Clinical Trials

Numerous clinical trials evaluate adenine derivatives and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide formulations across conditions including HIV, post-COVID-19 syndrome, metabolic age-related disorders, cutaneous photoaging, glaucoma, and mitochondrial myopathies. Spanning Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 4, and phase-unspecified research, these completed, recruiting, and status-unknown studies assess therapeutic endpoints such as antiviral efficacy and metabolic recovery. These evaluations are sponsored by a mix of industry and academic entities, including Gilead Sciences, AgelessRx, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the University of Birmingham.

NCT Number Recruitment Conditions Sponsor/Collaborators Start Date Phases
NCT06627868 RECRUITING
Obesity, Abdominal
University of Turku
 2024-11-20
NCT07692633 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
NAD+ Bioavailability; NAD+ Safety; NAD+ Efficacy
Reus Research
 2026-08
NCT06971224 RECRUITING
Sleep
Haukeland University Hospital
 2025-10-13 PHASE2
NCT07428889 COMPLETED
Healthy Adult
Shaklee Corporation
 2026-02-17
NCT06991712 RECRUITING
Glaucoma
Christopher Kai Shun Leung
 2025-05-19 PHASE2
NCT06776510 RECRUITING
Immune Thrombocytopenia; Treatment
Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, China
 2025-01-15 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT06005350 UNKNOWN
NAD
Charite University, Berlin, Germany
 2023-11-01
NCT06534944 COMPLETED
Peripheral Artery Disease
University of Oklahoma
 2023-02-27 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT04604704 COMPLETED
Covid19; Long COVID-19; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
AgelessRx
 2021-01-28 PHASE2
NCT04538521 COMPLETED
Mitochondrial Myopathies
University of Helsinki
 2019-02-11
NCT02950441 UNKNOWN
Aging
University of Birmingham
 2016-06 PHASE2
NCT01898182 COMPLETED
Cutaneous Photoaging
Makati Medical Center
 2013-11 PHASE4
NCT01885091 COMPLETED
Skin Roughness; Mottling; Blotchiness; Pigmentation; Fine Wrinkles
Menarini (Thailand) Limited
 2012-12 PHASE4
NCT00002396 UNKNOWN
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1
NCT00000843 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
 PHASE1
NCT00002180 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1
NCT00002346 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1
NCT00002326 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1
NCT00002128 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1
NCT00002115 COMPLETED
HIV Infections
Gilead Sciences
 PHASE1

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2026-02-18)

Check the Adenine sulfate product page for in-depth specifications, including solubility, stock solutions, MOA, and working concentrations.

Compliance for Clinical Use

Mechanism and Biochemical Profile

As a purine nucleobase salt, adenine sulfate acts as a key precursor for nucleotide synthesis and crucial cofactors, incorporating into cellular DNA, RNA, adenosine triphosphate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to regulate biochemical energy transfer and structural stability. By sustaining purine metabolic pathways and cellular energetic homeostasis, adenine sulfate supports essential metabolic and biosynthetic processes, demonstrating clinical relevance in therapeutic approaches toward viral infections, aging, and post-COVID-19 metabolic recovery.

Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards

Quality Dimension RUO (Research Use Only) cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice)
Clinical Applicability Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies.
Regulatory Status Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA).
Facility Environment Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring.
Quality Control Basic purity and activity testing. Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma).
Process Validation Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records.
Quality Assurance Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits.
Regulatory Impact High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF).

Footnotes

Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).

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Note: Technical data last updated: Sep 1, 2026.