Enzastaurin

Enzastaurin application results in a marked dose-dependent inhibition of growth in all MM cell lines investigated, including MM.1S, MM.1R, RPMI 8226 (RPMI), RPMI-Dox40 (Dox40), NCI-H929, KMS-11, OPM-2, and U266, with IC50 from 0.6-1.6 μM. Enzastaurin direct impacts human tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and suppressing proliferation in cultured tumor cells. Enzastaurin also suppresses the phosphorylation of GSK3β^ser9, ribosomal protein S6S240/244, and AKTThr308 while having no direct effect on VEGFR phosphorylation. ^[1] Enzastaurin increases apoptosis in malignant lymphocytes of CTCL. When combined with GSK3 inhibitors, enzastaurin demonstrated an enhancement of cytotoxicity levels. Treatment with a combination of enzastaurin and the GSK3 inhibitor AR-A014418 led to increased levels of β-catenin total protein and β-catenin-mediated transcription. Blocking of β-catenin-mediated transcription or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of β-catenin induced the same cytotoxic effects as that of enzastaurin plus AR-A014418. Additionally, treatment with enzastaurin and AR-A014418 decreased the mRNA levels and surface expression of CD44. ^[2]

Treatment of xenografts with Enzastaurin and radiation produced greater reductions in density of microvessels than either treatment alone. The decrease in microvessel density corresponded to delayed tumor growth. ^[3]

• Kinase inhibition assays

  The inhibition of PKCβII, PKCα, PKCε, or PKCγ activity by enzastaurin is determined using a filter plate assay format measuring ³³P incorporation into myelin basic protein substrate. Reactions are done in 100 μL reaction volumes in 96-well polystyrene plates with final conditions as follows: 90 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 0.001% Triton X-100, 4% DMSO, 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 μM CaCl₂, 0.1 mg/mL phosphatidylserine, 5 μg/mL diacetyl glyerol, 30 μM ATP, 0.005 μCi/μL ³³ATP, 0.25 mg/mL myelin basic protein, serial dilutions of enzastaurin (1-2,000 nM), and recombinant human PKCβII, PKCα, PKCε, or PKCγ enzymes (390, 169, 719, or 128 pM, respectively). Reactions are started by addition of the enzyme and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. They are then quenched with 10% H₃PO₄, transferred to multiscreen anionic phosphocellulose 96-well filter plates, incubated for 30 to 90 minutes, filtered and washed with 4 volumes of 0.5% H₃PO₄ on a vacuum manifold. Scintillation cocktail is added and plates are read on a Microbeta scintillation counter. IC50 values are determined by fitting a three-variable logistic equation to the 10-point dose-response data using ActivityBase 4.0.

• Cell lines

  HCT116 and U87MG cells

• Concentrations

  0.3-4 μM

• Incubation Time

  72 hours

• Method

  Induction of apoptosis by enzastaurin is measured by nucleosomal fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and staining in HCT116 and U87MG cell lines. Briefly, 5 × 10³ cells are plated per well in 96-well plates (1% FBS-supplemented media conditions), incubated with or without Enzastaurin for 48 to 72 hours. The absorbance values are normalized to those from control-treated cells to derive a nucleosomal enrichment factor at all concentrations as per the manufacturer's protocol. The concentrations studied ranges from 0.1 to 10 μM. In situ TUNEL staining is assayed with the In situ Cell Death Detection. Cells (7.5 ?10⁴) are plated per well in 6-well plates and incubated 72 hours in 1% FBS-supplemented media ?Enzastaurin. labeled DNA strand breaks are detected with the BD epics flow cytometer. Ten thousand, single-cell, FITC-staining events are collected for each test.

• Animal Models

  Athymic nude mice; Mouse besring human MM tumors

• Dosages

  75 mg/kg twice daily; 30 mg/kg twice daily

• Administration

  By gavage