| S5259 |
β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NM, NMN), one of the key precursors of NAD+ and products of the NAMPT reaction , is converted to NAD+ by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase.
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Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):212
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MedComm (2020), 2025, 6(3):e70075
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PLoS Pathog, 2025, 21(5):e1013163
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| S9793 |
4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal)
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4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal) is one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation and has been widely accepted as an inducer of oxidative stress.
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Circulation, 2024, 1752-1769
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Nature Communications, 2022, 5545
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Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):5545
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| S5992 |
Heparan Sulfate
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Heparan sulfate (HS, Heparitin sulfate, Alpha-idosane, HHS 5, N-Acetylheparan Sulfate, Suleparoid, Tavidan), a constituent of HS proteoglycans (HSPGs), is a linear polysaccharide present on the cell surface. Heparan sulfate influences the binding affinity of intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) to Wnt, thereby promoting activation of canonical Wnt signaling and facilitating regeneration of small intestinal crypts after epithelial injury.
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Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev, 2025, 33(1):101426
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iScience, 2024, 27(6):110120
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bioRxiv, 2024, 2024.05.23.595417
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| S2935 |
Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride (NR-Cl)
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Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride is the chloride salt form of nicotinamide riboside(NR).NR is a new form pyridine-nucleoside of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) or NAD+ . Nicotinamide riboside chloride is a crystal form of Nicotinamide riboside (NR) chloride. Nicotinamide riboside chloride increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Nicotinamide riboside chloride is used in dietary supplements.
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bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.07.10.663928
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bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.01.06.631511
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Front Physiol, 2023, 14:1164287
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| S4707 |
Oleic acid (cis-9-Octadecenoic acid)
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Oleic acid (Oleate, 9-Octadecenoic Acid, Elaidoic acid) is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.Oleic Acid can be used to induce animal models of Renal Failure.
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Life Sci, 2025, 374:123687
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Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1):28774
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J Ovarian Res, 2025, 18(1):180
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| S5260 |
ATP (Adenosine 5'-triphosphate)
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ATP (Adenosine-Triphosphate, Adenosine 5'-triphosphate) is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate and an important endogenous signaling molecule in immunity and inflammation.
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Adv Sci (Weinh), 2025, 12(40):e09838
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Stem Cell Res Ther, 2025, 16(1):206
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Cell Rep, 2024, 43(2):113779
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| S5109 |
Ademetionine (S-Adenosylmethionine)
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Ademetionine (AdoMet, S-Adenosylmethionine, SAMe), also known as SAMe, is a specific form of the amino acid methionine known as S-adenosyl-methionine. It is essential for the formation of glutathione, a water-soluble peptide that helps the body fight free radicals.
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2025, 18(9)1395
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J Oral Microbiol, 2024, 16(1):2292375
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Nat Metab, 2023, 10.1038/s42255-023-00861-4
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| S6010 |
Sodium L-lactate
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Sodium L-lactate is used as a food additive, preservative, acidity regulator and bulking agent.
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Cell Commun Signal, 2025, 23(1):104
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J Transl Med, 2025, 23(1):69
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EMBO Rep, 2024, 25(12):5599-5619
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| S5790 |
Folinic acid (Leucovorin)
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Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid that increases the level of reduced folates in tissues, which promotes the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS).Solutions are unstable and should be fresh-prepared.
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Nat Cell Biol, 2024,
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Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):6308
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| E4473 |
DL-Lactic acid
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Lactate (Lactic acid) is the product of glycolysis, produced due to lack of oxygen in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo, and can be utilised under fully aerobic conditions. It plays a key role as a metabolic intermediate and can be used as hemodynamic marker and resuscitation endpoint in several cohorts of critically ill patients.
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PeerJ, 2025, 13:e18887
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iScience, 2024, 27(8):110238
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