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PCB Antibody [K5L1]

Cat.No.: F3292

Application: Reactivity: Mouse, Rat, Human

Lane 1: HepG2, Lane 2: HepG2 (KO PCB), Lane 3: Mouse brain, Lane 4: Rat brain

Experiment Essentials

WB
Recommended SDS-PAGE separating gel concentration: 5%.

Usage Information

Dilution
WB1:1000 - 1:10000

Application
WB

Reactivity
Mouse, Rat, Human

Source
Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Storage Buffer
PBS, pH 7.2+50% Glycerol+0.05% BSA+0.01% NaN3

Storage (from the date of receipt)
-20°C (avoid freeze-thaw cycles), 2 years

Predicted MW Observed MW
130 kDa 130 kDa
^*Why do the predicted and actual molecular weights differ? The following reasons may explain differences between the predicted and actual protein molecular weight.

Positive Control	Rat brain; Mouse brain; Human fetal kidney; Human fetal liver; HAP1 cell; HepG2 cell; A549 cell
Negative Control

Exprimental Methods

WB
Experimental Protocol: Sample preparation 1. Tissue: Lyse the tissue sample by adding an appropriate volume of ice-cold RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail)，and homogenize the tissue at a low temperature. 2. Adherent cell: Aspirate the culture medium and wash the cells with ice-cold PBS twice. Lyse the cells by adding an appropriate volume of RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and put the sample on ice for 5 min. 3. Suspension cell: Transfer the culture medium to a pre-cooled centrifuge tube. Centrifuge and aspirate the supernatant. Wash the cells with ice-cold PBS twice. Lyse the cells by adding an appropriate volume of RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and put the sample on ice for 5 min. 4. Place the lysate into a pre-cooled microcentrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 4°C for 15 min. Collect the supernatant; 5. Remove a small volume of lysate to determine the protein concentration; 6. Combine the lysate with protein loading buffer. Boil 20 µL sample under 95-100°C for 5 min. Centrifuge for 5 min after cool down on ice. Electrophoretic separation 1. According to the concentration of extracted protein, load appropriate amount of protein sample and marker onto SDS-PAGE gels for electrophoresis. Recommended separating gel (lower gel) concentration: 5%. Reference Table for Selecting SDS-PAGE Separation Gel Concentrations 2. Power up 80V for 30 minutes. Then the power supply is adjusted (110 V~150 V), the Marker is observed, and the electrophoresis can be stopped when the indicator band of the predyed protein Marker where the protein is located is properly separated. (Note that the current should not be too large when electrophoresis, too large current (more than 150 mA) will cause the temperature to rise, affecting the result of running glue. If high currents cannot be avoided, an ice bath can be used to cool the bath.) Transfer membrane 1. Take out the converter, soak the clip and consumables in the pre-cooled converter; 2. Activate PVDF membrane with methanol for 1 min and rinse with transfer buffer; 3. Install it in the order of "black edge of clip - sponge - filter paper - filter paper - glue -PVDF membrane - filter paper - filter paper - sponge - white edge of clip"; 4. The protein was electrotransferred to PVDF membrane. ( 0.45 µm PVDF membrane is recommended ) Reference Table for Selecting PVDF Membrane Pore Size Specifications Recommended conditions for wet transfer: 200 mA, 120 min. ( Note that the transfer conditions can be adjusted according to the protein size. For high-molecular-weight proteins, a higher current and longer transfer time are recommended. However, ensure that the transfer tank remains at a low temperature to prevent gel melting.) Block 1. After electrotransfer, wash the film with TBST at room temperature for 5 minutes; 2. Incubate the film in the blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature; 3. Wash the film with TBST for 3 times, 5 minutes each time. Antibody incubation 1. Use 5% skim milk powder to prepare the primary antibody working liquid (recommended dilution ratio for primary antibody 1:1000), gently shake and incubate with the film at 4°C overnight; 2. Wash the film with TBST 3 times, 5 minutes each time; 3. Add the secondary antibody to the blocking solution and incubate with the film gently at room temperature for 1 hour; 4. After incubation, wash the film with TBST 3 times for 5 minutes each time. Antibody staining 1. Add the prepared ECL luminescent substrate (or select other color developing substrate according to the second antibody) and mix evenly; 2. Incubate with the film for 1 minute, remove excess substrate (keep the film moist), wrap with plastic film, and expose in the imaging system.

Experimental Protocol:

Sample preparation

1. Tissue: Lyse the tissue sample by adding an appropriate volume of ice-cold RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail)，and homogenize the tissue at a low temperature.

2. Adherent cell: Aspirate the culture medium and wash the cells with ice-cold PBS twice. Lyse the cells by adding an appropriate volume of RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and put the sample on ice for 5 min.

3. Suspension cell: Transfer the culture medium to a pre-cooled centrifuge tube. Centrifuge and aspirate the supernatant. Wash the cells with ice-cold PBS twice. Lyse the cells by adding an appropriate volume of RIPA Lysis Buffer (containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and put the sample on ice for 5 min.

4. Place the lysate into a pre-cooled microcentrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 4°C for 15 min. Collect the supernatant;

5. Remove a small volume of lysate to determine the protein concentration;

6. Combine the lysate with protein loading buffer. Boil 20 µL sample under 95-100°C for 5 min. Centrifuge for 5 min after cool down on ice.

Electrophoretic separation

1. According to the concentration of extracted protein, load appropriate amount of protein sample and marker onto SDS-PAGE gels for electrophoresis. Recommended separating gel (lower gel) concentration: 5%. Reference Table for Selecting SDS-PAGE Separation Gel Concentrations

2. Power up 80V for 30 minutes. Then the power supply is adjusted (110 V~150 V), the Marker is observed, and the electrophoresis can be stopped when the indicator band of the predyed protein Marker where the protein is located is properly separated. (Note that the current should not be too large when electrophoresis, too large current (more than 150 mA) will cause the temperature to rise, affecting the result of running glue. If high currents cannot be avoided, an ice bath can be used to cool the bath.)

Transfer membrane

1. Take out the converter, soak the clip and consumables in the pre-cooled converter;

2. Activate PVDF membrane with methanol for 1 min and rinse with transfer buffer;

3. Install it in the order of "black edge of clip - sponge - filter paper - filter paper - glue -PVDF membrane - filter paper - filter paper - sponge - white edge of clip";

4. The protein was electrotransferred to PVDF membrane. ( 0.45 µm PVDF membrane is recommended ) Reference Table for Selecting PVDF Membrane Pore Size Specifications

Recommended conditions for wet transfer: 200 mA, 120 min.

( Note that the transfer conditions can be adjusted according to the protein size. For high-molecular-weight proteins, a higher current and longer transfer time are recommended. However, ensure that the transfer tank remains at a low temperature to prevent gel melting.)

Block

1. After electrotransfer, wash the film with TBST at room temperature for 5 minutes;

2. Incubate the film in the blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature;

3. Wash the film with TBST for 3 times, 5 minutes each time.

Antibody incubation

1. Use 5% skim milk powder to prepare the primary antibody working liquid (recommended dilution ratio for primary antibody 1:1000), gently shake and incubate with the film at 4°C overnight;

2. Wash the film with TBST 3 times, 5 minutes each time;

3. Add the secondary antibody to the blocking solution and incubate with the film gently at room temperature for 1 hour;

4. After incubation, wash the film with TBST 3 times for 5 minutes each time.

Antibody staining

1. Add the prepared ECL luminescent substrate (or select other color developing substrate according to the second antibody) and mix evenly;

2. Incubate with the film for 1 minute, remove excess substrate (keep the film moist), wrap with plastic film, and expose in the imaging system.

Datasheet & SDS

Biological Description

Specificity
PCB Antibody [K5L1] detects endogenous levels of total PCB protein.

Subcellular Location
Mitochondrion

Uniprot ID
P11498

Clone
K5L1

Synonym(s)
Pyruvic carboxylase; PCB; PC

Background
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC, PCB) is a biotin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP- and CO₂-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, functioning as the primary anaplerotic reaction to replenish TCA cycle intermediates and as the committed step of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney. PC forms a 500–550 kDa tetramer with tetrahedral symmetry, where each ~125 kDa subunit contains three domains: a biotin carboxylase (BC) domain for ATP/bicarbonate-dependent carboxybiotin formation, a carboxyl transferase (CT) domain with a Zn²⁺-stabilized pyruvate enolate site (key residues Asp549, Thr882, Lys718), and a biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) domain with a swinging biotinylated lysine that shuttles CO₂ between active sites approximately 55 Å apart. An allosteric acetyl-CoA binding domain induces domain closure, increasing enzyme Vmax up to 1000-fold through tetramer reorganization. PC operates via a two-step ping-pong mechanism: (1) the BC domain carboxylates biotin (HCO₃⁻ + MgATP → carboxybiotin), and (2) BCCP delivers the carboxyl to the CT domain, where carboxybiotin donates CO₂ to the pyruvate enolate, yielding oxaloacetate. Deficiency of PC leads to type A/B pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (characterized by lactic acidosis, hyperammonemia, and Leigh-like encephalopathy) due to TCA cycle impairment, while hepatic PC knockout protects against diet-induced hyperglycemia.

Background

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC, PCB) is a biotin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP- and CO₂-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, functioning as the primary anaplerotic reaction to replenish TCA cycle intermediates and as the committed step of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney. PC forms a 500–550 kDa tetramer with tetrahedral symmetry, where each ~125 kDa subunit contains three domains: a biotin carboxylase (BC) domain for ATP/bicarbonate-dependent carboxybiotin formation, a carboxyl transferase (CT) domain with a Zn²⁺-stabilized pyruvate enolate site (key residues Asp549, Thr882, Lys718), and a biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) domain with a swinging biotinylated lysine that shuttles CO₂ between active sites approximately 55 Å apart. An allosteric acetyl-CoA binding domain induces domain closure, increasing enzyme Vmax up to 1000-fold through tetramer reorganization. PC operates via a two-step ping-pong mechanism: (1) the BC domain carboxylates biotin (HCO₃⁻ + MgATP → carboxybiotin), and (2) BCCP delivers the carboxyl to the CT domain, where carboxybiotin donates CO₂ to the pyruvate enolate, yielding oxaloacetate. Deficiency of PC leads to type A/B pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (characterized by lactic acidosis, hyperammonemia, and Leigh-like encephalopathy) due to TCA cycle impairment, while hepatic PC knockout protects against diet-induced hyperglycemia.

References
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28271481/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18613815/

Reference Table for Selecting PVDF Membrane Pore Size Specifications

Protein Size (kDa)	PVDF Transfer Membrane Pore Size (μm)
< 10	0.22
10-20	0.22
20-30	0.45
30-45	0.45
45-70	0.45
80-100	0.45
100-140	0.45
> 140	0.45

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Protein Size (kDa)	Separating Gel Percentage
4-40	20%
12-45	15%
10-70	12.5%
15-100	10%
25-100	8%
60-210	5%