biol Sci, 2019, 15(4):826-837

PubMed: 30906213 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10:1180

PubMed: 31680962 ( click the link to review the publication )

Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10:1178

PubMed: 31680961 ( click the link to review the publication )

J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447

PubMed: 30900754 ( click the link to review the publication )

Cell Oncol (Dordr), 2019, 10.1007/s13402-019-00471-x

PubMed: 31493144 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncotarget, 2016, 7(26):40531-40545

PubMed: 27244895 ( click the link to review the publication )

Oncotarget, 2016, 10.18632/oncotarget.10921

PubMed: 27486766 ( click the link to review the publication )

2 Customer Reviews

a. Cell growth of ARID1A-wildtype RMG1 cells transfected with ARID1A and non-target siRNA for 24 h and treated with piperlongumine for 72 h. b. Apoptosis of RMG1 cells after transfection and treatment as described in a as measured using annexin-V and PI staining. c. Cell growth of RMG1 cells transfected and treated with 5 μM of piperlongumine as described in a, but in the presence or absence of the antioxidant NAC. Cell growth was measured using the WST-1 assay and quantified relative to DMSO treated non-target control. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Oncotarget, 2016, 7(35):56933-56943. Piperlongumine purchased from Selleck.
MPC cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of PL at 21% and 1% O2 for 24 hours. Total cell lysates were subjected to Western blot with antibodies against cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, and caspase 3. β-tubulin was used as a loading control. A representative image (n=3) is shown.

Oncotarget, 2016, 7(26):40531-40545. Piperlongumine purchased from Selleck.

Purity & Quality Control

Choose Selective ROS Inhibitors

Biological Activity

Description

Targets

reactive oxygen species (ROS) ^[1]

TrxR1 ^[5]

CRM1 ^[6]

PI3K/Akt/mTOR ^[7]

In vitro

Piperlongumine is a known ROS inducer which could induce pancreatic cancer cell death in cell culture^[1] As a thromboxane A(2) receptor antagonist, Piperlongumine inhibits platelet aggregation. ^[2] Piperlongumine also promotes autophagy via inhibition of Akt/mTOR signalling and mediates cancer cell death. ^[3]

Cell Data

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
ZR75-30	M3zZN2N6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		M3zyfFczKGi{cx?=	NWr5c4x1S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hYlJ5NT2zNEBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTVwOEdOwG0>	NVzVbVhHRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkS5N\|cyQDZpPkK0PVM4OTh4PD;hQi=>
HCT116	NU\oeW1qS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		M4P3R\|czKGi{cx?=	NVHwT5pGS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hUEOWMUG2JINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:Pi5yNN88US=>	M3\YNFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUO3NVg3Lz5{NEmzO\|E5PjxxYU6=
MDA-MB-231	MlnJR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NIe5T3Q4OiCqcoO=	MUHDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDNSGEuVUJvMkOxJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:QC52Nt88US=>	MnzLQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjR7M{exPFYoRjJ2OUO3NVg3RC:jPh?=
A549	NV;sTINrS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		Mn7UO\|IhcHK\|	M4XkemN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGi3bXHuJGE2PDliY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2yNk45Pc7:TR?=	NE\He\|g9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NEmzO\|E5Pid-MkS5N\|cyQDZ:L3G+
WI38	M4\pNmN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		M2i1OFczKGi{cx?=	MUXDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDXTVM5KGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;Mk[uO\|jPxE1?	M3v5elxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUO3NVg3Lz5{NEmzO\|E5PjxxYU6=
MRC5	NVq1e2xFS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		NFW2eo84OiCqcoO=	NHzoZ\|JEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBOWkN3IHPlcIx{KGGodHXyJFczKGi{czDifUBOXFRiYYPzZZktKEmFNUC9N\|UvODUQvF2=	M1rLNFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ2OUO3NVg3Lz5{NEmzO\|E5PjxxYU6=
PANC1	MX7DfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		M1nFW\|I1KGi{cx?=	M1LmWWN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGi3bXHuJHBCVkNzIHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBk\WyuII\pZYJqdGm2eTDh[pRmeiB{NDDodpMh[nliTWTUJJJm\HWldHnvckBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1\|LkNOwG0>	MWO8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTNyNUexPEc,OjV\|MEW3NVg9N2F-
HaCaT	NXq4TIR5S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		MlPONlQhcHK\|	MoOzR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGGpYXnud5QhcHWvYX6gTIFE[VRiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNicnXkeYN1cW:wIHnuJINmdGxidnnhZoltcXS7IHHmeIVzKDJ2IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgdoVlfWO2aX;uJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTF4zszN	MlXFQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV\|MEW3NVgoRjJ3M{C1O\|E5RC:jPh?=
RAW264.7	NWDRUIRtSW62aXnu[oxidW2jdH;yfUBie3OjeR?=			NYLVU3drSW62aXnu[oxidW2jdH;yfUBi[3Srdnn0fUBqdiCvb4Xz[UBTSVd{NkSuO{Bk\WyuczDhd5Nme3OnZDDhd{BqdmirYnn0bY9vKG:oIFzQV{1qdmS3Y3XkJG5QKHC{b3T1Z5Rqd25uIFnDOVA:O87:TR?=	Mny0QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV2NUO4NFkoRjJ3NEWzPFA6RC:jPh?=
MA9.3	MkLxR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		NGCyWG41QCCqcoO=	NYrybI93S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hVUF7LkOgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPDhiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0z\|ryP	NFH3fGQ9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUS2OFg5Pyd-MkW0OlQ5QDd:L3G+
SK-MEL-2	NV;FW2IzSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M3[0TlczKGi{cx?=	NGDwSJpCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIGPLMW1GVC1{IHPlcIx{KGGodHXyJFczKGi{czDifUBOXFRiYYPzZZktKEWFNUC9OE4{Qc7:TR?=	MWG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTh{NkO5PEc,OjV6Mk[zPVg9N2F-
HaCaT	M1m0bGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NGXDd3U4OiCqcoO=	NEH6UmdCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIFjhR4FVKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGVEPTB;ND60Ou69VQ>?	M1Gwd\|xiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3OEK2N\|k5Lz5{NUiyOlM6QDxxYU6=
A375	M1zycGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		Mlr1O\|IhcHK\|	NVPpR\|d5SW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDBN\|c2KGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGVEPTB;Nj6xO:69VQ>?	NEXUWlk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUiyOlM6QCd-MkW4NlY{QTh:L3G+
HCT116	M{[4bGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NWnXOlVuPzJiaILz	MVvBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiFVEGxOkBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDFR\|UxRTFzLkZOwG0>	NYLFSmI5RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW4NlY{QThpPkK1PFI3Ozl6PD;hQi=>
A549	MYrBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?		NFm4Ook4OiCqcoO=	M1uzUGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQUW0PUBk\WyuczDh[pRmeiB5MjDodpMh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDFR\|UxRTF{LkNOwG0>	NVjGdYpFRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMkW4NlY{QThpPkK1PFI3Ozl6PD;hQi=>
HFF1	MmPTRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MmDtO\|IhcHK\|	Mo[yRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDISmYyKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGVEPTB;MUOuNe69VQ>?	MUO8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPTh{NkO5PEc,OjV6Mk[zPVg9N2F-
MCF10A	NEnhV4FCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		MlXFO\|IhcHK\|	M3HzVmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iTVPGNVBCKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGVEPTB;MUiuNe69VQ>?	NGC3NZY9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUiyOlM6QCd-MkW4NlY{QTh:L3G+
A549	MonrSpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		Mo\FN{BpenN?	MoH0TY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKFKRUzDwdo9lfWO2aX;uJIlvKGi3bXHuJGE2PDliY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgN{BpenNiYomgSGhGKHO2YXnubY5oNWKjc3XkJIZtfW:{ZYPj[Y5k\SCjc4PhfS=>	M{O0OFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3OEK2N\|k5Lz5{NUiyOlM6QDxxYU6=
A549	Ml;5SpVv[3Srb36gZZN{[Xl?		Ml\tN{BpenN?	MnHLTY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKFKRUzDwdo9lfWO2aX;uJIlvKGi3bXHuJGE2PDliY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgN{BpenNiYomgRXBHKHO2YXnubY5oNWKjc3XkJIZtfW:{ZYPj[Y5k\SCjc4PhfS=>	MkT6QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjV6Mk[zPVgoRjJ3OEK2N\|k5RC:jPh?=
A549	MVXGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	M1uySVExKHWP	NELEOGI1KGi{cx?=	NUixPYhvWmWmdXP0bY9vKGmwIITveIFtKEeVSDDs[ZZmdCCrbjDoeY1idiCDNUS5JINmdGy\|IHH0JFExKHWPIHHmeIVzKDRiaILzJIJ6KGy3bXnu[ZNk\W6lZTDhd5NigQ>?	NH\aU2M9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NUiyOlM6QCd-MkW4NlY{QTh:L3G+
A549	NGrKSZpHfW6ldHnvckBie3OjeR?=	M2DMbFExKHWP	Ml:2OEBpenN?	M2Xy[XJm\HWldHnvckBqdiC{ZXT1Z4VlKEeVSDDs[ZZmdCCrbjDoeY1idiCDNUS5JINmdGy\|IHH0JFExKHWPIHHmeIVzKDRiaILzJIJ6KGy3bXnu[ZNk\W6lZTDhd5NigQ>?	M174WlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ3OEK2N\|k5Lz5{NUiyOlM6QDxxYU6=
HT1080	MlnaR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		MkH5O\|IhcHK\|	MVjDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDIWFExQDBiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiY3XscEB3cWGkaXzpeJkh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JJJme2G8dYLpckBz\WS3Y4Tpc44h[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;Mz60N:69VQ>?	NHTjTFc9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkW5PVU{OCd-Mk[1PVk2OzB:L3G+
GBM10	Mo[wR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		Mne4O\|IhcHK\|	M3TISmN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGi3bXHuJGdDVTFyIHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHPlcIwhfmmjYnnsbZR6KGGodHXyJFczKGi{czDifUBz\XOjeoXybY4hemWmdXP0bY9vKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUOuPFHPxE1?	MX[8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPjV7OUWzNEc,OjZ3OUm1N\|A9N2F-
SF188	MWXDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		NY\SOoszPzJiaILz	NHzJNIZEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBUTjF6ODDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhemW\|YYr1dolvKHKnZIXjeIlwdiCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2zMlnPxE1?	M2\s[VxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4NUm5OVMxLz5{NkW5PVU{ODxxYU6=
SKBR3	MUjDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[XO\|YYm=		NWW4UWM5PzJiaILz	MkmxR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGGpYXnud5QhcHWvYX6gV2tDWjNiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiY3XscEB3cWGkaXzpeJkh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JJJme2G8dYLpckBz\WS3Y4Tpc44h[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;ND6wOO69VQ>?	M4LZNlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ4NUm5OVMxLz5{NkW5PVU{ODxxYU6=
T98G	NYn1TZg2S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		NVLEOYtLPzJiaILz	M2X0eGN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjZ3HpcpN1KGi3bXHuJHQ6QEdiY3XscJMh[XO\|ZYPz[YQh[XNiY3XscEB3cWGkaXzpeJkh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JJJme2G8dYLpckBz\WS3Y4Tpc44h[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;ND65Nu69VQ>?	NXu0dohQRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[1PVk2OzBpPkK2OVk6PTNyPD;hQi=>
HT-29	MlX4R5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		M4PYfVczKGi{cx?=	MX;DfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDIWE0zQSClZXzsd{Bie3Onc4Pl[EBieyClZXzsJJZq[WKrbHn0fUBi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiYomgdoV{[Xq3cnnuJJJm\HWldHnvckBie3OjeTygTWM2OD13LkS5{txO	NUTCRZQ6RGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMk[1PVk2OzBpPkK2OVk6PTNyPD;hQi=>
MCF7	NHnle3BEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYYPzZZk>		MWK3NkBpenN?	NUjHZ5Z7S3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHnZYlve3RiaIXtZY4hVUOINzDj[YxteyCjc4Pld5Nm\CCjczDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhemW\|YYr1dolvKHKnZIXjeIlwdiCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME22MlE1\|ryP	NGPD[5o9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkW5PVU{OCd-Mk[1PVk2OzB:L3G+
A549	M1L4fGN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		MXW3NkBpenN?	NIftd3REgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBCPTR7IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHPlcIwhfmmjYnnsbZR6KGGodHXyJFczKGi{czDifUBz\XOjeoXybY4hemWmdXP0bY9vKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPU[uOVTPxE1?	NFTweoI9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{NkW5PVU{OCd-Mk[1PVk2OzB:L3G+
MV4-11	NEfPVHhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		NUTEWWxyPzJiaILz	M1T2dGFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iTW[0MVEyKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCrbjDwdoV{\W6lZTDv[kBUSUiDIHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2wMlI5QTIQvF2=	MnXlQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
CMK	NHnq[FhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		NXntVFlHPzJiaILz	MUTBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IFHyZU1EKHKnc3nzeIFvfCCqdX3hckBEVUtiY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHnuJJBz\XOnbnPlJI9nKFODSFGgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVAvPDJzON88US=>	MmjsQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
CMY	MnnzRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		Mn;IO\|IhcHK\|	M3jNXmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQ13ZJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BqdiCycnXz[Y5k\SCxZjDTRWhCKGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLkS0NlTPxE1?	MUi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
HL60	NUW2fotWSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NHvxPHc4OiCqcoO=	MXPBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEiONkCgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIlvKHC{ZYPlcoNmKG:oIGPBTGEh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTBwNUK5Nu69VQ>?	MXK8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
CMK	MnTnRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		NGjvVnU4OiCqcoO=	NWTNNpVySW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDDUWsh[2WubIOgZYZ1\XJiN{KgbJJ{KGmwIIDy[ZNmdmOnIH;mJHNCUEFiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUCuOlEzP87:TR?=	NF;mRWw9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{WwOVg1QCd-Mke1NFU5PDh:L3G+
U937	MoX3RY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		MVW3NkBpenN?	Mk\lRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDwOVMhdnWubDDoeY1idiCXOUO3JINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BqdiCycnXz[Y5k\SCxZjDTRWhCKGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1yLke2O:69VQ>?	M3nMelxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ5NUC1PFQ5Lz5{N{WwOVg1QDxxYU6=
MOLM13	NV3Od\|c3SW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NInWd5c4OiCqcoO=	MnHVRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCPT1zNNVMh[2WubIOgbIFz[m:{aX7nJJdqdGRidInw[UBxPTNxRlzUN{1KXERibYX0ZY51KGGodHXyJFczKGi{czDpckBxemW\|ZX7j[UBw\iCVQVjBJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0xNjl\|NEZOwG0>	MlPrQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
CMS	NV;iRWRySW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		M1rRb\|czKGi{cx?=	M2LlTmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQ13TJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BqdiCycnXz[Y5k\SCxZjDTRWhCKGK7IF3UWEBie3OjeTygTWM2OD1zLkCzO:69VQ>?	NHrzR5k9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{WwOVg1QCd-Mke1NFU5PDh:L3G+
OCI-AML3	NWC1[5p6SW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		NXG0NpVWPzJiaILz	Mn3VRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZYN1cX[rdImgZYdicW6\|dDDoeY1idiCRQ1mtRW1NOyClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiaX6gdJJme2WwY3Wgc4YhW0GKQTDifUBOXFRiYYPzZZktKEmFNUC9NU4yODoQvF2=	MYG8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
HL60	MYfBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?		NFfISow4OiCqcoO=	M1fNSmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgRZJiNUNicnXzbZN1[W62IHj1cYFvKEiONkCgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIlvKHC{ZYPlcoNmKG:oIGPBTGEh[nliTWTUJIF{e2G7LDDJR\|UxRTFwMUK4{txO	M1TxNFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ5NUC1PFQ5Lz5{N{WwOVg1QDxxYU6=
MV4-11	NVLEZoJSSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		MWm3NkBpenN?	NEm2XYRCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JIh2dWGwIF3WOE0yOSClZXzsd{Bi\nSncjC3NkBpenNiYomgUXRVKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUGuOFM6\|ryP	MojWQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
CMY	NHPlO3ZCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		M2G5TFczKGi{cx?=	M3XFZ2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQ13ZJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:OS54Mt88US=>	NUW4[HRCRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMke1NFU5PDhpPkK3OVA2QDR6PD;hQi=>
HL60	M4rGNmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		M4rXPFczKGi{cx?=	NXT0VYtuSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDIUFYxKGOnbHzzJIFnfGW{IEeyJIhzeyCkeTDNWHQh[XO\|YYmsJGlEPTB;MT63O\|jPxE1?	M2jXVFxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ5NUC1PFQ5Lz5{N{WwOVg1QDxxYU6=
MOLM13	NGfSZ\|ZCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		MkLjO\|IhcHK\|	M3zrfmFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iTV;MUVE{KGOnbHzzJIhiemKxcnnu[{B4cWymIIT5dIUheDV\|L1\MWFMuUVSGIH31eIFvfCCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVEvQDN6zszN	NULWSINtRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMke1NFU5PDhpPkK3OVA2QDR6PD;hQi=>
OCI-AML3	NIfiWHhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		M17qV\|czKGi{cx?=	NV7TPIdOSW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[WO2aY\peJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDPR2kuSU2OMzDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVEvQDZ6zszN	MVe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
CMK	NEf3fYhCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		NInOZ4w4OiCqcoO=	MWnBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IFHyZU1EKHKnc3nzeIFvfCCqdX3hckBEVUtiY3XscJMh[W[2ZYKgO\|IhcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhUUN3ME2xMlkyOc7:TR?=	MVi8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
U937	M3vVemFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		NGfNS\|Q4OiCqcoO=	MYTBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IIC1N{BvfWyuIHj1cYFvKFV7M{egZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhPzJiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF0zNjF5NN88US=>	MXe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
HL60	MV3BcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhd5NigQ>?		NGmzRmk4OiCqcoO=	NFjaOVJCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBi\2GrboP0JGFz[S2FIILld4l{fGGwdDDoeY1idiCKTE[wJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:Oi5{Nd88US=>	MV[8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
CMK	MmLWRY51cXC{b3zp[oVz[XSrdnWgZZN{[Xl?		NFTsbo04OiCqcoO=	MUDBcpRqeHKxbHnm[ZJifGm4ZTDhZ5Rqfmm2eTDh[4FqdnO2IHj1cYFvKEOPSzDj[YxteyCjZoTldkA4OiCqcoOgZpkhVVSWIHHzd4F6NCCLQ{WwQVIvQDF3zszN	Mn:3QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
CMS	NITZb5lCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBie3OjeR?=		M4rYblczKGi{cx?=	M1[xOWFvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIFkfGm4aYT5JIFo[Wmwc4SgbJVu[W5iQ13TJINmdGy\|IHHmeIVzKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:Oy5yOUhOwG0>	MXe8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8zPzVyNUi0PEc,Ojd3MEW4OFg9N2F-
U937	NYrUTG84SXCxcITvd4l{KGG\|c3H5	MlPoNkB2VQ>?	MUiyOEBpenN?	NWnyZmk5UW6mdXP0bY9vKG:oIHHwc5B1d3OrczDpckBxPTNiboXscEBpfW2jbjDVPVM4KGOnbHzzJIF{e2W\|c3XkJIF{KGOjc4Dhd4UhOyClbHXheoFo\SCjdDCyJJVOKGGodHXyJFI1KGi{czDpckBxemW\|ZX7j[UBw\iCVQVjBJIJ6KFenc4Tldo4h[myxdDDhcoFtgXOrcx?=	M{jBTlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ5NUC1PFQ5Lz5{N{WwOVg1QDxxYU6=
U937	Mn;6RZBweHSxc3nzJIF{e2G7	Ml3lNkB2VQ>?	Mn\INlQhcHK\|	NIPI[GlKdmS3Y4Tpc44hd2ZiYYDvdJRwe2m\|IHnuJJA2OyCwdXzsJIh2dWGwIGW5N\|ch[2WubIOgZZN{\XO\|ZXSgZZMhWEGUUD2xJINt\WG4YXflJIF1KDJidV2gZYZ1\XJiMkSgbJJ{KGmwIIDy[ZNmdmOnIH;mJHNCUEFiYomgW4V{fGW{bjDicI91KGGwYXz5d4l{	NIHQZ4I9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{WwOVg1QCd-Mke1NFU5PDh:L3G+
U937	NXjBO\|BSS2WubDDk[YF1cCCjc4PhfS=>	MYexJJRwKDRidV2=	MUmyOEBpenN?	MlfVTY5lfWO2aX;uJI9nKGOnbHyg[IVifGhiaX6gdFU{KG63bHygbJVu[W5iVUmzO{Bk\WyuczDheEAyKHSxIESgeW0h[W[2ZYKgNlQhcHK\|IHL5JIFvdmW6aX6gWk1HUVSFL2DJJJN1[WmwaX7nJIJie2WmIH\sc5ch[3m2b33leJJ6	M1L6fVxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ5NUC1PFQ5Lz5{N{WwOVg1QDxxYU6=
U937	NU\Bb\|BmS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6	NGH4cnUxNjVidH:gOUB2VQ>?	MXqyOEBpenN?	MmWyR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGGpYXnud5QheDV\|IH71cIwhcHWvYX6gWVk{PyClZXzsd{Bie3Onc4Pl[EBieyCmZXPy[YF{\SCrbjDj[YxtKH[rYXLpcIl1gSCjdDCwMlUhfG9iNTD1UUBi\nSncjCyOEBpenNiaX6gdJJme2WwY3Wgc4YhW0GKQTDifUBOXFRiYYPzZZk>	NHXOWoE9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{WwOVg1QCd-Mke1NFU5PDh:L3G+
U937	M4nQRWZ2dmO2aX;uJIF{e2G7	NX7CZWVVOiC3TR?=	Ml7INlAhcHK\|	MX3JcoR2[3Srb36gc4YhTE6DIHThcYFo\SCrbjDwOVMhdnWubDDoeY1idiCXOUO3JINmdGy\|IHH0JFIhfU1iYX\0[ZIhOjBiaILzJIlvKHC{ZYPlcoNmKG:oIGPBTGEh[nliU2nCVkBod2ymIIP0ZYlvcW6pIHLhd4VlKGGua3HsbY5mKGOxbXX0JIF{e2G7	MkHXQIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd3MEW4OFgoRjJ5NUC1PFQ5RC:jPh?=
MCF7	M3rz[2FvfGmycn;sbYZmemG2aY\lJIF{e2G7		MXO0PEBpenN?	NH2yWlVCdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBqdiCqdX3hckBOS0Z5IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IHPlcIwhfmmjYnnsbZR6KGGodHXyJFQ5KGi{czDifUBidGGvYYLCcJVmKGG\|c3H5MEBKSzVyPUGuNu69VQ>?	MkC4QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOjd4OEm3NlgoRjJ5Nki5O\|I5RC:jPh?=
Jurkat	NVyybWw6SW62aYDyc4xq\mW{YYTpeoUh[XO\|YYm=		MXG0PEBpenN?	NITafY5CdnSrcILvcIln\XKjdHn2[UBi[3Srdnn0fUBqdiCqdX3hckBLfXKtYYSgZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOgZ4VtdCC4aXHibYxqfHliYX\0[ZIhPDhiaILzJIJ6KGGuYX3hdmJtfWViYYPzZZktKEmFNUC9NU41\|ryP	NUe1XGRQRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxMke2PFk4OjhpPkK3Olg6PzJ6PD;hQi=>
Jurkat	NXPRPFdiS3m2b4TvfIlkcXS7IHHzd4F6		M4nScFI1KGi{cx?=	NGDyNHhEgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCqdX3hckBLfXKtYYSgZ4VtdHNiYX\0[ZIhOjRiaILzJIJ6KE2WVDDhd5NigSxiSVO1NF02\|ryP	NF24PZk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{[4PVczQCd-Mke2PFk4Ojh:L3G+
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MCF7	MYTBdI9xfG:\|aYOgZZN{[Xl?	M374UVExKHWP	NVTTd3BDPDhiaILz	MWXJcoR2[3Srb36gc4Yh[XCxcITvd4l{KGmwIHj1cYFvKE2FRkegZ4VtdHNiYYPz[ZN{\WRiYYOg[I94dnKnZ4XsZZRqd25ib3[gRoNtOiCneIDy[ZN{cW:wIHH0JFExKHWPIHHmeIVzKDR6IHjyd{BjgSCZZYP0[ZJvKGKub4SgcYV1cG:m	NITH[Y49[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9{N{[4PVczQCd-Mke2PFk4Ojh:L3G+
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WI38	NWXnPWxWTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	MljUeZAhfG9iNkSgeW0>	MXmxMlUhcHK\|	NI\OSG5KdmS3Y4Tpc44hd2ZiUl;TJJBzd2S3Y4Tpc44hcW5iaX;ubZpqdmdicnHkbYF1cW:wIHnu[JVk\WRiaIXtZY4hX0l\|ODDz[Y5me2OnboSgZ4VtdHNidYCgeI8hPjRidV2gZYZ1\XJiMT61JIhzeyCkeTDETHIyOjNiZInlJIJie2WmIH\sc5ch[3m2b33leJJ6	M{PQSlxiKHSjcnfleF0oZ2KuYX7rK{BpemWoPTfoeJRxezpxL4D1Zo1m\C6wY3LpMo5tdS6waXiu[493NzJ7OUK1OFg1Lz5{OUmyOVQ5PDxxYU6=
RAW264.7	MYfGeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?	NFPwN2UyOCC3TR?=	MUKwMlUhcHK\|	MkXjTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCPQWDLM25Hc2GycHHCJIlvKEmFUjDtc5V{\SCUQWeyOlQvPyClZXzsd{Bie3Onc4Pl[EBieyC{ZXT1Z5Rqd25iaX6gUHBUNWmwZIXj[YQhXE6IYXzwbIEheHKxZIXjeIlwdiCjdDCxNEB2VSCycnX0doVifGWmIH\vdkAxNjViaILzJIZwdGyxd3XkJIJ6KEySUzDjbIFtdGWwZ3WgZY5lKG2nYYP1doVlKGGodHXyJFI1KGi{czDifUBGVEmVQTDy[YxifGm4ZTD0c{Bkd262cn;s	NIrwcVk9[SC2YYLn[ZQ:L1:kbHHub{chcHKnZk2nbJR1eHN8Lz;weYJu\WRwbnPibU5vdG1wbnnoModwfi9\|MEe4NFA5QCd-M{C3PFAxQDh:L3G+
RAW264.7	NVrub45nTnWwY4Tpc44h[XO\|YYm=	MUexNEB2VQ>?	M{LKdVAvPSCqcoO=	MlPHTY5pcWKrdHnvckBw\iCPQWDLM25Hc2GycHHCJIlvKEmFUjDtc5V{\SCUQWeyOlQvPyClZXzsd{Bie3Onc4Pl[EBieyC{ZXT1Z5Rqd25iaX6gUHBUNWmwZIXj[YQhUUx4IIDyc4R2[3Srb36gZZQhOTBidV2gdJJmfHKnYYTl[EBnd3JiMD61JIhzeyCob3zsc5dm\CCkeTDMVHMh[2ijbHzlcodmKGGwZDDt[YF{fXKnZDDh[pRmeiB{NDDodpMh[nliRVzJV2EhemWuYYTpeoUhfG9iY3;ueJJwdA>?	NW\odolwRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{C3PFAxQDhpPkOwO\|gxODh6PD;hQi=>
BHK21	MofaR5l1d3SxeHnjbZR6KGG\|c3H5		MVK0PEBpenN?	NEL0[\|REgXSxdH;4bYNqfHliYXfhbY5{fCCESFuyNUBk\WyuczDhd5Nme3OnZDDhd{Bz\WS3Y4Tpc44hcW5iY3XscEB3cWGkaXzpeJkh[W[2ZYKgOFghcHK\|IHL5JG1VXCCjc4PhfUwhS0N3ME20NE4yPM7:TR?=	Mny1QIEhfGG{Z3X0QUdg[myjbnunJIhz\WZ;J3j0eJB{Qi9xcIXicYVlNm6lYnmucoxuNm6raD7nc5YwOzFyMEm5NFgoRjNzMEC5PVA5RC:jPh?=
SH-SY5Y	M4j5VmN6fG:2b4jpZ4l1gSCjc4PhfS=>		NGfBPY04OiCqcoO=	MULDfZRwfG:6aXPpeJkh[WejaX7zeEBpfW2jbjDTTE1UYTW\IHPlcIx{KGG\|c3Xzd4VlKGG\|IILl[JVkfGmxbjDpckBk\WyuII\pZYJqdGm2eTDpcoN2[mG2ZXSg[o9zKDd{IHjyd{BjgSCPVGSgZZN{[XluIFnDOVA:PS57NN88US=>	MVy8ZUB1[XKpZYS9K39jdGGwazegbJJm\j1paIT0dJM7Ny:ydXLt[YQvdmOkaT7ucI0vdmmqLnfvek8{OTRyMEewPEc,OzF2MEC3NFg9N2F-
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SH-SY5Y	MV7GeY5kfGmxbjDhd5NigQ>?		MnL2NVUhdWmwcx?=	M1TKcGlvcGmkaYTpc44hd2ZiVIL4VkBqdiCqdX3hckBUUC2VWUXZJINmdGy\|IIXzbY5oKESWTlKgZZMhe3Wkc4TyZZRmKHC{ZXnuZ5Vj[XSnZDDmc5IhOTVibXnud{Bnd2yub4fl[EBjgSC\|dXLzeJJifGViYXTkbZRqd25iYX7kJI1m[XO3cnXkJIZweiB{MDDtbY5{KGK7IFXscI1idie\|IH3leIhw\CxiSVO1NF01PS56ON88US=>	NUDMWmNkRGFidHHy[4V1RSehYnzhcosoKGi{ZX[9K4h1fHC\|Oj:vdJVjdWWmLn7jZokvdmyvLn7pbE5od3ZxM{G0NFA4ODhpPkOxOFAxPzB6PD;hQi=>

... Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Assay

Methods	Test Index	PMID
Western blot	CDK2 / Cyclin E / Cyclin A ; PubMed: 27634873 Oncotarget NCI-H929 cells were treated with 4 μM piperlongumine for 12, 24, or 48 h; cyclins and CDK2 levels were then measured Bax / Bcl-2 ; PubMed: 27634873 Oncotarget NCI-H929 cells were treated with 4 μM piperlongumine for 12 or 24 h and Bcl-2 and Bax levels were measured. Quantitative analysis was performed using Image J software, with normalization to GAPDH expression. Survivin / p21 / p27 ; PubMed: 27634873 Oncotarget NCI-H929 cells were treated with 4 μM piperlongumine for different amounts of time. Survivin, p21, and p27 levels were then measured. p-STAT3 / STAT3 / p-JAK2 / JAK2 / c-myc ; PubMed: 27634873 Oncotarget NCI-H929 cells were treated with 4 μM piperlongumine for different amounts of time, and STAT3, p-STAT3, p-JAK2, JAK2 and c-myc levels were then measured. Hexokinase 1 / Hexokinase 2 ; PubMed: 30906213 Int J Biol Sci Piperlongumine regulates glycolysis in NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells, including H23 (A), HCC827 (B) and H1975 (C) were treated with different concentrations of piperlongumine for 24 h. Western blotting was performed to detect HK2 expression (left). The levels of glucose consumption (middle) and lactate production (right) were examined in these cells. Columns, mean of the number of colonies as determined from three independent experiments; bars, standard deviation; asterisk, significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, **p<0.001) suppression of HK2 expression or glycolysis by piperlongumine compared with DMSO treated group. PL, Piperlongumine. p-AKT / AKT / p-S6 / S6 ; PubMed: 30906213 Int J Biol Sci HCC827 (left), H1975 (middle) and H23 cells were treated with piperlongumine for 24 h, western blot was conducted to detect the target proteins as indicated.	27634873 30906213
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability; PubMed: 25193861 Oncotarget Piperlongumine induces death in HNC cells but not normal cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay	25193861

In vivo

Piperlongumine (50 mg/kg i.p.) causes in vivo growth inhibition of tumor cells without leading to major changes in the biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. ^[4]

Protocol

Cell Research: ^[3]	- Collapse Cell lines: MCF-7 and 786-O cells Concentrations: ~10 μM Incubation Time: 48 hours Method: MCF-7 and 786-O cells are incubated with various PL concentrations for 48h. Cell proliferation is analysed by CellTiter Blue assay. Effective doses (ED) are calculated using XLift, Microsoft Excel add-in. (Only for Reference)
Animal Research: ^[4]	- Collapse Animal Models: Mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 tumors Dosages: ~50 mg/kg Administration: i.p. (Only for Reference)

References

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Solubility (25°C)

In vitro	DMSO	16 mg/mL warmed (50.41 mM)
	Ethanol	6 mg/mL warmed (18.9 mM)
	Water	Insoluble
In vivo	Add solvents to the product individually and in order(Data is from Selleck tests instead of citations): 2% DMSO+40% PEG 300+2% Tween 80+ddH2O For best results, use promptly after mixing.	5mg/mL

* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.

Chemical Information Download Piperlongumine SDF

Molecular Weight	317.34
Formula	C₁₇H₁₉NO₅
CAS No.	20069-09-4
Storage	3 years-20°C powder 2 years-80°C in solvent
Synonyms	PPLGM, Piplartine
Smiles	COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC)OC)C=CC(=O)N2CCC=CC2=O

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage

mg/kg

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Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO+ % + % Tween 80+ % ddH₂O

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Calculation results:

Working concentration： mg/ml；

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: ： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (Master liquid concentration mg/mL， Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation：Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300， mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80，mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O，mix and clarify.

Note：1.Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2.Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Bio Calculators

Molarity Calculator

Calculate the mass, volume or concentration required for a solution. The Selleck molarity calculator is based on the following equation:

Mass (mg) = Concentration (mM) × Volume (mL) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

*When preparing stock solutions, please always use the batch-specific molecular weight of the product found on the via label and SDS / COA (available on product pages).

Dilution Calculator

Calculate the dilution required to prepare a stock solution. The Selleck dilution calculator is based on the following equation:

Concentration _(start) x Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) x Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2 ( Input Output )

* When preparing stock solutions always use the batch-specific molecular weight of the product found on the vial label and SDS / COA (available online).

The Serial Dilution Calculator Equation

Serial Dilutions
Concertration (start):
Dilution-folds:

Computed Result

C1=C0/X	C1:	LOG(C1):
C2=C1/X	C2:	LOG(C2):
C3=C2/X	C3:	LOG(C3):
C4=C3/X	C4:	LOG(C4):
C5=C4/X	C5:	LOG(C5):
C6=C5/X	C6:	LOG(C6):
C7=C6/X	C7:	LOG(C7):
C8=C7/X	C8:	LOG(C8):

Molecular Weight Calculator

Enter the chemical formula of a compound to calculate its molar mass and elemental composition:

Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C10H16N2O2 c10h16n2o2

Instructions to calculate molar mass (molecular weight) of a chemical compound:

To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound, please enter its chemical formula and click 'Calculate'.

Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:

Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.

Molarity Calculator

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Answers to questions you may have can be found in the inhibitor handling instructions. Topics include how to prepare stock solutions, how to store inhibitors, and issues that need special attention for cell-based assays and animal experiments.

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Piperlongumine