Multiple clinical trials ranging from Phase 1 to Phase 3 and observational research evaluate diverse conditions, sponsored by academic medical centers, pharmaceutical companies, and government agencies including the NIH and NCATS. Currently, active recruiting efforts include a Phase 2 study on eosinophilic esophagitis treatments and an observational trial examining host genetic factors in COVID-19 severity. Conversely, a Phase 1 safety trial in healthy subjects has an unknown recruitment status, and a Phase 3 trial targeting prostate cancer, androgen deficiency, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was withdrawn.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05485155 | Recruiting | Eosinophilic Esophagitis |
Children''s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati|CSL Behring|National Institutes of Health (NIH) |
2024-03-01 | Phase 2 |
| NCT05157217 | Recruiting | COVID-19 |
Cairo University|Misr International University |
2021-12-15 | -- |
| NCT05186285 | Unknown status | Healthy |
Keymed Biosciences Co.Ltd |
2021-12-11 | Phase 1 |
| NCT05098327 | Withdrawn | Prostate Cancer|Insulin Resistance|Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|Androgen Deficiency |
State University of New York at Buffalo|National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) |
2021-08-01 | Phase 3 |
(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)
Mechanism and Biochemical Profile
Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards
| Quality Dimension | RUO (Research Use Only) | cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Applicability | Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. | Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies. |
| Regulatory Status | Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. | Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA). |
| Facility Environment | Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. | Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring. |
| Quality Control | Basic purity and activity testing. | Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma). |
| Process Validation | Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. | Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records. |
| Quality Assurance | Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. | Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits. |
| Regulatory Impact | High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. | Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF). |
Footnotes
Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).