Multiple clinical trials are currently evaluating this compound across diverse therapeutic indications, including liver failure associated with cirrhosis, heart failure, metabolic deficits induced by antipsychotic medications, and glycogen storage disease type IB. Spanning Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and unclassified phases, these studies are sponsored by academic and pharmaceutical entities such as Yale University, Boehringer Ingelheim, Tanta University, and Hong Kong Children's Hospital. Across the portfolio, recruitment statuses range from actively recruiting and not yet recruiting to unknown status.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05726032 | Recruiting | Cirrhosis|Liver Failure |
Yale University|Boehringer Ingelheim |
2023-09-11 | Phase 2 |
| NCT05553938 | Recruiting | Heart Failure |
Yale University |
2023-08-04 | Phase 1 |
| NCT05669742 | Not yet recruiting | Sodium-glucose Transport Protein Two Inhibitor (SGLT2)Metabolic Deficits Caused by Antipsychotics |
Tanta University |
2023-01 | Phase 3 |
| NCT04986735 | Unknown status | Glycogen Storage Disease Type IB |
Hong Kong Children''s Hospital |
2021-08-08 | -- |
(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2024-05-22)
Mechanism and Biochemical Profile
Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards
| Quality Dimension | RUO (Research Use Only) | cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Applicability | Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. | Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies. |
| Regulatory Status | Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. | Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA). |
| Facility Environment | Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. | Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring. |
| Quality Control | Basic purity and activity testing. | Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma). |
| Process Validation | Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. | Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records. |
| Quality Assurance | Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. | Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits. |
| Regulatory Impact | High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. | Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF). |
Footnotes
Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).