mTOR

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

H4-LC3-GFP cells were treated with 1 nM IFNA2 for the indicated periods in the presence of 200 nM rapamycin. Images of the cells were collected using an ArrayScan HCS 4.0 Reader. Representative cells are shown. The average spot intensity in 500 cells from each indicated sample was determined. Data are displayed as means ?SD of the spot intensity per cell (below). RLU, relative leight unit.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Effects of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors on IGF1R and AKT signaling in RMS cells. Rh41 cells were treated with 0.3 uM PI3K inhibitor BKM120, 0.3 uM mTOR inhibitor KU0063794 for the indicated time. Lysates were made and analyzed for p-AKT, S6RP and IGF1R.

Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.

Effect of FK506 on cytosolic calcium homeostasis induced by TG and thrombin in human platelets. (A-B) Human platelets were suspended in a Ca 2+-free medium (100 µM of EGTA was added as indicated by arrowhead), and preincubated for 5 min at 37oC in the absence (solid black traces) or presence of increased concentrations (0.01-100 µM) of FK506 (light-doted and dark solid-grey traces, respectively). Cells were then stimulated with TG (200 nM; A) or Thr (0.1 U/mL; B) and 3 min later 300 μM of CaCl2 was added to extracellular medium to visualize calcium entry.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 15 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of  Deforolimus for 24 hours.

 

Hep-2 (D) or SCC-9 (E) cells were treated with PI3K/Akt and mTOR dual inhibitor LY 294002 (LY, 1 umol/L), mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin (0.5 umol/L), mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD2014 (0.1 uM), INK-128 (0.1 uM) or AZD8055 (0.1 uM) for 72 h, cell viability was analyzed. The mean of three independent experiments performed in triplicate was shown. Statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA. *p < 0.01 vs Control. **p < 0.01 vs. AZD8055 group.

The TMZ/XL765 combination decreases serum GH and PRL of mice bearing GH3 xenografts. A and B, After treatment with DMSO, TMZ, XL765, or the XL765/TMZ combination, the blood of the nude mice xenograft with GH3 tumor was collected and serum rat-GH and rat-PRL were measured by IRMA (TMZ/XL765 combination vs TMZ or XL765 alone: ***P <.001).

Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.

BMDMs from WT animals were treated with different concentrations of PI3K inhibitors (500 nmol/L PF4691502, PI-103, BKM120 and 25 μmol/L SF1126) followed by hypoxia for 4 hours for Western blots. These macrophages were either used for lysate preparation (nuclear extracts for HIFα or WCE for pAKT and AKT) and Western blot analysis.

Immunoblots from AR + TNBC cell lines treated with either CDX (25 uM), GDC-0941 (300 nM) or GDC0980 (100 nM) as single agents or CDX in combination with either GDC-0941 or GDC-0980 for 48 h analyzed for AR, p-AKT, AKT, p-S6, S6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 15 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of GSK1059615 for 24 hours.

 

PI3K inhibitors promote apoptosis in checkpoint-defective cell lines. Two checkpoint-functional (A2058, D28) and three defective (HT144, D20, SKMel13) melanoma cell lines growth as tumour spheres as in Figure 4B were either untreated or treated with 5 uM PF-05212384 for 72 h, harvested and immunoblotted for pAkt Ser473.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of WYE-354 for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

SW620 and SW620:8055R cells were treated with increasing concentrations of WYE-125132 for 24 hours and cell proliferation was assayed by [³H]thymidine incorporation. Results are the mean盋oV for three biological replicates from a single experiment; identical results were obtained in n=3 experiments.

IGROV1-R10 cells were treated with BGT266(250nM) for 8 h.The effect of BGT226 on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation (A) and on expression of Mcl-1 and Bim (B).

After starved in serum-free medium for 24 h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Palomid529 for 3 h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Immunofluorescent double staining for K19 and pHH3 on HepG2 cells in non-coated condition, Ln-332 coated condition or Ln-332 coated condition supplemented with mTOR inhibitors (either rapamycin or WYE-687; n = 4).

WAY-600 blocks mTORC1/2 activation, but activates MEK-ERK signaling in HCC cells. HepG2 cells or primary HCC cells (“Pnt-2”) were treated with WAY-600 (“WAY”, 100 nM) for 1 h, mTOR-Raptor-Rictor association was tested by co-immunoprecipitation assay (A, for HepG2 cells), expression of listed kinases (p- and regular) was tested by Western blots (BeE).

The established (SQ20B/UMSCC47/SCC90 cells) or primary (“P1/P2/P3”) human NSCC cells as well as normal oral epithelial cells (“Epithelial cells”) were treated with indicated concentration of GDC-0349, rapamycin (“Rap”) or RAD001 for applied time, cell proliferation was tested by CCK-8 assay. Expression of listed proteins in primary human NSCC cells was tested by Western blot analysis (D, right panel). “UNTR” indicates untreated control cells. * p < 0.05 vs. “UNTR” cells. # p < 0.05 vs. GDC-0349-only cells.

HL60, HL60/ADR, K562 and K562/A02 cells pretreated with various concentrations of Voxtalisib (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM) for 48 h were harvested for western blot. The levels of cyclin D1, p27, and p-pRb in the nuclei were determined.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h, A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Chrysophanic acid for 3h,followed by 15-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF

Fig 1. CC-223 is cytotoxic and anti-proliferative to cultured human HCC cells. Cultured HCC cell lines (HepG2, KYN-2 and Huh-7 lines), L02 normal hepatocytes as well as the primary human HCC cells ("HCC1/2/3" lines) were either left untreated ("C", same for all figures) or treated with designated concentration of CC-223 (10–1000 nM), cells were further cultivated in conditional medium for indicated time; Cell survival (A, B, C and E), and proliferation (D) were tested by listed assays. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (Same for all figures). n = 5 means five replicate wells (Same for Figs 1–4). * p <0.05 vs. "C".

The structure and formula weight of LY3023414 were presented (A). Established human glioma cells (U251MG and A172 lines), primary human astrocytes (“Astrocytes”) or primary human glioma cells [three lines, “Glioma (L1/2/3)”], were either left untreated (“Ctrl”) or treated with LY3023414 at 1-1000 nM, cells were further cultured for indicated time; Cell survival was tested (B, C, and E) (n=5). Cell proliferation was also tested by the BrdU ELISA assay (D and F) (n=5). *p < 0.05 vs. “Ctrl”. Experiments in this figure were repeated three times.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.

Three-dimensional responses of MCF7/IGF-1R cells to TAM (1 μM), E2 and IGF-1. Compared to parental MCF7 cells (a), MCF7/IGF-1R cells (b) in three-dimensional (3D) culture formed bigger acini in response to IGF-1 stimulation and displayed significant TAM resistance when treated with TAM (1 μM) + E2 + IGF-1, which was removable by kinase inhibitors BMS-536924, U0126 and BEZ235 (c). Cells (10,000/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. Acini were formed on 100% Matrigel and cultured for 14 days in starving medium containing 2% Matrigel and 5% charcoal/dextran-stripped fetal bovine serum with the treatments as indicated. Concentrations used: TAM (1 μM), E2 (1 nM) and IGF-1 (100 ng/mL). Confocal image original magnification, × 20. Red, rhodamine phalloidin (actin). Blue, Hoechst blue stain. Results are representative of two individual experiments.

H4-LC3-GFP cells were treated with 1 nM IFNA2 for the indicated periods in the presence of 200 nM rapamycin. Images of the cells were collected using an ArrayScan HCS 4.0 Reader. Representative cells are shown. The average spot intensity in 500 cells from each indicated sample was determined. Data are displayed as means ?SD of the spot intensity per cell (below). RLU, relative leight unit.

Cytoskeleton organisation of 786-O SuR treated with NVP-LDE225 (2.5 uM), everolimus (1 uM), and their combination for 24 h was analysed by confocal microscopy. Actin-based structures were revealed by rhodaminated phalloidin staining (red fluorescence). Localisation of focal adhesion points was obtained by immunofluorescent staining of p-paxillin (green fluorescence). Merged row images show overlapping of p-paxillin and actin signals. Moreover, all captures were shown in transmitted light. Scale bars, 10 um.

mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 activates PI3K accompanied with induction of expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and IRS1. Serum-deprived CHO-EGFP-AKT cells were incubated with 50 nM AZD8055 for 24 hr. The EGFP signal was detected using confocal microscopy. The white arrows indicate EGFP-AKT located on cellular membrane.

mTOR inhibitors attenuate ganetespib-driven elevation of HSPs in multiple tumor cell types. A375 melanoma cells were treated with vehicle, ganetespib (25 nmol/L), BEZ235 (500 nmol/L), or temsirolimus (500 nmol/L), either alone or in combination, for 24 hours. The levels of HSP90α, HSP70, HSP27, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblotting.

We treated all of drugs in T47D which has a PI3KCA H1044R mutation with the concentration shown below for 1 hour and performed western blot analysis using antibodies to phospho-AKT(SERINE 472), and total AKT.

 

Effects of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors on IGF1R and AKT signaling in RMS cells. Rh41 cells were treated with 0.3 uM PI3K inhibitor BKM120, 0.3 uM mTOR inhibitor KU0063794 for the indicated time. Lysates were made and analyzed for p-AKT, S6RP and IGF1R.

Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.

Effect of FK506 on cytosolic calcium homeostasis induced by TG and thrombin in human platelets. (A-B) Human platelets were suspended in a Ca 2+-free medium (100 µM of EGTA was added as indicated by arrowhead), and preincubated for 5 min at 37oC in the absence (solid black traces) or presence of increased concentrations (0.01-100 µM) of FK506 (light-doted and dark solid-grey traces, respectively). Cells were then stimulated with TG (200 nM; A) or Thr (0.1 U/mL; B) and 3 min later 300 μM of CaCl2 was added to extracellular medium to visualize calcium entry.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 15 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of  Deforolimus for 24 hours.

 

Hep-2 (D) or SCC-9 (E) cells were treated with PI3K/Akt and mTOR dual inhibitor LY 294002 (LY, 1 umol/L), mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin (0.5 umol/L), mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD2014 (0.1 uM), INK-128 (0.1 uM) or AZD8055 (0.1 uM) for 72 h, cell viability was analyzed. The mean of three independent experiments performed in triplicate was shown. Statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA. *p < 0.01 vs Control. **p < 0.01 vs. AZD8055 group.

The TMZ/XL765 combination decreases serum GH and PRL of mice bearing GH3 xenografts. A and B, After treatment with DMSO, TMZ, XL765, or the XL765/TMZ combination, the blood of the nude mice xenograft with GH3 tumor was collected and serum rat-GH and rat-PRL were measured by IRMA (TMZ/XL765 combination vs TMZ or XL765 alone: ***P <.001).

Huh-7.5 cells were treated with increasing concentration of Torin 1, a known autophagy inducer, and the autophagy response was assessed by measuring LC3II and p62 levels.

BMDMs from WT animals were treated with different concentrations of PI3K inhibitors (500 nmol/L PF4691502, PI-103, BKM120 and 25 μmol/L SF1126) followed by hypoxia for 4 hours for Western blots. These macrophages were either used for lysate preparation (nuclear extracts for HIFα or WCE for pAKT and AKT) and Western blot analysis.

Immunoblots from AR + TNBC cell lines treated with either CDX (25 uM), GDC-0941 (300 nM) or GDC0980 (100 nM) as single agents or CDX in combination with either GDC-0941 or GDC-0980 for 48 h analyzed for AR, p-AKT, AKT, p-S6, S6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein.

Breast cancer cells were pretreated with 100ng/ml EGF for 15 min and then treated with the indicated concentrations of GSK1059615 for 24 hours.

 

PI3K inhibitors promote apoptosis in checkpoint-defective cell lines. Two checkpoint-functional (A2058, D28) and three defective (HT144, D20, SKMel13) melanoma cell lines growth as tumour spheres as in Figure 4B were either untreated or treated with 5 uM PF-05212384 for 72 h, harvested and immunoblotted for pAkt Ser473.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of WYE-354 for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

U2OS cells were plated in six-well plates using complete medium. The next day the cells were washed four times with NaCl/P_i before maintaining them for 6 h in serum- and glucose-free DMEM supplemented as indicated in the absence or presence of 0.1 uM Torin 2 for the last 1 h. The cells were control- treated, treated with 1 ug/mL insulin or treated with 1 mM H2O2 for 15 min. Thereafter, cell lysates were prepared and western blotting was performed using the indicated antibodies.

SW620 and SW620:8055R cells were treated with increasing concentrations of WYE-125132 for 24 hours and cell proliferation was assayed by [³H]thymidine incorporation. Results are the mean盋oV for three biological replicates from a single experiment; identical results were obtained in n=3 experiments.

IGROV1-R10 cells were treated with BGT266(250nM) for 8 h.The effect of BGT226 on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation (A) and on expression of Mcl-1 and Bim (B).

After starved in serum-free medium for 24 h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Palomid529 for 3 h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.

PP121 induces apoptosis in ATC cells. CAL62 cells were treated with PP121 at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, followed by PI staining. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and analyzed using a fluorescent microscope. The representative images are shown.

Immunofluorescent double staining for K19 and pHH3 on HepG2 cells in non-coated condition, Ln-332 coated condition or Ln-332 coated condition supplemented with mTOR inhibitors (either rapamycin or WYE-687; n = 4).

WAY-600 blocks mTORC1/2 activation, but activates MEK-ERK signaling in HCC cells. HepG2 cells or primary HCC cells (“Pnt-2”) were treated with WAY-600 (“WAY”, 100 nM) for 1 h, mTOR-Raptor-Rictor association was tested by co-immunoprecipitation assay (A, for HepG2 cells), expression of listed kinases (p- and regular) was tested by Western blots (BeE).

The established (SQ20B/UMSCC47/SCC90 cells) or primary (“P1/P2/P3”) human NSCC cells as well as normal oral epithelial cells (“Epithelial cells”) were treated with indicated concentration of GDC-0349, rapamycin (“Rap”) or RAD001 for applied time, cell proliferation was tested by CCK-8 assay. Expression of listed proteins in primary human NSCC cells was tested by Western blot analysis (D, right panel). “UNTR” indicates untreated control cells. * p < 0.05 vs. “UNTR” cells. # p < 0.05 vs. GDC-0349-only cells.

HL60, HL60/ADR, K562 and K562/A02 cells pretreated with various concentrations of Voxtalisib (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM) for 48 h were harvested for western blot. The levels of cyclin D1, p27, and p-pRb in the nuclei were determined.

After starved in serum-free medium for 24h, A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Chrysophanic acid for 3h,followed by 15-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF

Fig 1. CC-223 is cytotoxic and anti-proliferative to cultured human HCC cells. Cultured HCC cell lines (HepG2, KYN-2 and Huh-7 lines), L02 normal hepatocytes as well as the primary human HCC cells ("HCC1/2/3" lines) were either left untreated ("C", same for all figures) or treated with designated concentration of CC-223 (10–1000 nM), cells were further cultivated in conditional medium for indicated time; Cell survival (A, B, C and E), and proliferation (D) were tested by listed assays. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (Same for all figures). n = 5 means five replicate wells (Same for Figs 1–4). * p <0.05 vs. "C".

The structure and formula weight of LY3023414 were presented (A). Established human glioma cells (U251MG and A172 lines), primary human astrocytes (“Astrocytes”) or primary human glioma cells [three lines, “Glioma (L1/2/3)”], were either left untreated (“Ctrl”) or treated with LY3023414 at 1-1000 nM, cells were further cultured for indicated time; Cell survival was tested (B, C, and E) (n=5). Cell proliferation was also tested by the BrdU ELISA assay (D and F) (n=5). *p < 0.05 vs. “Ctrl”. Experiments in this figure were repeated three times.

Exosomal miR-124-3p inhibited neuronal inflammation by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling. A, B) Immunoblot (A) and quantitative (B) data of p-4E-BP1 and p-P70S6K in neurons after scratch injury and exosomal treatment. Their expression was increased after scratch injury and was suppressed by miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes, suggesting that miR-124-3p suppresses the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). ##P < 0.01 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. injury group. C) Expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the culture medium were detected in the 3 groups of neurons: injured neurons (injury group), injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p–up-regulated exosomes (I+Exo-124), and injured neurons treated with miR-124-3p-up-regulated exosomes and the mTOR activator (MHY1485). Compared with the I+Exo-124 group, the MHY1485 group represented an increased expression on proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), suggesting that MHY1485 blocks the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-124-3p in injured neurons. Thus, the inhibitory effect of exosomal miR-124-3p on neuronal inflammation was exerted by suppressing the activity of mTOR signaling (n = 6/group). #P < 0.05 vs. injury group; *P < 0.05 vs. I+Exo-124 group.