PP2

The acid-treated enolase is diluted 1:20 with 1× PBS before aliquoting 100 mL/well into a Nunc 96-well high protein binding assay plate. Assay wells are then aspirated; blocked with 0.5% bovine serum, 1× PBS for 1 h at 37 ℃;and then washed five times with 300 mL of 1× PBS/well. The source of Lck is either LSTRA cells or Lck expressed in HeLa cells using a vaccinia expression system. FynT is expressed in HeLa cells using the vaccinia system. Cells (12.5× 10⁶/mL) are lysed in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, and 23 trypsin inhibitory units/mL aprotinin), and the lysates are clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 cpm for 15 min at 4 ℃ in an Eppendorf tube. The clarified lysates are then incubated with the appropriate anti-kinase antibody at 10 μg/mL for 2 h at 4 ℃. Protein A-Sepharose beads are added to the antibody/lysate mixture at 250 μL/mL and allowed to incubate for 30 min at 4 ℃. The beads are then washed twice in 1 mL of lysis buffer and twice in 1 mL of kinase buffer (25 mM HEPES, 3 mM MnCl₂, 5mM MgCl₂, and 100 μM sodium orthovanadate) and resuspended to 50% (w/v) in kinase buffer. Twenty-five microliters of the bead suspension is added to each well of the enolase-coated 96-well high protein binding plate together with an appropriate concentration of compound and [γ-³²P]ATP (25 μL/well of a 200 μCi/mL solution in kinase buffer). After incubation for 20 min at 20 ℃, 60 μLl of boiling 2× solubilization buffer containing 10 mM ATP is added to the assay wells to terminate the reactions. Thirty microliters of the samples is removed from the wells, boiled for 5 min, and run on a 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The gels are subsequently dried and exposed to Kodak X-AR film. For quantitation, films are scanned using a Molecular Dynamics laser scanner, and the optical density of the major substrate band, enolase p46, is determined. In companion experiments for measuring the activity of compounds against Lck, the assay plate is washed with two wash cycles on a Skatron harvester using 50 mM EDTA, 1 mM ATP. Scintillation fluid (100 μL) is then added to the wells, and ³²P incorporation is measured using a micro-β-counter.

HT29, SW480, PMCO1, PLC/PRF/5, KYN-2, Li7, HepG2, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and BT-474 cell lines

~100 μM

2 days

Cell viability is determined using an in vitro toxicology assay kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates at day 0. Starting at day 1, cells are treated for 2 days with each of a series of increasing concentrations of PP2 (1 μM, 10 μM, and 100 μM). At the end of this period, cell proliferation is evaluated by a colorimetric assay based on the cleavage of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide by mitochondria dehydrogenase in viable cells, leading to formazan formation. This experiment is repeated three times with 10 determinations/tested concentration.

SCID mice inoculated HT29 cells in the spleen

5 mg/kg/day

intraperitoneal injection