Numerous clinical trials spanning Phase 1 through Phase 4, alongside non-applicable phase designs, evaluate cilostazol primarily for arterial occlusive diseases, peripheral arterial disease with claudication, coronary artery disease, migraine, and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Sponsored by academic medical centers, government organizations, and pharmaceutical entities, these studies encompass various recruitment statuses—including active, recruiting, completed, and terminated—to investigate therapeutic vascular outcomes and headache mechanisms.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06530537 | RECRUITING | Cerebral Microbleeds; Stroke |
Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital |
2024-07-18 | PHASE3 |
| NCT07174414 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Stroke Recurrence; Myocardial Infarction; Vascular Death; Ischemic Stroke; TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack); Stroke (CVA) or Transient Ischemic Attack; Recurrent Stroke |
Stanford University |
2026-08 | PHASE3 |
| NCT04753970 | RECRUITING | Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy; Cerebral Microbleeding; Sporadic White Matter Disease |
Mayo Clinic |
2021-02-09 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT07144956 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
Centre Hospitalier St Anne |
2025-12-15 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06919835 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Stroke |
Northern California Institute of Research and Education |
2026-08-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT07719894 | RECRUITING | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); Atherosclerosis |
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital |
2026-05-06 | PHASE4 |
| NCT06757764 | RECRUITING | Cerebral Infarction; Stenosis Artery |
Asan Medical Center |
2025-07-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT07588932 | RECRUITING | Stroke |
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital |
2026-05-18 | EARLY_PHASE1 |
| NCT07180472 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College |
2025-09-20 | PHASE4 |
| NCT07249853 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
Beijing Tiantan Hospital |
2025-11-30 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06504576 | RECRUITING | ICH - Intracerebral Hemorrhage |
National Taiwan University Hospital |
2025-06-16 | PHASE2 |
| NCT03109288 | RECRUITING | Multiple Sclerosis |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |
2017-08-11 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT06402747 | RECRUITING | Type 2 Diabetes; Atherosclerosis |
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital |
2024-04-16 | PHASE4 |
| NCT06989697 | RECRUITING | Type 2 Diabets Mellitus; Cognitive Ability, General |
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital |
2025-01-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06492070 | RECRUITING | Cervical Carcinoma; Fallopian Tube Carcinoma; Malignant Solid Neoplasm; Malignant Uterine Neoplasm; Ovarian Carcinoma; Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma; Vulvar Carcinoma |
Emory University |
2024-08-01 | PHASE2 |
| NCT07238985 | RECRUITING | Fatty Liver |
Tanta University |
2025-11-01 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT06561867 | UNKNOWN | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2024-08-30 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06053021 | UNKNOWN | Acute Ischemic Stroke; Thrombocytopenia |
Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine |
2023-09-15 | |
| NCT06612593 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Parkinson's Disease |
Ain Shams University |
2024-10-01 | PHASE2 |
| NCT06591377 | RECRUITING | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2024-08-10 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06202755 | UNKNOWN | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2024-03-30 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06117436 | COMPLETED | Wound Heal |
Ain Shams University |
2023-10-19 | PHASE2; PHASE3 |
| NCT04789837 | WITHDRAWN | Osteoarthritis |
Sadat City University |
2021-03-01 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT06196047 | UNKNOWN | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2023-12-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT05759819 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Peripheral Arterial Disease |
Otsuka Medical Devices Co., Ltd. Japan |
2023-03-10 | |
| NCT05594680 | UNKNOWN | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Tanta University |
2022-10-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06138834 | UNKNOWN | Acute Ischemic Stroke; Large Vessel Occlusion; Reperfusion |
Beijing Tiantan Hospital |
2023-11 | PHASE2 |
| NCT04761848 | WITHDRAWN | Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic |
Sadat City University |
2021-02-16 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT05671497 | COMPLETED | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Ain Shams University |
2022-11-01 | PHASE2; PHASE3 |
| NCT06591351 | RECRUITING | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2022-05-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06591390 | RECRUITING | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2022-02-09 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06591299 | RECRUITING | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2022-04-15 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06242132 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2022-06-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT06242145 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke |
Kafrelsheikh University |
2023-01-01 | PHASE3 |
| NCT05836766 | UNKNOWN | Acute Ischemic Stroke; Reperfusion; Large Vessel Occlusion |
Beijing Tiantan Hospital |
2023-06-05 | PHASE2 |
| NCT06268470 | UNKNOWN | Chronic Urticaria |
Chulalongkorn University |
2018-06-01 | PHASE2 |
| NCT05595993 | UNKNOWN | Post-Traumatic Headache |
Danish Headache Center |
2022-10-25 | |
| NCT06167265 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2023-11-28 | PHASE1 |
| NCT05906199 | COMPLETED | Diabetic Peripheral Angiopathy |
SK Chemicals Co., Ltd. |
2021-07-28 | PHASE4 |
| NCT04148105 | TERMINATED | Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
Henry Ford Health System |
2019-11-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03855332 | COMPLETED | Small Vessel Cerebrovascular Disease |
University of Oxford |
2019-07-11 | PHASE2 |
| NCT05298696 | COMPLETED | Peripheral Neuropathy; Breast Cancer |
Mansoura University |
2022-03-28 | PHASE1; PHASE2 |
| NCT06522113 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke; TIA |
Incheon St.Mary's Hospital |
2019-07-18 | PHASE4 |
| NCT05466734 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2022-07-05 | PHASE1 |
| NCT05126836 | COMPLETED | Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction |
University of Minnesota |
2021-09-01 | PHASE2 |
| NCT03451591 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Stroke, Lacunar |
University of Edinburgh |
2018-01-08 | PHASE2; PHASE3 |
| NCT05191862 | TERMINATED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2022-04-23 | PHASE1 |
| NCT04452929 | UNKNOWN | Migraine; Migraine Without Aura; Migraine With Aura |
Danish Headache Center |
2020-07-22 | |
| NCT04069819 | COMPLETED | Major Depressive Disorder |
Sadat City University |
2019-08-01 | |
| NCT02770274 | UNKNOWN | Peripheral Arterial Disease |
Attikon Hospital |
2016-12 | PHASE3 |
| NCT02829151 | UNKNOWN | Critical Limb Ischemia |
Yonsei University |
2017-02-21 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03581409 | COMPLETED | Aneurysm, Cerebral; Endovascular Procedures |
Seoul National University Hospital |
2018-10-24 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02491268 | COMPLETED | Mild Cognitive Impairment |
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan |
2015-05-01 | PHASE2 |
| NCT03189641 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
JIMRO Co., Ltd. |
2017-05-31 | |
| NCT01261832 | UNKNOWN | Acute Myocardial Infarction |
Korea University Guro Hospital |
2011-07 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02983214 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke; Peripheral Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
University of Ioannina |
2016-11 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01932203 | UNKNOWN | Cerebral Small Vessel Disease |
Inha University Hospital |
2013-07-17 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03864666 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2019-02-11 | PHASE1 |
| NCT01261234 | COMPLETED | In-stent Restenosis After Carotid Artery Stenting |
Kobe City General Hospital |
2010-12 | |
| NCT04407312 | UNKNOWN | Myocardial Infarction, Acute |
Gyeongsang National University Hospital |
2016-01-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01995370 | COMPLETED | Noncardioembolic Cerebral Infarction |
Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation |
2013-12-13 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03248401 | COMPLETED | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Carotid Atherosclerosis |
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital |
2016-09-26 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03422796 | COMPLETED | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2017-11-01 | |
| NCT02549898 | COMPLETED | Migraine Headache; Migraine Without Aura |
Danish Headache Center |
2015-08 | |
| NCT03480321 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2018-03-06 | PHASE1 |
| NCT02554721 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2015-08 | PHASE1 |
| NCT03156920 | COMPLETED | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2017-05-23 | |
| NCT02174939 | UNKNOWN | Coronary Artery Disease |
National Cheng-Kung University Hospital |
2014-02 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01359423 | COMPLETED | Claudication |
Yonsei University |
2011-09-26 | |
| NCT02481323 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Cognitive Impairment; Stroke |
University of Edinburgh |
2016-03 | PHASE2 |
| NCT02374957 | TERMINATED | Peripheral Arterial Disease; Claudication (Finding) |
Wake Forest University Health Sciences |
2015-02 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03156920 | Completed | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2017-05-23 | Not Applicable |
| NCT06886620 | TERMINATED | Intermittent Claudication |
Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd., |
2016-03-14 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01955200 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University |
2013-10-05 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02933788 | UNKNOWN | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Kangbuk Samsung Hospital |
2016-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01291641 | COMPLETED | Hyperlipidemias |
Seoul National University Hospital |
2011-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02266030 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital |
2011-02 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01013532 | UNKNOWN | Brain Ischemia; Intracranial Hemorrhages |
Asan Medical Center |
2009-06 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02483169 | UNKNOWN | Brain Ischemia; Intracranial Hemorrhages |
Asan Medical Center |
2009-06 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01779401 | COMPLETED | Coronary Heart Disease |
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuwai Hospital |
2012-09 | |
| NCT02486276 | COMPLETED | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2015-06 | |
| NCT02098460 | COMPLETED | Severe Hypercholesterolemia |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2013-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02094469 | COMPLETED | Vasospastic Angina |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2013-12 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01895400 | TERMINATED | Recurrent Vestibulopathy |
Jong Woo Chung |
2013-07 | PHASE3 |
| NCT02253004 | COMPLETED | Migraine With Aura; Stroke |
Herlev Hospital |
2014-09 | EARLY_PHASE1 |
| NCT02431013 | UNKNOWN | Dyslipidemias; Peripheral Artery Disease |
Ajou University School of Medicine |
2015-04 | PHASE1 |
| NCT02087007 | COMPLETED | Vasospastic Angina |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2013-11 | PHASE3 |
| NCT02625714 | Completed | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
SK Chemicals Co. Ltd. |
2015-06 | Phase 1 |
| NCT02374957 | Terminated | Peripheral Arterial Disease|Claudication (Finding) |
Wake Forest University Health Sciences |
2015-02 | Phase 4 |
| NCT01346865 | TERMINATED | Coronary Artery Disease |
Seung-Jung Park |
2011-05 | PHASE4 |
| NCT03116269 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke; Endothelial Dysfunction |
Ajou University School of Medicine |
2012-03-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01915069 | COMPLETED | Contraception |
University of Southern California |
2013-07 | PHASE2 |
| NCT01711333 | COMPLETED | Chronic Occlusive Arterial Disease |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2012-10-26 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02194686 | COMPLETED | Cardiovascular Diseases |
National Cheng-Kung University Hospital |
2013-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT02098460 | Unknown status | Severe Hypercholesterolemia |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2013-10 | Phase 4 |
| NCT01952756 | COMPLETED | Peripheral Arterial Diseases |
National Cheng-Kung University Hospital |
2012-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01870466 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Samsung Medical Center |
2012-06 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00132743 | UNKNOWN | Cardiovascular Diseases; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Atherosclerosis |
Joselyn Cerezo, MD |
2007-02 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01188824 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Stroke |
China Medical University Hospital |
2010-09 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01841827 | COMPLETED | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2013-04 | |
| NCT01378650 | COMPLETED | Tinnitus |
Jong Woo Chung |
2011-07 | |
| NCT01841827 | Completed | Migraine |
Danish Headache Center |
2013-04 | Not Applicable |
| NCT01192724 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
Yonsei University |
2010-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01252056 | COMPLETED | Diabetic Nephropathy |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2010-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01142284 | COMPLETED | Peripheral Artery Disease |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2010-05-19 | PHASE2 |
| NCT01872858 | UNKNOWN | Mild Cognitive Impairment |
Huashan Hospital |
2010-11 | |
| NCT01354808 | COMPLETED | Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Anti-inflammatory Agent; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury |
Gyeongsang National University Hospital |
2010-07 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01444885 | COMPLETED | Variant Angina |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2011-10 | PHASE2 |
| NCT01409564 | COMPLETED | Alzheimer's Dementia |
Seoul National University Hospital |
2010-05 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00912756 | UNKNOWN | Arteriosclerosis Obliterans |
Kansai Rosai Hospital |
2009-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01094457 | COMPLETED | Acute Coronary Syndromes; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Clopidogrel Low Responsiveness |
Shenyang Northern Hospital |
2009-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00333164 | COMPLETED | Cerebrovascular Disease |
Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan |
2006-05 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01482117 | COMPLETED | Interaction |
Inje University |
2011-11 | |
| NCT01383395 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Samsung Medical Center |
2011-06 | PHASE1 |
| NCT01031667 | COMPLETED | Therapy |
Yonsei University |
2009-11 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00847860 | COMPLETED | Vascular Dementia; Stroke |
Peking University First Hospital |
2008-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00886574 | UNKNOWN | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Hanyang University |
2009-04 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00938522 | UNKNOWN | Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary |
Samsung Medical Center |
2009-07 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00822172 | COMPLETED | Peripheral Vascular Disease; Intermittent Claudication; Peripheral Arterial Disease |
Colorado Prevention Center |
2008-09 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01328470 | COMPLETED | Chronic Kidney Disease; Stable Angina |
Kyunghee University Medical Center |
2009-09 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00783081 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Kowa Research Institute, Inc. |
2008-11 | PHASE2 |
| NCT00776828 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
Seoul National University Hospital |
2006-11 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00823875 | COMPLETED | Atherosclerosis Cerebral Infarction |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2009-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00589927 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease |
CardioVascular Research Foundation, Korea |
2007-12 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00915733 | COMPLETED | Myocardial Infarction |
Gyeongsang National University Hospital |
2009-05 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01455558 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Severance Hospital |
2009-02 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00823849 | COMPLETED | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Arteriosclerosis Obliterans |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2008-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT01012193 | COMPLETED | Coronary Artery Disease; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention |
Gyeongsang National University Hospital |
2008-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00891670 | UNKNOWN | Coronary Artery Stenosis; Maximal Platelet Aggregation; Late Platelet Aggregation; High Post-Treatment Platelet Reactivity |
Gyeongsang National University Hospital |
2009-05 | PHASE3 |
| NCT00773630 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Otsuka Frankfurt Research Institute GmbH |
2008-12 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00130039 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction; Atherosclerosis |
Asan Medical Center |
2005-08 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00620646 | COMPLETED | Clopidogrel Non-Responsiveness |
Samsung Medical Center |
2008-02 | |
| NCT00234065 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2003-12 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00741286 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Inje University |
2006-11 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00443287 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Sanofi |
2007-02 | PHASE2 |
| NCT00689858 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
SK Chemicals Co., Ltd. |
2007-05 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00446641 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Asan Medical Center |
2007-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00549978 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2007-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00431249 | COMPLETED | Hemodialysis Patients; Peripheral Vascular Disease |
Tungs' Taichung Metroharbour Hospital |
2007-02 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00272831 | COMPLETED | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Complications |
Chinese University of Hong Kong |
2005-12 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00300339 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Sanofi |
2006-02 | PHASE2 |
| NCT00404781 | COMPLETED | Ischemic Heart Disease; Acute Coronary Syndromes |
Shenyang Northern Hospital |
2006-06 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00685802 | COMPLETED | Therapeutic Equivalency, Healthy |
Mutual Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. |
2004-06 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00648388 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc |
2004-03 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00602407 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Roxane Laboratories |
2004-02 | |
| NCT00684762 | COMPLETED | Therapeutic Equivalency |
Mutual Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. |
2004-03 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00839930 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA |
2004-02 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00881231 | COMPLETED | Pain |
Sandoz |
2004-01 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00838630 | COMPLETED | Healthy |
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA |
2003-11 | PHASE1 |
| NCT00602173 | COMPLETED | Intermittent Claudication |
Roxane Laboratories |
2003-05 | |
| NCT00766545 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
1992-04 | PHASE3 |
| NCT00048776 | COMPLETED | Raynaud's Disease |
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical |
2001-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00573950 | UNKNOWN | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Metabolic Syndrome X |
Korea University Anam Hospital |
2007-12 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00048763 | COMPLETED | Raynaud's Disease |
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical |
2001-10 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00272454 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |
2006-01 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00202020 | COMPLETED | Cerebral Infarction |
Otsuka Beijing Research Institute |
2004-05 | PHASE3 |
| NCT01076478 | COMPLETED | Polyneuropathy |
Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Inc., Philippines |
2004-03 | PHASE4 |
| NCT00404716 | COMPLETED | Acute Coronary Syndrome |
Shenyang Northern Hospital |
2004-12 | PHASE4 |
(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-07-31)
Mechanism and Biochemical Profile
Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards
| Quality Dimension | RUO (Research Use Only) | cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Applicability | Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. | Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies. |
| Regulatory Status | Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. | Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA). |
| Facility Environment | Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. | Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring. |
| Quality Control | Basic purity and activity testing. | Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma). |
| Process Validation | Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. | Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records. |
| Quality Assurance | Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. | Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits. |
| Regulatory Impact | High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. | Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF). |
Footnotes
Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).