Several completed clinical trials have evaluated this compound across Phase 1 pharmacokinetic assessments as well as unassigned or non-applicable phase studies. Sponsored by Charite University Berlin Germany, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, and Hua Medicine Limited, these trials involved healthy subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and individuals with cardiovascular conditions such as arterial occlusion and coronary artery disease. Specific study endpoints focused on mass balance, drug disposition in renal or hepatic impairment, arterial hemostasis, and quality-of-life outcomes.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04950543 | Completed | Quality of Life |
Charite University Berlin Germany |
2021-07-05 | -- |
| NCT04046952 | Completed | Arterial Occlusion|Cardiovascular Diseases|Atherosclerosis|Hematoma|Anticoagulant-induced Bleeding|Coronary Artery Disease |
VA Long Beach Healthcare System |
2019-10-10 | Not Applicable |
| NCT04324424 | Completed | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Hua Medicine Limited |
2019-04-23 | Phase 1 |
| NCT04426708 | Completed | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Hua Medicine Limited |
2019-02-18 | Phase 1 |
| NCT03158506 | Completed | Healthy Subject |
Hua Medicine Limited |
2017-03-29 | Phase 1 |
(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)
Mechanism and Biochemical Profile
Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards
| Quality Dimension | RUO (Research Use Only) | cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Applicability | Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. | Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies. |
| Regulatory Status | Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. | Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA). |
| Facility Environment | Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. | Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring. |
| Quality Control | Basic purity and activity testing. | Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma). |
| Process Validation | Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. | Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records. |
| Quality Assurance | Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. | Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits. |
| Regulatory Impact | High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. | Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF). |
Footnotes
Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).