Datasheet

Biological Description

Specificity	S100 Antibody [H19D4] detects endogenous levels of total S100 protein.
Background	The S100 protein family is a large group of low-molecular-weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) unique to vertebrates, first named for their solubility in 100% ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. They are defined by their conserved structure containing two helix–loop–helix motifs, known as EF-hands, which mediate Ca²⁺ and transition metal (Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺) binding. These motifs are linked by a flexible hinge region, while sequence variability in the C-terminal extension and hinge contributes to their diverse functions. S100 proteins typically form homo- or heterodimers, a requirement for their full activation. In humans, at least 21–30 isoforms exist, with most clustered on chromosome 1q21 (epidermal differentiation complex) and others dispersed across chromosomes 4, 5, 21, and X. Their expression is cell- and tissue-specific, reflecting highly specialized and often non-redundant functions. Functionally, S100 proteins act both intracellularly and extracellularly: within cells they regulate transcription, cytoskeleton dynamics, calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism, and apoptosis, while secreted S100 proteins bind to receptors such as RAGE and TLR4, triggering NF-κB, JAK-STAT, and MAPK signaling to drive inflammation, immune activation, and tumor progression. Collectively, S100 proteins are multifunctional regulators of cell growth, differentiation, motility, immune response, and stress adaptation, and their dysregulated expression is strongly associated with cancer, inflammatory disorders, and drug resistance.

Specificity

S100 Antibody [H19D4] detects endogenous levels of total S100 protein.

Background

The S100 protein family is a large group of low-molecular-weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) unique to vertebrates, first named for their solubility in 100% ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. They are defined by their conserved structure containing two helix–loop–helix motifs, known as EF-hands, which mediate Ca²⁺ and transition metal (Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺) binding. These motifs are linked by a flexible hinge region, while sequence variability in the C-terminal extension and hinge contributes to their diverse functions. S100 proteins typically form homo- or heterodimers, a requirement for their full activation. In humans, at least 21–30 isoforms exist, with most clustered on chromosome 1q21 (epidermal differentiation complex) and others dispersed across chromosomes 4, 5, 21, and X. Their expression is cell- and tissue-specific, reflecting highly specialized and often non-redundant functions. Functionally, S100 proteins act both intracellularly and extracellularly: within cells they regulate transcription, cytoskeleton dynamics, calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism, and apoptosis, while secreted S100 proteins bind to receptors such as RAGE and TLR4, triggering NF-κB, JAK-STAT, and MAPK signaling to drive inflammation, immune activation, and tumor progression. Collectively, S100 proteins are multifunctional regulators of cell growth, differentiation, motility, immune response, and stress adaptation, and their dysregulated expression is strongly associated with cancer, inflammatory disorders, and drug resistance.

Usage Information

Application

IHC

Dilution

IHC

1:10 - 1:50

Reactivity

Human

Source

Mouse Monoclonal Antibody

MW

11 kDa

Storage Buffer

PBS, pH 7.2+50% Glycerol+0.05% BSA+0.01% NaN3

Storage
(from the date of receipt)

-20°C (avoid freeze-thaw cycles), 2 years

Exprimental Methods

References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892571/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34485305/

S100 Antibody [H19D4]

Biological Description

Usage Information

References

Application Data