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Metformin Hydrochloride Antihyperglycemic agent

Cat.No.S1950

Metformin Hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide Hydrochloride) is a highly effective Antihyperglycemic Agent, which primarily decreases hyperglycemia in hepatocytes by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis (glucose production by the liver). It also promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells and induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.

Chemical Structure

Molecular Weight: 165.62

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Quality Control

Batch: Purity: 99.99%

99.99

Products Often Used Together with Metformin Hydrochloride

Melatonin

It and Melatonin are effective in reduction of plasmatic levels of liver enzymes and decrease inflammatory response in rats.

Related Targets	Dehydrogenase HSP Transferase P450 (e.g. CYP17) PDE phosphatase PPAR Vitamin Mitochondrial Metabolism Drug Metabolite
Other Carbohydrate Metabolism Inhibitors	2-DG (2-Deoxy-D-glucose) Bromopyruvic acid (3-BP) Dorzagliatin LY2608204 AZD1656 1-Deoxynojirimycin 4',7-Dimethoxy-5-Hydroxyflavone Voglibose BI-9787 Eleutherol

Cell Culture, Treatment & Working Concentration

Cell Lines	Assay Type	Concentration	Incubation Time	Activity Description	PMID
human HepG2 cells	Function assay	1 mM	24 h	Activation of AMPK in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction of gluconeogenesis at 1 mM after 24 hrs by enzymatic colorimetric assay	26471090
mouse 3T3L1 cells	Function assay	1 mM		Induction of AMPK phosphorylation in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 1 mM by Western blot analysis	25216379
human HepG2 cells	Function assay	1 mM	24 h	Reduction of glucose consumption in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells at 1 mM after 24 hrs by glucose oxidase method in presence of 22.2 mM of glucose	23025244
human MDA-MB-231 cells	Function assay	1 to 20 mM	24 h	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells at 1 to 20 mM after 24 hrs by MTT assay.	22459208
human HepG2 cells	Function assay		24 h	Increase in glucose consumption in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs, EC50=0.27 μM.	21856048
Hs575T	Function assay	20 mM	24 hrs	Inhibition of mTOR phosphorylation in triple-negative human Hs575T cells at 20 mM after 24 hrs by immunoblot analysis	23490148
Hs578T	Antiinvasive assay	20 mM	17 hrs	Antiinvasive activity against triple-negative human Hs578T cells at 20 mM after 17 hrs by light microscopic analysis	23490148
Hs575T	Function assay	20 mM	24 hrs	Activation of AMPK in triple-negative human Hs575T cells at 20 mM after 24 hrs by immunoblot analysis	23490148
L6	Function assay	2 mM	4 hrs	Increase in glucose uptake in rat L6 cells at 2 mM treated for 4 hrs post 30 mins AMPK inhibitor compound C treatment	29128163
HepG2	Function assay	1 mM	24 hrs	Induction of glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells at 1 mM incubated for 24 hrs	28651984
Click to View More Cell Line Experimental Data

Solubility

In vitro
Batch:

Water : 33 mg/mL

Ethanol : Insoluble

Molarity Calculator

Mass	Concentration	Volume	Molecular Weight
Mass value Mass unit	Concentration value Concentration unit	Volume value Volume unit	Molecular weight (g/mol)

Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

In vivo batch selection In vivo Batch:
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	2.300mg/ml (13.89mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 46 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to clarify; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

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Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such
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Chemical Information, Storage & Stability

Molecular Weight	165.62	Formula	C₄H₁₁N₅.HCl	Storage (From the date of receipt)	3 years-20°Cpowder
CAS No.	1115-70-4	Download SDF		Storage of Stock Solutions	1 year-80°Cin solvent 1 month-20°Cin solvent
Synonyms	1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl			Smiles	CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N.Cl

Mechanism of Action

Targets/IC₅₀/Ki	AMPK (Hepatocytes)
In vitro	Metformin (500 μM) activates AMPK in hepatocytes, as a result, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity is reduced, fatty acid oxidation is induced, and expression of lipogenic enzymes is suppressed. Metformin (2 mM) activates muscle AMPK and promotes glucose uptake. Metformin (500 μM) or AICAR strongly suppresses SREBP-1 mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes. Metformin ameliorates hyperglycemia without stimulating insulin secretion, promoting weight gain, or causing hypoglycemia. Metformin has beneficial effects on circulating lipids linked to increased cardiovascular risk. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and increases skeletal myocyte glucose uptake. Metformin requires LKB1 in the liver to lower blood glucose levels. Metformin (2 mM) leads to a significant increase in the activity of both α1- and α2-containing complexes in muscle cells. Metformin (2 mM) also increases threonine 172 phosphorylation in muscle cells.
In vivo	Metformin (100 mg/ml, po) treatment produces significant decreases in hepatic expression of mRNAs for SREBP-1, FAS, and S14 in SD rats that are consistent with effects documented in cells. Metformin also decreases hepatic lipids in obese mice. Metformin (250 mg/kg, i.p.) increases AMPK phosphorylation in livers of wild-type mice. Metformin (250 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment reduces blood glucose by more than 50% in the wild-type mice on a high-fat diet. Metformin (250 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment also loweres blood glucose in the ob/ob mice by 40%.
References	[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11602624/ [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16308421/ [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11994296/ [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17477363/

Applications

Methods	Biomarkers	PMID
Western blot	p-AMPK / AMPK / p-mTOR / mTOR / p-S6K / S6K TTP / p-STAT3 / STAT3 / c-Myc pACC / ACC / pS6 / S6 pSTAT3 (Ser727) / STAT3 / Jak2 / Cdk5 / pNFκB / Bcl-2 / Bcl-XL / c-Myc	24505341
Immunofluorescence	LKB1 PAR CD86 / CD206 beta-catenin / AMPK	29601127
Growth inhibition assay	Cell viability	26956973

Clinical Trial Information

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)

NCT Number	Recruitment	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT05910554	Not yet recruiting	Sarcoidosis Pulmonary	University of Maryland Baltimore	May 1 2024	Phase 2
NCT06120881	Recruiting	Type 2 Diabetes	University of California San Francisco\|National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	April 1 2024	Early Phase 1
NCT06147050	Not yet recruiting	Long COVID	Purpose Life Sciences	April 2024	Phase 3
NCT06296836	Not yet recruiting	Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	University of Illinois at Chicago\|Emily Hanners\|Dulal Bhaumik\|Avisek Datta\|Peggy Choye\|Hailey Soni\|Annesti Elmasri\|Julie Jun\|Colin Goodman	April 1 2024	Phase 4

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