Clinical Trials

Glucagon hydrochloride has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials spanning early phase 1 through phase 4 studies. Research sponsored by both academic institutions, such as the University of Copenhagen, and pharmaceutical entities, including Sanofi and Xeris Pharmaceuticals, addresses diverse therapeutic areas. The investigated clinical conditions encompass severe hypoglycemia, short bowel syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recruitment statuses across these investigations range from active and recruiting to completed or withdrawn. For example, studies such as NCT02423980 have examined glucagon formulations for hypoglycemia rescue, while trial NCT07704047 investigates acylated glucagon analogs for short bowel syndrome.

NCT Number Recruitment Conditions Sponsor/Collaborators Start Date Phases
NCT07282041 RECRUITING
Intracranial Atherosclerosis; Stroke, Ischemic
National University of Singapore
 2025-12-17 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT07642635 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
 2026-09-01 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT07212868 RECRUITING
Non-Diabetic
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 2026-02-25 PHASE1
NCT07497399 RECRUITING
Multiple Sclerosis
Johns Hopkins University
 2026-04-28 PHASE2
NCT06582875 RECRUITING
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney; Obesity
University of Colorado, Denver
 2025-03-06 PHASE2
NCT06558422 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Insulin Resistance; Hyperinsulinemia; Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Prediabetic State; Obesity
Columbia University
 2027-01-01 PHASE1
NCT07107334 RECRUITING
Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
University of Florida
 2026-04-07 PHASE2
NCT07770152 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Autism Spectrum Disorder; Obesity
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
 2026-09-01 PHASE4
NCT07073053 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; Type 2 Diabetes; Coronary Arterial Disease (CAD)
Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
 2025-10-01 PHASE4
NCT07065383 RECRUITING
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
University of Aberdeen
 2025-08-01
NCT07249554 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Alcohol Use Disorder
Johns Hopkins University
 2026-09 PHASE2
NCT07387796 RECRUITING
Drug Discontinuation; Substance Use Disorders; Eating Behavior Changes; Tirzepatide
The University of Texas at Dallas
 2026-10
NCT07575399 RECRUITING
Obesity or Overweight
Amgen
 2026-05-11 PHASE3
NCT06872060 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Kidney Diseases
Bispebjerg Hospital
 2026-06-01
NCT07700030 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Weight Loss
NYU Langone Health
 2026-07
NCT07537686 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
 2026-07-01 PHASE2
NCT07366710 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Glucose Metabolism; NAFLD (Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
Rigshospitalet, Denmark
 2024-11-05
NCT07446998 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Obesity & Overweight; Mobility Disability; HOMA-IR
Veru Inc.
 2026-03-26 PHASE2
NCT06424106 RECRUITING
PreDiabetes
Mayo Clinic
 2025-04-01
NCT07770906 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Periodontal Disease; Obesity & Overweight
Cukurova University
 2026-09-01
NCT07427251 RECRUITING
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2026-04-27 PHASE4
NCT07704047 RECRUITING
Short Bowel Syndrome; SBS
Chongqing Peg-Bio Biopharm Co., Ltd.
 2026-08-30 PHASE2
NCT07789223 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Overweight; Obesity; Weight Maintenance
Elenzia
 2026-09
NCT05202353 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Obesity
Boehringer Ingelheim
 2024-11-01 PHASE1
NCT07251556 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Psoriasis Arthritis
Chinese University of Hong Kong
 2025-12-01 PHASE4
NCT06546384 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Adiposity; Fatty Liver; Alcohol Use Disorder
Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern
 2026-11-01
NCT06654219 RECRUITING
Pulmonary Aspiration
The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
 2025-10-30
NCT07319286 ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION
Menstrual Irregularities; Type1 Diabetes Mellitus; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; Female Reproductive Health
Ain Shams University
 2025-08-04 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT07350512 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Glucose Metabolism; Glucagon
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
 2026-01-20
NCT05254314 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Asthma
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
 2022-10-11 PHASE2
NCT07217743 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Laxity; Skin
Goldman, Butterwick, Fitzpatrick and Groff
 2025-10-27 PHASE2
NCT01803451 RECRUITING
Post-bariatric Surgery
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 2005-11 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT06986603 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemia, Reactive; Bariatric Surgery
Joslin Diabetes Center
 2024-11-26 PHASE4
NCT03508739 SUSPENDED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Pre-diabetic; Hypertension; Elevated Blood Pressure
University of Pennsylvania
 2018-06-01 PHASE3
NCT06734312 RECRUITING
Obesity and Obesity-related Medical Conditions; Obesity and Overweight; Obesity Prevention; Obesity Recidivism; GLP-1; Ablation Techniques
Dr. Christopher McGowan
 2025-01-01
NCT06877208 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
 2025-03-18
NCT07100691 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Pulmonary Aspiration During Anaesthetic Induction; Gastric Emptying Time; Preoperative Risk Assessment; Obesity (Disorder)
Mater Misericordiae University Hospital
 2025-08 PHASE4
NCT07373236 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Asger Lund, MD
 2026-01-23
NCT07140055 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Normal Healthy Volunteer; Safety After Oral Intake
Biolexis Therapeutics
 2025-09 PHASE1
NCT07221461 NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Wrinkle
Goldman, Butterwick, Fitzpatrick and Groff
 2025-11-01 PHASE2
NCT07210684 RECRUITING
Prediabetes
Nanjing Nutrabuilding Bio-tech Co., Ltd.
 2025-08-06
NCT06924697 ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Nicotine Dependence, Cigarettes
Shanghai East Hospital
 2025-06-21
NCT06194955 COMPLETED
Incretin Effect
University of Copenhagen
 2023-01-04
NCT06126354 WITHDRAWN
Insulin Resistance; Prediabetic State; Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Overweight and Obesity
Columbia University
 2024-07-01 PHASE1
NCT07682857 COMPLETED
Healthy Adult Participants
University of Turin, Italy
 2025-01-10
NCT06854861 SUSPENDED
Type 1 Diabetes
St. Olavs Hospital
 2025-04-01 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT06608433 COMPLETED
Healthy Volunteer Study; HPA; Cortisol Deficiency; Adrenal Insufficiency
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
 2025-01-16
NCT05500586 COMPLETED
Obesity; Type2diabetes; NAFLD
Adrian Vella
 2022-10-20 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT04355832 WITHDRAWN
Type1 Diabetes Mellitus
University of Maryland, Baltimore
 2020-06-24 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT05724134 COMPLETED
Insulin Resistance; Prediabetic State; Hyperinsulinemia; Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity
Columbia University
 2023-08-29 PHASE1
NCT06921824 COMPLETED
Glucose Metabolism; Glucagon
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
 2025-03-31
NCT06721910 COMPLETED
Healthy; Glucagon Resistance; Amino Acid Change
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
 2025-01-15
NCT06344247 UNKNOWN
Obesity; Chronic Kidney Diseases
RenJi Hospital
 2023-09-01
NCT06648031 COMPLETED
Type2diabetes
Lexaria Bioscience Corp.
 2024-12-04 PHASE1
NCT05895643 COMPLETED
Alcohol Abuse; Alcohol Addiction; Alcohol Dependence; Alcohol Use Disorder
Psychiatric Centre Rigshospitalet
 2023-06-13 PHASE2
NCT06588504 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Novo Nordisk A/S
 2024-09-10 PHASE1
NCT07141472 COMPLETED
Blood Sugar; High; Overweight and Obesity; Fat Loss; GLP-1; Glucagon
Lawry Han
 2025-01-07
NCT06895408 COMPLETED
Pancreatectomy; Hyperglycemia
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2025-02-19
NCT06082973 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Universitat Politècnica de València
 2024-05-15
NCT06408610 COMPLETED
Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Obesity; Dysbiosis
Cairo University
 2024-05-01
NCT06449235 UNKNOWN
Type2diabetes
Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
 2024-09 PHASE4
NCT06498063 UNKNOWN
Kidney Diseases
Ali Asmar
 2024-02-20
NCT06555146 UNKNOWN
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Kidney Disease, Chronic
Bispebjerg Hospital
 2024-08
NCT06272695 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
REMD Biotherapeutics, Inc.
 2024-02-15 PHASE1
NCT06640972 COMPLETED
Triglycerides; Weight Gain Trajectory; Cholesterol, Elevated
Response Pharmaceuticals
 2024-09-27 PHASE2
NCT06647368 RECRUITING
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
 2024-10-22
NCT05751720 UNKNOWN
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis; Type 2 Diabetes; Liver Fat
Dr Adnan Agha
 2023-10-01 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT06500429 COMPLETED
Overweight and Obesity; Healthy
Neurogastrx, Inc.
 2024-06-24 PHASE2
NCT02673931 UNKNOWN
Coronary Disease; Shock, Cardiogenic; Renal Failure; Stroke; Brain Injury; Aortic Valve Disease
Rigshospitalet, Denmark
 2016-02
NCT04779645 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Type 1 Diabetes
University of California, San Diego
 2021-07-31 PHASE2
NCT05379686 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2022-09-21
NCT05254418 COMPLETED
Chronic Kidney Diseases
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
 2022-03-15 PHASE2
NCT04192019 WITHDRAWN
Type 1 Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern
 2023-04 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT06333496 COMPLETED
Blood Sugar; High; Overweight and Obesity; Fat Burn; Obesity; Heart Health Markers
Alpine Biotech LLC
 2024-01-02
NCT06660134 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Shanghai Chest Hospital
 2021-08-01
NCT05454709 WITHDRAWN
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Inreda Diabetic B.V.
 2023-12-29 PHASE2
NCT05960565 TERMINATED
Type 1 Diabetes
St. Olavs Hospital
 2023-12-22 PHASE2
NCT05095259 UNKNOWN
Type1diabetes
Nordsjaellands Hospital
 2019-12-16
NCT04992312 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Eli Lilly and Company
 2022-03-24 PHASE1
NCT04907721 COMPLETED
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Glucagon Resistance; Type 1 Diabetes; Obesity
University of Copenhagen
 2021-05-27
NCT04614168 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus With Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemia Unawareness; Glucagon Deficiency; Insulin Hypoglycemia
University of Edinburgh
 2021-07-26
NCT05076292 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2021-11-23
NCT02829502 UNKNOWN
Ischemic Stroke
Christina Kruuse
 2016-08 PHASE2
NCT05177653 COMPLETED
Pancreatectomy; Hyperglycemia
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2022-04-07
NCT04758858 WITHDRAWN
Type 1 Diabetes
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
 2021-03
NCT05391581 COMPLETED
Blood Flow
University of Copenhagen
 2022-01-13
NCT05268627 UNKNOWN
Obesity
Mansoura University
 2022-01-27
NCT04881110 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes; Peripheral Arterial Disease
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
 2021-02-01 PHASE4
NCT05663164 COMPLETED
Sepsis; Thiamine Deficiency
Universitas Sumatera Utara
 2022-10-01
NCT05111912 COMPLETED
Obesity
Sciwind Biosciences APAC CO Pty. Ltd.
 2021-11-30 PHASE2
NCT02516657 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
University at Buffalo
 2012-05 PHASE3
NCT05446415 UNKNOWN
Severe Obesity; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese
University of Sao Paulo General Hospital
 2020-02-05
NCT03965130 COMPLETED
Healthy Participants
Yale University
 2019-06-05 PHASE1
NCT04042142 COMPLETED
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis; Glucose Metabolism Disorders
University of Aarhus
 2019-10-05
NCT04459338 COMPLETED
Healthy
Adrian Vella
 2021-03-04 PHASE3
NCT04949867 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2021-05-20 PHASE4
NCT03331289 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 2018-02-28 PHASE4
NCT04545411 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
University of California, San Diego
 2021-02-22 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT04172441 COMPLETED
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Zealand Pharma
 2020-06-19 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT05206149 COMPLETED
Hypopituitarism
A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza
 2021-10-01 PHASE4
NCT04232605 UNKNOWN
Headache, Migraine
Danish Headache Center
 2020-01-09
NCT04859322 COMPLETED
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Glucagon Resistance
Malte Palm Suppli, MD
 2021-02-08
NCT03860688 UNKNOWN
Hyperlipidemias
University Health Network, Toronto
 2019-05-01 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT03835013 COMPLETED
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
 2019-02-11
NCT02920190 WITHDRAWN
Monoclonal Gammopathies; Overweight; Obesity
University of Miami
 2020-09-01 PHASE4
NCT04383197 UNKNOWN
Type 2 Diabetes
University of Copenhagen
 2019-12-10
NCT03919617 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
University of California, San Diego
 2019-07-01 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT04461015 COMPLETED
Healthy
Adrian Vella
 2020-10-14 PHASE3
NCT03422666 COMPLETED
Hyperlipidemias
University Health Network, Toronto
 2018-09-21 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT03442972 COMPLETED
Hyperlipidemias
University Health Network, Toronto
 2019-01-17 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT04330625 TERMINATED
Hyperglycemia Drug Induced
Duke University
 2020-11-13 PHASE1
NCT04253223 TERMINATED
Hyperglycemia Drug Induced
Duke University
 2020-04-07 PHASE1
NCT04651868 COMPLETED
Gallbladder
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2020-12-10
NCT04347252 COMPLETED
Insulin Secretion
David D'Alessio, M.D.
 2019-09-24 PHASE1
NCT04053712 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2019-07-16 PHASE4
NCT04712266 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus With Hypoglycemia
Abvance Therapeutics
 2020-09-15 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT03777176 COMPLETED
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Zealand Pharma
 2019-02-07 PHASE3
NCT04079881 TERMINATED
Type 1 Diabetes; Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Washington University School of Medicine
 2020-02-13 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT03954873 COMPLETED
Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Endocrine or Metabolic Disease
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2019-01-31
NCT03841526 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2019-08-22 PHASE2
NCT03819972 COMPLETED
GLP-1 Concentration
University of Bath
 2019-02-02
NCT04337268 COMPLETED
The GLP-1-mediated Gut-kidney Axis
Rigshospitalet, Denmark
 2019-04-01
NCT03292315 COMPLETED
Spinal Cord Injuries; Insulin Resistance; Pre Diabetes; Obesity
James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center
 2018-10-16 PHASE4
NCT03770637 COMPLETED
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2019-05-10 PHASE2
NCT03713190 COMPLETED
End Stage Renal Disease
University of Pisa
 2018-09-10 PHASE2
NCT03341429 COMPLETED
Obesity
University College, London
 2018-08-22 PHASE4
NCT03490942 TERMINATED
Hypoglycemia Unawareness; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2018-03-15 PHASE2
NCT02944110 UNKNOWN
Diabetes After Total Pancreatectomy
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2016-04
NCT03533179 COMPLETED
Drug Overdose; Overdose of Beta-adrenergic Blocking Drug
University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg
 2018-06-01 PHASE4
NCT03895697 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2019-03-26 PHASE3
NCT02663661 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
University of Virginia
 2016-03-16
NCT03667053 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Zealand Pharma
 2018-09-28 PHASE3
NCT03526445 COMPLETED
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Total Pancreatectomy; Diabetes Mellitus
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2018-05-01
NCT03970772 COMPLETED
Fasting Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Qassim University
 2019-04-15
NCT03424044 COMPLETED
Type1diabetes
Oregon Health and Science University
 2018-03-29 PHASE1
NCT04904133 COMPLETED
Healthy Population; Glucose Tolerance
Acibadem University
 2019-04-02
NCT01234649 COMPLETED
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Metabolic Syndrome; Impaired Glucose Tolerance; Disorder of Glucose Regulation
Woman's
 2011-08-11 PHASE3
NCT03738865 COMPLETED
Insulin Hypoglycemia; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Severe Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2018-09-27 PHASE3
NCT03688711 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2018-11-01 PHASE3
NCT03717688 COMPLETED
Diabetes; Heart Failure
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
 2018-05-17 PHASE4
NCT03765502 COMPLETED
Healthy
Eli Lilly and Company
 2018-11-19 PHASE1
NCT03574064 COMPLETED
Healthy
University of Copenhagen
 2018-06-01
NCT04354090 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Beijing Dongfang Biotech Co., Ltd.
 2018-04-26 PHASE1
NCT02592421 COMPLETED
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
 2015-10-23 PHASE3
NCT02940184 UNKNOWN
Physiology
University of Copenhagen
 2016-06
NCT04064203 COMPLETED
Diabetes After Total Pancreatectomy
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2017-07-05
NCT02971631 COMPLETED
Gastric Cancer; Dumping Syndrome
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
 2017-08-10
NCT03682172 COMPLETED
Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 on Gallbladder Motility
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen
 2018-05-01 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT03255629 COMPLETED
Post-bariatric Hypoglycemia
Joslin Diabetes Center
 2017-09-19 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT03421379 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus
Eli Lilly and Company
 2018-02-21 PHASE3
NCT02018627 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Steven J. Russell, MD, PhD
 2014-04 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT02490098 WITHDRAWN
Type 1 Diabetes
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
 2018-01 PHASE2
NCT03350191 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sanofi
 2017-12-20 PHASE1
NCT03081676 COMPLETED
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 3
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2017-03-08
NCT03444467 COMPLETED
Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Novo Nordisk A/S
 2018-02-05 PHASE1
NCT02078726 COMPLETED
Colon Cancer
University of California, San Francisco
 2014-04 PHASE4
NCT03378635 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2017-12-07 PHASE3
NCT03439072 COMPLETED
Insulin Hypoglycemia; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Severe Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2018-01-23 PHASE3
NCT03217175 TERMINATED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Massachusetts General Hospital
 2017-08-18
NCT03139305 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Obesity
AdventHealth Translational Research Institute
 2017-10-24 PHASE1
NCT03216226 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2017-06-28 PHASE3
NCT03339453 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Eli Lilly and Company
 2017-11-10 PHASE1
NCT03181191 COMPLETED
Glucose Metabolism Disorders
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2017-04-27
NCT02746757 COMPLETED
Healthy Volunteers
Karolinska Institutet
 2015-05
NCT02966275 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Massachusetts General Hospital
 2016-09
NCT01471509 SUSPENDED
Type 2 Diabetes; Metabolic Syndrome
Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center
 1982-08
NCT03091673 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2017-03-27 PHASE3
NCT03829800 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Universidad del Zulia
 2016-09-01
NCT02656069 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2017-03-15 PHASE3
NCT02537834 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kowa Company, Ltd.
 2015-08 PHASE4
NCT02398383 COMPLETED
Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes
Yale University
 2015-03 EARLY_PHASE1
NCT02589626 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Boehringer Ingelheim
 2015-10-29 PHASE4
NCT02256189 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Lund University
 2015-04 PHASE4
NCT02475070 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Lund University
 2016-01 PHASE4
NCT02971228 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2016-11 PHASE2
NCT02910518 COMPLETED
Type1 Diabetes Mellitus
Sanofi
 2017-02-17 PHASE1
NCT02887625 UNKNOWN
Type 2 Diabetes
Dr. Muhammad Abdulghani
 2015-02
NCT02602600 COMPLETED
Microvascular Angina
Eva Prescott
 2015-11-19 PHASE4
NCT02733588 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Complications of Bariatric Procedures
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2016-03 PHASE2
NCT02916251 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Zealand Pharma
 2016-12-01 PHASE2
NCT02127996 UNKNOWN
Angina Pectoris; Myocardial Infarction; Reperfusion Injury; Coronary Heart Disease
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
 2015-03 PHASE2
NCT02748369 COMPLETED
Normal Cellular Metabolism
K. Sreekumaran Nair
 2016-07 PHASE1
NCT02236299 UNKNOWN
Right Coronary Artery Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Right Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
 2014-09
NCT02798250 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
 2016-06 PHASE2
NCT02660242 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Jaeb Center for Health Research
 2016-01 PHASE2
NCT02881060 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2016-08 PHASE4
NCT02817659 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Obesity
AdventHealth Translational Research Institute
 2016-11-01 PHASE1
NCT02475421 COMPLETED
Diabetes
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2015-05
NCT02635243 WITHDRAWN
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Sanofi
 2016-04 PHASE1
NCT02507128 UNKNOWN
Acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Chen Wei Ren, MD
 2015-07
NCT02660008 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Zealand Pharma
 2016-01 PHASE2
NCT02626936 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
 2016-01 PHASE2
NCT02276196 COMPLETED
Diabetic Kidney Disease; Diabetic Nephropathy; Diabetes Mellitus; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc
 2014-09 PHASE4
NCT02411578 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Jaeb Center for Health Research
 2015-09 PHASE2
NCT02578498 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes; Hypoglycemia
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2015-10 PHASE4
NCT02128022 COMPLETED
Angina Pectoris
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
 2014-07 PHASE1
NCT02001363 UNKNOWN
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Chen Wei Ren, MD
 2013-11
NCT02625636 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Sanofi
 2015-12 PHASE1
NCT02337660 COMPLETED
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2015-01
NCT02740829 COMPLETED
Diabetes
University Health Network, Toronto
 2015-03 PHASE1
NCT01740921 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
 2011-01
NCT01847313 COMPLETED
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Karl Neff
 2013-04 PHASE3
NCT02584582 UNKNOWN
Type 1 Diabetes
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2015-07 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT02416765 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
 2015-05 PHASE2
NCT02171130 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug-Specific Antibodies
Eli Lilly and Company
 2014-05 PHASE3
NCT02402933 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus
Eli Lilly and Company
 2015-03 PHASE3
NCT01744236 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc
 2013-04 PHASE4
NCT02397265 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Imperial College London
 2014-12-03
NCT02237053 COMPLETED
Hyperglucagonemia; Obesity
AdventHealth Translational Research Institute
 2014-09 PHASE1
NCT02423980 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2015-04 PHASE2
NCT02806973 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Eli Lilly and Company
 2015-01 PHASE1
NCT02403648 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Biodel
 2014-11 PHASE1
NCT02591849 COMPLETED
Post-transplant Diabetes Mellitus
Oslo University Hospital
 2014-10
NCT02232971 UNKNOWN
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2014-09 PHASE4
NCT01994746 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Eli Lilly and Company
 2013-11 PHASE3
NCT01997411 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Eli Lilly and Company
 2013-11 PHASE2; PHASE3
NCT02020629 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Lund University
 2013-12 PHASE4
NCT01610154 COMPLETED
Insulin Secretion; Insulin Resistance
Guangwei Li
 2012-10 PHASE4
NCT02081001 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Xeris Pharmaceuticals
 2014-03 PHASE2
NCT01573286 TERMINATED
Intestinal Failure; Short Bowel Syndrome
Alberta Children's Hospital
 2012-01 PHASE1; PHASE2
NCT01434901 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Washington University School of Medicine
 2011-08-15 PHASE1
NCT01282164 COMPLETED
Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency; Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders
The Cleveland Clinic
 2011-01
NCT01795235 UNKNOWN
Healthy
University of Virginia
 2012-12
NCT01958775 COMPLETED
Dyslipidemia
University Health Network, Toronto
 2012-03 PHASE3
NCT02235584 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2009-07
NCT02806960 TERMINATED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Eli Lilly and Company
 2014-06 PHASE1
NCT01755572 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes; Systolic Hypertension
Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada
 2013-01 PHASE4
NCT01959334 COMPLETED
Drug-specific Antibodies; Diabetes Mellitus
Eli Lilly and Company
 2013-09 PHASE3
NCT01804413 UNKNOWN
Adults Growth Hormone Deficiency.
Oregon Health and Science University
 2011-03
NCT01219400 COMPLETED
Diabetes
Lund University
 2012-01 PHASE4
NCT01843127 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gilead Sciences
 2013-04 PHASE1
NCT01741103 WITHDRAWN
Diabetes Type I
University at Buffalo
 2011-06
NCT01871870 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Legacy Health System
 2013-05 PHASE2
NCT01552603 COMPLETED
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Legacy Health System
 2012-03 PHASE2
NCT01507597 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes; Type 1 Diabetes
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2011-12
NCT01413542 COMPLETED
Hypertension; Diabetes Type 2
Vanderbilt University
 2011-11
NCT02086227 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC
 2013-05 PHASE1
NCT01689051 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes; Blod Pressure; Glucagon-like Peptide-1; Human Physiology; Blood Flow
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2012-03
NCT02778100 COMPLETED
Common Cold
Eli Lilly and Company
 2013-03 PHASE1
NCT01483651 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Legacy Health System
 2011-11
NCT01452113 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus
University Hospital, Toulouse
 2010-10 PHASE2
NCT01579981 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2012-04
NCT01680653 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Stanford University
 2012-05
NCT00923962 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2009-06
NCT00673894 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
 2008-04
NCT02778113 COMPLETED
Healthy
Eli Lilly and Company
 2011-10 PHASE1
NCT01300260 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Eli Lilly and Company
 2011-02 PHASE1
NCT00950677 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Baylor College of Medicine
 2009-07 PHASE4
NCT01261052 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Legacy Health System
 2010-11 PHASE2
NCT00881543 COMPLETED
Diabetes Type 2
University of Sao Paulo General Hospital
 2009-06
NCT00798590 TERMINATED
Critically Ill; Hypoglycemia
Johns Hopkins University
 2008-12 PHASE2
NCT01155206 COMPLETED
Diabetes
University Health Network, Toronto
 2009-06 PHASE4
NCT01088841 COMPLETED
Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders; Hormone Replacement
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
 2009-04 PHASE1
NCT01341028 COMPLETED
Morbid Obesity
University of Patras
 2007-05
NCT00797823 COMPLETED
Type 1 Diabetes
Legacy Health System
 2008-11 PHASE2
NCT00434772 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Shaare Zedek Medical Center
 2007-12 PHASE2
NCT00651105 COMPLETED
Type-2 Diabetes; Healthy
Novartis
 2008-02 PHASE3
NCT00823940 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
GlaxoSmithKline
 2009-01-13 PHASE1
NCT00817271 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
AstraZeneca
 2009-02 PHASE1
NCT00740324 COMPLETED
Healthy
Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
 2008-08 PHASE3
NCT00732602 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
 2008-01
NCT00603031 COMPLETED
Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2008-01
NCT01606423 COMPLETED
Healthy Volunteers
Eli Lilly and Company
 2007-11 PHASE1
NCT00929812 UNKNOWN
Healthy Subjects; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Charite University, Berlin, Germany
 2006-06 PHASE3
NCT01079624 COMPLETED
Physiology; Gastroenterology; Endocrinology
Uppsala University
 2006-08 PHASE1
NCT00745186 COMPLETED
Hypoglycemia
Hospira, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer
 2007-08 PHASE1
NCT00418288 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes; Stroke; Myocardial Infarction
University of Aarhus
 2007-01
NCT00612950 COMPLETED
Type 2 Diabetes
Hvidovre University Hospital
 2006-10
NCT00980083 COMPLETED
Healthy Subjects; Gastric Emptying
Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich
 2004-10 PHASE1
NCT00105352 COMPLETED
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
 2004-11
NCT00155376 UNKNOWN
Liver Disease
National Taiwan University Hospital
 2005-09 PHASE4
NCT00473733 UNKNOWN
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center
 PHASE4
NCT00273000 UNKNOWN
Healthy
Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen
 2006-01

(data from https://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2025-12-23)

Check the Glucagon hydrochloride product page for in-depth specifications, including solubility, stock solutions, MOA, and working concentrations.

Compliance for Clinical Use

Mechanism and Biochemical Profile

Glucagon hydrochloride selectively binds to and activates the G-protein coupled glucagon receptor on hepatocytes, triggering adenylate cyclase activation and elevating intracellular cyclic AMP levels to promote hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. This rapid mobilization of stored glycogen into glucose restores blood glucose homeostasis, directly counteracting severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia and modulating metabolic pathways under clinical investigation.

Appendix RUO and cGMP Quality Standards

Quality Dimension RUO (Research Use Only) cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice)
Clinical Applicability Prohibited in human clinical trials or medical diagnostics. Mandatory for human clinical trials (Phase I–III) and therapies.
Regulatory Status Non-regulated grade; exempt from drug manufacturing laws. Legally enforced by health authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA, NMPA).
Facility Environment Unclassified analytical or research laboratories. Validated Cleanrooms (ISO Class 5–8) with continuous monitoring.
Quality Control Basic purity and activity testing. Rigorous safety release testing (Sterility, Endotoxin, Mycoplasma).
Process Validation Basic equipment calibration; no process validation required. Full qualification (IQ/OQ/PQ) and complete batch records.
Quality Assurance Vendor self-declared without required formal QMS. Mandatory QA/QC unit, Change Control, CAPA, and vendor audits.
Regulatory Impact High risk of IND rejection if used as a critical raw material. Required for IND/NDA filings, supported by Drug Master Files (DMF).

Footnotes

Regulatory Note: Governed by FDA (21 CFR Parts 210/211/312), EMA (EudraLex Vol 4), ICH Guidelines (E6/Q7/Q9/Q10), and compendial standards (USP <71>/<85>/<1043>).

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Note: Technical data last updated: Sep 1, 2026.