COVID-19 Inhibitors

Cat.No.	Product Name	Information	Product Use Citations
E3896	Perilla Leaf Extract	Perilla Leaf Extract is extracted from the leaves of Perilla frutescens, which is capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication by inactivating the virion.
E0052	Merafloxacin	Merafloxacin (CI-934) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial thats inhibit -1 frameshifting efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronaviruses.
S6999	Chloroquine	Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug and autophagy/lysosome inhibitor. Chloroquine also suppresses Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) protein expression. Chloroquine is highly effective agianst SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection with EC50 of 1.13 μM in Vero E6 cells. Chloroquine has anti-HIV-1 activity.	Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2025, 10(1):26 Cell Discov, 2025, 11(1):15 Cell Metab, 2025, S1550-4131(25)00149-4
S4157	Chloroquine diphosphate	Chloroquine diphosphate is a 4-aminoquinoline anti-malarial and anti-rheumatoid agent, also acting as an ATM activator. Chloroquine is also an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).	Front Vet Sci, 2025, 12:1587391 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):1642 Cancer Lett, 2024, 604:217258
S8932	GS-5734 (Remdesivir)	Remdesivir (GS-5734), a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog, is an investigational broad-spectrum antiviral agent with in vitro activity against multiple RNA viruses, including Ebola and CoV.	J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2025, 35:e2411063 Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2025, 73(4):355-368 Phytomedicine, 2024, 136:156279
S3035	Daunorubicin Hydrochloride (Daunomycin)	Daunorubicin HCl inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis and inhibits DNA synthesis with K_i of 0.02 μM in a cell-free assay. Daunorubicin is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that induces apoptosis.Daunorubicin (RP 13057) HCl can be used to induce animal models of Kidney Disease.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):617 Cell Rep Med, 2025, 6(4):102053 Cell Rep Med, 2025, S2666-3791(25)00102-8
S2485	Mitoxantrone Dihydrochloride (NSC 301739)	Mitoxantrone 2HCl is a dihydrochloride salt of Mitoxantrone. Mitoxantrone is an inhibitor of type II topoisomerase and protein kinase C (PKC) with IC50 of 8.5 μM for PKC. Mitoxantrone inhibits cell proliferative growth of MCF-7/wt cells with IC50 of 0.42 μM. Mitoxantrone also induces apoptosis.	Aging Cell, 2025, e70075 Biol Open, 2025, 14(9)bio062175 J Immunother Cancer, 2024, 12(11)e009805
S7393	Aloxistatin (E-64d)	Aloxistatin (E64d) is an irreversible and membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor with blood platelet aggregation inhibiting activity. The cysteine protease cathepsin L is required for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, and aloxistatin treatment reduced cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions by 92.3%.	Nat Chem Biol, 2025, 10.1038/s41589-025-01907-2 J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2025, 44(1):317 Cell Rep, 2025, 44(4):115507
S1185	Ritonavir	Ritonavir is a Cytochrome P450 3A and Protease Inhibitor; Also inhibits Cytochrome P450 2D6, P-Glycoprotein and induces Cytochrome P450 2C19, Cytochrome P450 1A2, Cytochrome P450 2C9, Cytochrome P450 2B6 and UDP Glucuronosyltransferases. This compound induces apoptosis.	Nature, 2025, 10.1038/s41586-025-09755-9 Vet Parasitol, 2025, 337:110471 Cell Chem Biol, 2024, S2451-9456(24)00396-9
S1380	Lopinavir (ABT-378)	Lopinavir (ABT-378) is a potent HIV protease inhibitor with K_i of 1.3 pM in a cell-free assay.	J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2025, 35:e2411063 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5034 Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7)6062
S8279	(±)-Shikonin	(±)-Shikonin, a potent and specific Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor, is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with various biological activities. It is also an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel activity using cell-based fluorescent-quenching assay. Shikonin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevents activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway via proteasome inhibition.	Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2025, 10(1):341 J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2025, 44(1):299 Free Radic Biol Med, 2025, 237:65-75
S3124	Dexamethasone Acetate	Dexamethasone (NSC 39471,Dexamethasone 21-acetate) is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects.	Acta Pharm Sin B, 2024, 14(8):3528-3542 STAR Protoc, 2023, 4(2):102342 Exp Mol Med, 2022, 54(9):1450-1460
S4028	Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate	Dexamethasone (Dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt) is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2025, 122(12):e2426107122 J Tradit Chin Med, 2025, 45(4):739-746 Cancer Cell, 2024, 42(9):1507-1527.e11
S1401	Tenofovir	Tenofovir (GS-1278) blocks reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus infections.	Cancer Discov, 2025, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-1317 J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34 Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
S2823	Tideglusib	Tideglusib is an irreversible, non ATP-competitive GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 60 nM in a cell-free assay; this compound fails to inhibit kinases with a Cys homologous to Cys-199 located in the active site. Phase 2.	Addict Biol, 2025, 30(5):e70044 Cell Rep, 2024, 43(9):114667 SLAS Discov, 2024, S2472-5552(24)00007-8
S1706	Lamivudine (3TC, BCH-189)	Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used for treatment of chronic HBV and HIV/AIDS. It works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase.	Cancer Discov, 2025, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-1317 FASEB J, 2025, 39(12):e70720 HIV Med, 2025, 26(2):285-294
S1835	Azithromycin	Azithromycin is an antibiotic by inhibiting protein synthesis, used for the treatment of bacterial infections.	Commun Biol, 2025, 8(1):1261 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):6579 Int Immunopharmacol, 2024, 137:112426
S7975	Favipiravir (T-705)	Favipiravir (T-705) is a potent and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, used to treat influenza virus infections.	PLoS Pathog, 2025, 21(8):e1013401 Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16:1491150 Vet World, 2025, 18(9):2785-2797
S1351	Ivermectin	Ivermectin is a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCls) activator, used as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. This compound is a specific positive allosteric effector of P2X4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). It is a specific inhibitor of Impα/β1-mediated nuclear import and has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus. This chemical induces autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and mitophagy.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):7156 J Adv Res, 2025, S2090-1232(25)00874-4 Biomed Pharmacother, 2025, 189:118248
S1183	Danoprevir	Danoprevir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the NS3/4A protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with IC50 of 0.2-3.5 nM, inhibition effect for HCV genotypes 1A/1B/4/5/6 is ~10-fold higher than 2B/3A. Phase 2.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):1087 Genes Dev, 2025, 10.1101/gad.353081.125 Cell Rep, 2025, 44(8):116127
S1386	Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175)	Nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175) is a synthetic serine protease inhibitor used as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis. It blocks activation of SARS-CoV-2 and is investigated as a new treatment option for COVID-19. This compound also attenuates inflammation and apoptosis.	J Immunother Cancer, 2024, 12(11)e009805 Cell Death Dis, 2024, 15(2):109 CNS Neurosci Ther, 2024, 30(6):e14822
S4282	Nelfinavir Mesylate	Nelfinavir Mesylate is a potent HIV protease inhibitor with K_i of 2 nM.	Biochem Biophys Rep, 2025, 42:101987 Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7)6062 Int. J. Mol. Sci, 2023, 10.3390/ijms24076062
S1289	Carmofur	Carmofur (HCFU) is a highly potent acid ceramidase inhibitor, used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer.	iScience, 2024, 27(10):110862 JCI Insight, 2023, 8(9)e166850 Cell Death Discov, 2023, 9(1):451
S2169	Rosuvastatin calcium	Rosuvastatin calcium is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with IC50 of 11 nM in a cell-free assay.	Biochem Pharmacol, 2025, 241:117171 J Immunother Cancer, 2024, 12(11)e009805 JCI Insight, 2024, 9(24)e178535
S2874	Camostat Mesilate	Camostat (FOY-305, FOY-S980) is a trypsin-like protease inhibitor, inhibits airway epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function with IC50 of 50 nM, less potent to trpsin, prostasin and matriptase.	CNS Neurosci Ther, 2024, 30(6):e14822 Elife, 2022, 11e77444 Antiviral Res, 2022, 202:105325
S5754	Baricitinib phosphate	Baricitinib phosphate (INCB-028050, LY-3009104) is a selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 5.9 nM and 5.7 nM, ~70 and ~10-fold selective versus JAK3 and Tyk2, no inhibition to c-Met and Chk2. Baricitinib is found to reduce or interrupt the passage of the virus into target cells and is used in the treatment research for COVID-19.	Cell Mol Life Sci, 2024, 81(1):152 J Virol, 2023, 97(12):e0127623 Physiol Rep, 2023, 11(19):e15829
S9866	Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332)	Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) is an reversible covalent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro, also referred to as 3CL protease) with an ki of 3.11 nM. It binds directly to the catalytic cysteine (Cys145) residue of the enzyme.	Antioxidants (Basel), 2025, 14(8)945 Commun Biol, 2025, 8(1):1061 Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1):11307
S3733	Boceprevir	Boceprevir (EBP 520, SCH 503034) is an oral, direct acting hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitor with Ki value of 14 nM for NS3. It is used in combination with other antiviral agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1.	Eur J Med Chem, 2024, 268:116202 Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(11)5767 SLAS Discov, 2024, S2472-5552(24)00043-1
S7947	PX-12	PX-12 (DB05448, 1-methyl propyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) is a potent thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) inhibitor by irreversibly thioalkylation of Cys73 of Trx-1. Phase 2.	bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.07.29.667440 Theranostics, 2023, 13(14):4730-4744 CNS Neurosci Ther, 2023, 10.1111/cns.14433
S5250	Darunavir	Darunavir (TMC114,DRV) is a nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor, used to treat HIV infection.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14:1334126 PNAS Nexus, 2024, 3(1):pgad446 Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
S3037	Bepotastine Besilate	Bepotastine Besilate (TAU 284) is a non-sedating, selective antagonist of histamine 1 (H1) receptor with pIC50 of 5.7.	iScience, 2024, 27(10):110862 J Pers Med, 2022, 12(2)258 Hum Cell, 2022, 10.1007/s13577-022-00671-y
S3079	Atovaquone	Atovaquone (Atavaquone) is a medication used to treat or prevent for pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesia.	Breast Cancer Res, 2025, 27(1):136 Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2025, e0047125. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 2025, 29:100626
S2926	TDZD-8	TDZD-8 (NP 01139) is a non-ATP competitive GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 2 μM; minimal inhibitory effect observed on CDK1, casein kinase II, PKA and PKC.	Chin Med, 2025, 20(1):126 Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(17)13593 PLoS One, 2023, 18(4):e0284332
S4646	Ciclesonide	Ciclesonide (Alvesco, Omnaris, RPR251526, Zetonna) is a glucocorticoid used to treat obstructive airway diseases.	bioRxiv, 2025, 2025.06.23.660251 Acta Pharm Sin B, 2023, 13(2):662-677 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2023, 324(5):L722-L736.
S1620	Darunavir Ethanolate	Darunavir Ethanolate (TMC-114, UIC 94017) is a nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor, used to treat HIV infection.	J Virol, 2022, JVI0173021 J Cell Biochem, 2022, 10.1002/jcb.30213 Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):19443
S7579	Ledipasvir (GS5885)	Ledipasvir (GS5885) is a HCV NS5A polymerase inhibitor, used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):19443 Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(10)E1407 Biol Pharm Bull, 2019, 10.1248/bpb.b19-00641
S0833	EIDD-1931 (NHC)	EIDD-1931 (NHC) is an active metabolite of EIDD-2801, a promising COVID-19 inhibitor. This compound has broad spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and related zoonotic group 2b or 2c Bat-CoVs with average IC50 of 0.15 μM, as well as increased potency against a coronavirus bearing resistance mutations to the nucleoside analog inhibitor remdesivir.	Microbiol Spectr, 2025, 13(4):e0269224 Nucleic Acids Res, 2023, 10.1093/nar/gkad1002 NPJ Digit Med, 2022, 5(1):83
S6676	Ebselen	Ebselen (DR 3305, SPI-1005, PZ-51, CCG-39161) is a small-molecule capsid inhibitor of HIV-1 Replication with IC50 of 46.1 nM in TR-FRET assay.	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2023, 2023:8378581 Science, 2022, 375(6586):1254-1261 NPJ Digit Med, 2022, 5(1):83
S5911	Bictegravir	Bictegravir (GS-9883) is a novel, potent, once-daily, unboosted inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase.	PNAS Nexus, 2024, 3(1):pgad446 Cells, 2022, 11(11)1841 Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(23)15380
S9567	Indinavir Sulfate	Indinavir sulfate (Crixivan, L-735524, MK-639) is a specific and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and is widely used in the treatment of AIDS.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223 J Cell Biochem, 2022, 10.1002/jcb.30213 Mol Metab, 2020, 29;101027
S7392	Loxistatin Acid (E-64C)	Loxistatin Acid (E-64C, NSC 694279, EP 475), a derivative of E-64, is an irreversible and membrane-permeant cysteine protease inhibitor. This compound inhibits cathepsin L, a cysteine protease required for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry.	Nat Chem Biol, 2025, 10.1038/s41589-025-01907-2 ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16(9):1628-1643 Sci Signal, 2018, 11(518)eaao0422
S7262	Vidofludimus	Vidofludimus (SC12267, 4SC-101) is an orally active and potent dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with IC50 of 134 nM for human DHODH. This compound calcium (IMU-838) is investigated as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. Phase 2.	Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):23988 Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(4)4235 J Med Virol, 2022, 10.1002/jmv.27891
S3724	Velpatasvir	Velpatasvir (GS-5816,VEL) is a second-generation NS5A inhibitor that inhibits hepatitis C viral replication through acting on the crucial "membranous web" that facilitates RNA replication.	mBio, 2023, 10.1128/mbio.01318-23 Front Oncol, 2021, 11:803278 Front Microbiol, 2020, 10:2936
S9963	Paquinimod (ABR-215757)	Paquinimod (ABR 25757), a specific inhibitor of S100A8/A9, could rescue the pneumonia with substantial reduction of viral loads in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice.	Redox Biol, 2025, 81:103532 J Inflamm Res, 2025, 18:14941-14959 Cell Rep, 2024, 43(11):114900
S1691	Praziquantel	Praziquantel is an anthelmintic effective against flatworms.	Parasitology, 2020, 1-11 PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2015, 9(3):e0003593
S2079	Moexipril HCl	Moexipril HCl (RS-10085) is a potent orally active nonsulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	J Cell Biochem, 2022, 10.1002/jcb.30213
S5940	Bepotastine	Bepotastine is a non-sedating, selective antagonist of the histamine 1 (H1) receptor that is indicated in allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritus associated with skin disease.	J Cell Biochem, 2022, 10.1002/jcb.30213
E1131	Ensitrelvir fumarate	S-217622 (Ensitrelvir fumarate) is the first orally active non-covalent, non-peptidic, SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor with IC50 of 13 nM.	Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025, 14(1):2552716
S9858	Lufotrelvir (PF-07304814)	Lufotrelvir (PF-07304814) is a phosphate prodrug of PF-00835231 that binds and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro activity with a Ki of 174 nM.
S3511	FOY251	FOY251, an active metabolite of camostat mesilate, is an inhibitor of synthetic serine protease. This compound inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection.
S0875	XP-59	XP-59 is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV M^pro, with a Ki of 0.1 μM.
E1112	GS-621763	GS-621763, an orally bioavailable prodrug of GS-441524, shows a dose-dependent antiviral effect on SARS-CoV-2 reporter virus expressing nanoluciferase (SARS-CoV-2 nLUC) replication with an EC50 of 2.8 μM, also inhibits reporter SARS-CoV-2 expressing firefly luciferase (SARS-CoV-2 Fluc) replication with EC50 of 0.125 μM.
S3553	Riamilovir	Riamilovir (Triazavirin) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidate, which can be used for potential application against the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
E1111	VV116	VV116, a promising orally administered anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleoside drug candidate, exerts functions by targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through its nucleoside triphosphate form with an IC50 of 0.67±0.24 μM.
E1174	Coronastat(NK01-63)	Coronastat(NK01-63) is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, which is a critical drug target for small molecule COVID-19, given its likely druggability and essentiality in the viral maturation and replication cycle.