Apremilast

Catalog No.S8034 Batch:S803403

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Technical Data

Formula

C22H24N2O7S
Molecular Weight 460.5 CAS No. 608141-41-9
Solubility (25°C)* In vitro DMSO 92 mg/mL (199.78 mM)
Water Insoluble
Ethanol Insoluble
* <1 mg/ml means slightly soluble or insoluble.
* Please note that Selleck tests the solubility of all compounds in-house, and the actual solubility may differ slightly from published values. This is normal and is due to slight batch-to-batch variations.
* Room temperature shipping (Stability testing shows this product can be shipped without any cooling measures.)

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Biological Activity

Description Apremilast (CC-10004) is a potent and orally active PDE4 and TNF-α inhibitor with IC50 of 74 nM and 77 nM, respectively.
Targets
PDE4 [1] TNF-α [1]
74 nM 77 nM
In vitro Apremilast is more potent for inhibition of PDE4 compared with cAMP or cGMP hydrolysing enzymes from other PDE families. Apremilast displays a broad pattern of anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of cell types, inhibits TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-23 production, as well as NK and keratinocyte responses. Apremilast is found to inhibit the zymosan-induced PMN production of IL-8 with IC50 of 94 nM. Apremilast inhibits fMLF-induced PMN CD18 and CD11b expression with IC50 of 390 nM and 74 nM, respectively, and inhibits fMLF-induced adhesion of PMN to HUVECs with IC50 of 150 nM. Apremilast inhibits keratinocyte TNF-αproduction, with no effect on keratinocyte cell viability as measured by intracellular ATP levels. [3] [4].
In vivo Apremilast is stable in the presence of human microsomes (t1/2 > 60 min). It is 90% protein bound in human plasma. Oral and intravenous administration of it in female rats showed that it have good pharmacokinetics with low clearance, a moderate volume of distribution, and a 64% oral bioavailability. In a LPS-induced TNF-αinhibition model in rats, examined the TNF-α inhibitory ability of Apremilast in vivo, and the ED50 is determined to be 0.03 mg/kg. In another LPS-induced neutrophilia model in rats, Apremilast exhibited an ED50 range from 0.3 mg/kg to 0.9 mg/kg.[1]

Protocol (from reference)

Kinase Assay:[2]
  • PDE4 inhibitory activity

    Cells (1×109) are washed in PBS and lysed in cold homogenization buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.1, 3 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EGTA, 1 μM PMSF, 1 μg/mL leupeptin). Following homogenization in a Dounce homogenizer the supematant is collected by centrifugation and loaded onto a Sephacryl S-200 column equilibrated in homogenization buffer. PDE is eluted in homogenization buffer and the rolipram sensitive fractions pooled and stored in aliquots. Enzyme activity is assayed in 50 mM Tris- HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 μM cAMP (of which 1% is3H cAMP) in the presence of varying concentrations of inhibitors. The amount of extract used is pre-determined to ensure that reactions are within the linear range and consumed lessthan15%of the total substrate. Reactions are performed at 30°C for 30 min and terminated by boiling for 2 min. The samples are then chilled and treated with snake 'venom (1mg/mL) at 30 °C for 15 min. Unused substrate is removed by incubation with 200 μL AG1-X8 resin for 15 min. Samples are then spun at 3000 rpm for 5 min and 50 μL of the aqueous phase taken for counting. Eachdata point is carried out in duplicate with activity expressed as percentage of control. IC50 is determined from dose response curves derived from three independent experiments.

Cell Assay:[3]
  • Cell lines

    HEKn cells

  • Concentrations

    ~10 μM

  • Incubation Time

    18 h

  • Method

    For proliferation studies, human neonatal foreskin epidermal keratinocytes (HEKn cells) are plated at 3000 cells per well in 96-well flat bottom tissue culture plates for 2 days. HEKn cells are treated with apremilast or 0.1% DMSO as the vehicle control for 1 h before ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation with 50 mJ/cm2 in a UV Stratalinker 2400, calibrated with 312 nm UVB bulbs. Media and compounds are replaced, and cells are incubated for 18 h. Lysates are transferred to plates and shaken for 2 min before chemiluminescence is read on a TopCount NXT Luminescence Counter.

Animal Study:[3]
  • Animal Models

    Psoriasis mouse model

  • Dosages

    5 mg/kg/day, divided into b.i.d.doses

  • Administration

    Oral

Selleck's Apremilast has been cited by 9 publications

Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism [ Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1):40] PubMed: 36710269
Targeting PDE4 as a promising therapeutic strategy in chronic ulcerative colitis through modulating mucosal homeostasis [ Acta Pharm Sin B, 2022, 12(1):228-245] PubMed: 35127382
Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition Reduces Cutaneous Inflammation and IL-1β Expression in a Psoriasiform Mouse Model but Does Not Inhibit Inflammasome Activation [ Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(23)12878] PubMed: 34884681
Application of a newly-developed cynomolgus macaque BiTE-mediated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity assay to various immunomodulatory agents in vitro [ J Immunotoxicol, 2021, 18(1):154-162] PubMed: 34714999
Targeting PDE4 as a promising therapeutic strategy in chronic ulcerative colitis through modulating mucosal homeostasis [ Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2021, 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.007] PubMed: None
Apremilast Regulates the Teff/Treg Balance to Ameliorate Uveitis via PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 Signaling Pathway [ Front Immunol, 2020, 11:581673] PubMed: 33281814
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 attenuates murine ulcerative colitis through interference with mucosal immunity [ Br J Pharmacol, 2019, 176(13):2209-2226] PubMed: 30883697
Correlation and cluster analysis of immunomodulatory drugs based on cytokine profiles [Wallner FK Pharmacol Res, 2018, 128:244-251] PubMed: 29079427
Evaluation of clustering methods for analyzing drug cytokine profiles [ DiVA, 2017, None] PubMed: None

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