Several clinical trials spanning Phases I through IV evaluate silymarin flavanolignans, including isosilybin, across diverse therapeutic applications. Supported by academic, government, and pharmaceutical entities—such as Assiut University, Horus University, and the National Institutes of Health—these studies target dermatological and hepatic disorders, including melasma, fatty liver disease, liver failure, chronic hepatitis C, and oxidative stress, alongside cardioprotection during breast cancer chemotherapy. Trial statuses range from completed pharmacokinetic and liver evaluations to studies of unknown status investigating topical regimens.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05099601 | Unknown status | Melasma |
Assiut University |
2022-05 | Phase 4 |
| NCT04434404 | Completed | Breast Cancer |
Horus University |
2018-09-10 | Phase 4 |
| NCT03216668 | Unknown status | Liver Function Failure |
Nhat Nhat Pharmaceutical Company |
2017-06-15 | Phase 3 |
| NCT02006498 | Completed | Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease |
University of Malaya|Rottapharm |
2012-06 | Phase 2 |
| NCT01018615 | Completed | Chronic Hepatitis C|Oxidative Stress |
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill|National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)|National Institutes of Health (NIH) |
2009-11 | Phase 1 |
(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)
Mechanism and Biochemical Profile
Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards
| Quality Dimension | RUO (Research Use Only) | cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Applicability | Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. | Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies. |
| Regulatory Status | Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. | Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA). |
| Facility Environment | Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. | Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring. |
| Quality Control | Basic purity and activity testing. | Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma). |
| Process Validation | Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. | Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records. |
| Quality Assurance | Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. | Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits. |
| Regulatory Impact | High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. | Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF). |
Footnotes
Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).