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Quality Control

Batch: Purity: 99.74%

99.74

Related Targets	Integrase Bacterial Antibiotics Anti-infection Fungal Antiviral COVID-19 Parasite HIV HCV Protease
Other Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	Dapivirine (TMC120) Fangchinoline 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine) Salicylanilide Bifendate Ulonivirine Islatravir Lersivirine (UK-453061) 4-Chloro-2-(trifluoroacetyl)aniline hydrochloride

Solubility

In vitro
Batch:

DMSO : 49 mg/mL (218.54 mM)
(Moisture-contaminated DMSO may reduce solubility. Use fresh, anhydrous DMSO.)

Ethanol : 24 mg/mL

Water : Insoluble

Molarity Calculator

Mass	Concentration	Volume	Molecular Weight
Mass value Mass unit	Concentration value Concentration unit	Volume value Volume unit	Molecular weight (g/mol)

Dilution Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator

In vivo batch selection In vivo Batch:
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.
Clear solution	5%DMSO 1 40%PEG300 2 5%Tween80 3 50%ddH2O Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	2.250mg/ml (10.04mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 45 mg/ml clarified DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300, mix evenly to clarify it; add 50 μL of Tween80 to the above system, mix evenly to clarify; then continue to add 500 μL of ddH2O to adjust the volume to 1 mL. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Clear solution	5% DMSO 1 95% Corn oil Validated by Selleck labs. Should you need adjustments to this formulation, contact our sales team for custom testing.	1.100mg/ml (4.91mM)	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 50 μL of 22 mg/ml clear DMSO stock solution to 950 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. The mixed solution should be used immediately for optimal results.
Homogeneous suspension	CMC-NA	≥5mg/ml	Taking the 1 mL working solution as an example, add 5 mg of this product to 1 ml of CMC-Na solution, mix evenly to obtain a homogeneous suspension with a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.

In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)

Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)

Dosage: mg/kg

Average weight of animals: g

Dosing volume per animal: μL

Number of animals:

Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)

% DMSO

%

% Tween 80

% ddH₂O

% DMSO

+

%

Calculation results:

Working concentration: mg/ml;

Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH₂O, mix and clarify.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.

Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such
as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.

Chemical Information, Storage & Stability

Molecular Weight	224.21	Formula	C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄	Storage (From the date of receipt)	3 years-20°Cpowder
CAS No.	3056-17-5	Download SDF		Storage of Stock Solutions	1 year-80°Cin solvent 1 month-20°Cin solvent
Synonyms	BMY-27857, Sanilvudine, NSC 163661,d4T			SMILES	CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C2C=CC(O2)CO

Read more about storage stability stock solution CAS number SMILES

Mechanism of Action

Targets/IC₅₀/Ki	Reverse transcriptase
In vitro	Stavudine (d4T) alters the lipid phenotype, decreasing the lipid content and expression of markers involved in lipid metabolism, namely C/EBPalpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, adipocyte lipid binding protein 2, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. It drives 5-10% of 3T3-F442A cells towards apoptosis, and reduces the lipid content and survival of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This compound increases mitochondrial mass by two to fourfold, and lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 stain). It inhibits p24 antigen production by HIV-I in PBMC with EDsos ranging from 0.04 μM to 0.2 μM. It also produces significant mitochondrial dysfunction with a 1.5-fold increase in cellular lactate to pyruvate ratios. Stavudine causes a dose-dependent decrease in mtDNA amplification and a correlative increase in abundance of markers of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Its treatment elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances mitochondrial oxidative stress, and contributes mechanistically to NRTI-induced toxicity.
In vivo	Stavudine (d4T) (500 mg/kg/day) results in lack of significant oxidative mtDNA lesions (as assessed by long polymerase chain reaction experiments), and normal blood lactate/pyruvate ratios in lean mice. It can decrease hepatic and muscle mtDNA in lean mice and can also cause ketoacidosis during fasting without altering mtDNA. This compound depletes WAT mtDNA only in obese mice.
References	[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15577645/ [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8568296/ [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15289086/ [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11303038/

Clinical Trial Information

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2021-11-05)

NCT Number	Recruitment	Conditions	Sponsor/Collaborators	Start Date	Phases
NCT00074581	COMPLETED	HIV Infections	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	2005-02	PHASE3
NCT01146873	COMPLETED	HIV/AIDS; HIV Infections	Columbia University	2010-07	PHASE3
NCT02670772	COMPLETED	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; Human Immunodeficiency Virus	Willem Daniel Francois Venter	2012-07	PHASE3
NCT01694017	COMPLETED	HIV	Tufts University	2012-11	PHASE4
NCT00986063	COMPLETED	Nevirapine Induced Rash; Nevirapine Induced Hepatitis; HIV; Adverse Side Effects; AIDS; HIV Infections	Surakameth Mahasirimongkol	2009-07	PHASE4
NCT01344148	UNKNOWN	AIDS	Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center	2009-02

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d4T (Stavudine) Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor

Chemical Structure

Molecular Weight: 224.21